Effect Of Role Models Research Articles

The Effect of Modeling on Self-Efficacy and Flow State of Adolescent Athletes Through Role Models.

This study aimed to verify the effects of role modeling on adolescent athletes’ self-efficacy and flow state. The subjects were middle school and high school athletes registered with the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee. From the collected data, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis were performed. To verify the mediating effects of self-efficacy in the relationship between modeling and flow state, structural equation modeling analysis was conducted. The direct effects of adolescent athlete modeling on flow state (β = 0.416, B = 0.244, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (β = 0.479, B = 0.500, p < 0.01) were all significant, and the direct effects of self-efficacy on flow state (β = 0.404, B = 0.227, p < 0.01) were also significant. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the indirect effect of modeling on flow state (β = 0.194, B = 0.114, p < 0.01) was significant, and that the partial mediated effects of self-efficacy were significant. Thus, we confirmed that when adolescent athlete use modeling through a role model, their self-efficacy increased which in turn led to a positive effect on the ability to achieve a flow state.

The Role Model Effect of Sports Celebrites in Social Media on the Behavioral Intentions of Generation Z

The Role Model Effect of Sports Celebrites in Social Media on the Behavioral Intentions of Generation Z

The Spillover Effect of the Elder Sibling Going to College on the Younger Sibling’s Access to Higher Education

The interaction among siblings has played an important role in obtaining access to education for individuals. In the background of the universal two-child policy, it will undoubtedly come to the conclusion that having a second child is not conducive to children’s education, judging from the resource dilution effect. However, education, as a result of the joint influence of family, school and society, is naturally affected by the interaction among people. As the most direct and lasting interpersonal bond in the family system, siblings are closely related to individual education acquisition. In fact, due to the rapid change of knowledge between generations, the study of individuals is often carried out through siblings’ counseling or social training institutions, rather than through continuous counseling by parents. One question arises: To what extent is individual’s education affected by the interaction among siblings within the family? More specifically, how does the elder sibling going to college affect the younger sibling’ s access to higher education?Based on the two-wave data of Chinese Household Income Project（CHIP）in 2013 and 2018, this paper evaluates the impact of the elder sibling going to college on the younger sibling’s access to higher education. This paper finds that: （1）The elder sibling going to college has a significant positive impact on the younger sibling’ s access to higher education, and the impact is stronger in two-child families and urban families, showing an educational spillover effect among siblings.（2）The spillover effect is related to the sibling structure and family factors. Specifically, it will be stronger when the elder sibling is the eldest, they have the same gender, and their age gap is 4-6 years. And marriage breakdown and parent-child interaction will also affect it to a certain extent.（3）A further analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that the knowledge transfer and role model effects from the elder sibling to the younger sibling perform certain key functions.（4）The spillover effect could also be further transmitted to the younger sibling’s employment. The individual with an elder sibling going to college is more likely to get a job and participate in state-owned departments.The conclusions of this paper reveal that the elder sibling going to college not only has great contribution to their own development, but also makes the younger sibling benefit from it, which provide a new perspective for understanding the universal two-child policy. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to education, especially the education of the elder sibling. It is not an appropriate choice for the elder sibling to end their studies and then take part in the labor market early. In terms of policy implications, on the one hand, we should take a comprehensive assessment about having a second child on the family, not only the resource dilution effect, but also the positive impact of the interaction among siblings such as companions, mutual aids and partners of supporting parents. On the other hand, the formulation of policies to promote fertility desire for two-child needs to consider the issue of“birth choice”. And the family with stable marriage, parent-child interaction, and an elder child of moderate age may be more suitable as incentive targets.

Women Who Persist: Pathways to Power in Eastern Indonesia

In contrast to accounts that explain increases in women’s political representation by reference to structural and institutional factors, this article draws attention to the agency of women candidates. The number of women elected in the Eastern Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara ( Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT) increased markedly in 2019. To explain this increase, this article highlights the remarkable persistence of women candidates, many of whom succeeded in 2019 only after competing in multiple prior elections, slowly building their personal political skills and reputations. The article also draws attention to the effects of positive female role models – showing how a female candidate in a gubernatorial race inspired other women politicians – and the positive effects that can arise from co-operation among women candidates. It shows that, despite the emphasis on male dominance and dynastic power in much of the literature on Indonesian politics, there are still pathways to power for women with origins in the grassroots.

From Thin to Thick Representation: How a Female President Shapes Female Parliamentary Behavior

How does the symbolic power of a female president affect female parliamentary behavior? Whereas female descriptive representation has increased around the world, women parliamentarians still face significant discrimination and stereotyping, inhibiting their ability to have a real voice and offer “thick” representation to women voters. We leverage the case of Malawi, a case where the presidency changed hands from a man to a woman through a truly exogenous shock, to study the effect of a female president on female parliamentary behavior. Drawing on unique parliamentary transcripts data, we argue and show that women MPs under a female president become empowered and less confined to stereotypical gendered issue-ownership patterns, leading to a significant increase in female MP speech making. Our results directly address theories of symbolic representation by focusing particularly on intraelite role-model effects.

Impacts of reservation

Reservation policy in India's local governments, known as Gram Panchayats, is one of three major affirmative action strategies for ensuring that lower caste groups are equitably represented in political institutions.Local political reserves for SC and ST populations have been linked to more SC and ST-friendly policies, more welfare spending and infrastructure investment, and reduced household poverty levels, according to researchers.This research looks at one possible indirect advantage of reservations: higher educational attainment. The theory of role model effects is applied to the context of political reservations - more SC and ST Presidents in Gram Panchayats could operate as a positive role model of stereotype-defying success for SC and ST youngsters, motivating increased investment in educational attainment. Using a sample of 13,408 SC children and 6,066 ST children aged 5 to 18 in Karnataka, the research uses a dose-response regression model to examine the link between reservation rates and average completed years of schooling at the sub-district level. More SC and ST Presidents in Gram Panchayats are linked to higher educational achievement among SC and ST children, according to the findings of the study. To strengthen these findings and increase the literature on indirect advantages of reserves, more study is needed.

The international role model effect of the autonomy of South Tyrol

The international role model effect of the autonomy of South Tyrol

Role Models on Student's Entrepreneurial Intentions: a Case Study

The study aimed at determining the effects of role models on students' Entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship has been identified as a key driver of economic growth as it can help in reducing unemployment; however, the problem of unemployment among graduates persists as most of them end up seeking paid employments rather than taking advantage of the available business opportunities. This could be attributed to the job-seeking mentality of most graduates and the fact that they never had any intention of going into businesses on their own. The presence of role models in the form of attitudes towards entrepreneurship perceived behavioural control and social norms were proposed as they have been found to have a positive effect on student's entrepreneurial intentions. To achieve this, the survey research design was adopted, Taro Yamen's formula was used to derive a sample size of 263 respondents from the total population of 753 students studying Business Administration, Accounting and Marketing from Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro and Ogwash-you. Cronbach's alpha test was used to test the reliability of the instrument, while correlation and regression analysis were employed for the test of hypotheses.

Budding Entrepreneurs: The Effects of Parental Role Models

Budding Entrepreneurs: The Effects of Parental Role Models

Exploring clinical educators' perceptions of role modeling after participating in a role modeling educational program

Introduction Role modeling significantly affects medical students' values, attitudes, and professional behaviors. Role modeling is a complex and multidimensional process that necessitates accurate perception and adequate knowledge and skills. However, most clinical educators do not have adequate awareness and knowledge about the positive and negative effects of role modeling. We aimed to explore clinical educators' perceptions of role modeling after participating in a role modeling educational program. Methods This qualitative study was conducted on eighteen clinical educators who were voluntarily participated in a three-month role modeling educational program. Data were collected using reflection paper writing and were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Results Data analysis resulted in the development of three main categories, namely closer attention to role modeling and effort for its promotion, deliberate effort to display role modeling, and creating a positive environment to increase the effectiveness of role modeling. Conclusions Clinical educators have limited role modeling knowledge and skills, and hence, educational programs are required to improve their role modeling knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Role modeling educational programs should aim at developing educators' awareness and knowledge about role modeling, develop their reflection and self-control abilities, and sensitize them to the importance of deliberate use of role modeling.

Is Government Contracting Fair? Estimating the Value of Female Politicians for Women-Owned Firms

This paper provides novel evidence that female U.S. House Representatives causally increase the U.S. government’s demand for products and services provided by female entrepreneurs. Using detailed data on individual contracts between the U.S. federal government and private firms around close U.S. congressional elections, we report that the election of a female representative increases the probability of government contracts being awarded to female entrepreneurs by 3.0 to 6.8 percentage points. Furthermore, contract performance is either improved or unaffected, which speaks against the misallocation hypothesis. We find no support for role-model effects as changes in the pool of female entrepreneurs cannot explain our findings. Thus, the evidence suggests that female politicians improve the business environment for female entrepreneurs by reducing the gender bias in the U.S. government procurement contracting system.

Do the presence of a role model effect on English learning?: Focusing on regulatory focus

Do the presence of a role model effect on English learning?: Focusing on regulatory focus

Team Gossip Prevents the Negative Effect of Abusive Supervision on Team Norms and Effectiveness

Derived from team leaders’ role modeling effect, aggressive interpersonal norms have been hinted as a key mediating mechanism explaining the negative effects of team abusive supervision on team effectiveness. However, some evidence contradicts with the role modeling effect and the mediating mechanism of aggressive interpersonal norms, suggesting that team members may instead view the abusive team leader as a common enemy and thus refuse to emulate aggressive behaviors exemplified by the common enemy (i.e., the common enemy effect). We seek to solve the above theoretical tension and answer the following question: Why do team abusive supervision impede team effectiveness via generating aggressive interpersonal norms in some teams while not in other teams? To that end, we integrate self-categorization theory with social function theory of gossip to posit that team gossip, or the extent to which team members engage in negative gossip about the abusive team leader, serves as an important boundary condition. When team gossip is low, the role modeling effect prevails whereas when team gossip is high, the common enemy effect prevails. Our hypotheses regarding the role modeling effect and the common enemy effect are fully supported by a sample of 102 work teams using multi-wave, multi-source, and social network-based research designs. Theoretical and practical implications for abusive supervision and workplace gossip are also discussed.

Encouraging Non-Family Employee Voice in Family Firm: The Role Model Effect of Owning Family

Employee voice contributes to both individual- and firm-level performance, yet we know little about voice behavior in the family firm. In this study, we highlight the role of owning family’s open communication style and propose it affects non-family employee voice via a role modeling mechanism. Then, we consider this process is interfered by owning families’ socioemotional wealth (SEW) concerns, and test the joint moderation effect of family employment and altruism variables, which represent family influence and attachment dimensions of SEW, respectively. Data collected from 251 employees in 37 family SME support complex relations: (1) in the cases of high family employment with low family altruism, family open communication enhances non-family employee voice; (2) in the cases of high family employment with high family altruism, family open communication plays a hindering role; (3) meanwhile, family open communication does not have a significant effect when family employment is low. Theoretically, we integrate social learning theory and SEW model, and contribute to both SEW conflict and family heterogeneity literature. Practically, we make suggestions for owning family to enhance non-family employee voice.

Nudges Can Both Raise and Lower Physical Activity Levels: The Effects of Role Models on Stair and Escalator Use – A Pilot Study

Introduction: The majority of people worldwide do not engage in enough physical activity which can have hazardous effects on both individual and public health. Increasing physical activity levels in our daily lives is therefore a key concern within public health initiatives. Making an active choice to take the stairs over alternatives is an effective and freely accessible way to increase daily physical activity. Research has shown that alongside prompts, role models can be influential in increasing stair use among pedestrians. Presently, no research has been conducted comparing the role model effect towards passive and active behaviour. We conducted a pilot study, seeking to confirm the effect of role-models on stair use and also investigating the effect of role-models on escalator use. Method: In the railway station “Zoologischer Garten” in Berlin, a role model either climbed the stairs or took the escalator in front of unknown pedestrians to reach the platform in sequences of 3 minutes. Two researchers counted per intervention-sequence the number of people taking the stairs or the escalator respectively against a control measurement with no intervention. In total pedestrian behaviour was observed over a period of 108 minutes and the choices of a total of 1778 people were recorded. A chi-squared test was used to measure the intervention effects. The effects of role-models on active and passive behaviour were compared. Results: Stair use increased from 29% to 33% in the presence of a stair role model (net increase 14%). Escalator use increased from 71% to 74% in the presence of an escalator role model (net increase 4%). A chi-squared test shows that participants’ decisions on whether to take the stairs or the escalator were significantly different depending on the intervention type (Stair-, Escalator-Model, no model) participants were exposed to. Neither of these differences was found to be statistically significant when estimating logistic regression models. Traffic volume was weakly significantly (p Discussion: Role models can impact physical activity levels among citizens on an unconscious and often anonymous level. For public health experts it is important to recognise that people can be nudged by role models both towards passive and active behaviour. This pilot study provides the first evidence of the concept that everyone in society can and should be an effective role model for increasing physical activity levels in our daily lives and should be aware of negative role model effects when demonstrating passive behaviours. This information can be relevant when creating public health messages. Future studies should observe a larger sample size and distinguish between a number of different factors (such as weather, time of day, weekday vs, weekend) that might influence the role model effect on stair or escalator use.

Peers’ parents and educational attainment: The exposure effect

This paper discusses the ‘exposure effect’ in child development by investigating the extent to which the educational background of peers’ parents is related to a child’s future college attainment. I analyze the friendship networks of a nationally representative sample of high-school students in the US. To address endogenous friendship formation, I adopt two distinct strategies: a selection correction approach and exploiting within-school cohort variations in parental compositions. I find that peers’ academic performance and other observed characteristics, with a rich set of control variables and network fixed effect, do not fully explain the spillover from peers’ parents of the same gender. Effects are more prominent for students with a disadvantaged background - less-educated parents, single-mother households, and less caring fathers. Suggestive evidence is provided to support the role model effect as a plausible channel.

EFFECTS OF ROLE MODELS AND FINANCING BARRIERS ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of many and is seen as the economic engine that has the potential to deliver future job growth. Because of this potential, it is crucial to identify what drives entrepreneurship. Extant literature has focused on entrepreneurial wealth--sufficient collateral—as a liquidity constraint hindering small business capitalization. Our study empirically investigates the expected linkage between personal wealth constraints and intention to start a business for women entrepreneurs. Further, we examine the moderating effect of successful women role models on women entrepreneurship. Funded by a research grant, data has been collected in the state of Alabama from 1200 women intending to start a business. The data was analyzed using the Baron and Kelly (1986) methodology to assess the statistical significance of moderating variables. Our results reveal that successful role models can inspire potential entrepreneurial aspirants and significantly mitigate the lack of personal wealth and liquidity constraints that thwart business start-ups. Thus, it is important to widely share the success stories of successful entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs, especially those who are limited by constraints of personal wealth. We conclude our paper with implications for women entrepreneurs, policy makers and for future research. Keywords Women entrepreneurship; Personal wealth constraints; Women Role Models

Do aspirational role models inspire or backfire? Perceived similarity mediates the effect of role models on minority students’ college choices

ABSTRACT Drawing from psychological theory, an aspirational role model within college marketing materials may cause prospective students to be willing to make similar enrollment and academic choices if the role model is perceived as similar to themselves. Therefore, we predicted that prospective, minority students exposed to a role model of the same, rather than different, ethnicity will be more willing to enroll in the same institution and make similar academic choices. Further, we predicted perceived similarity may mediate the effect of role model ethnicity on academic choices. To experimentally test our predictions, we presented 151 prospective, minority students (49% Black, 32.5% Hispanic, 18.5% Asian) with alumni profiles that varied in regard to ethnicity (same ethnicity, White) and accomplishment (modest, extreme). Prospective students then rated perceived similarity with the alumni and willingness to make similar academic choices. A series of analyses confirmed our predictions. Prospective, minority students were more willing to make similar choices when presented with a role model of the same, rather than different, ethnicity. As predicted, perceived similarity mediated the effect of role model ethnicity on academic choices. Interestingly, accomplishments of the alumni did not affect students’ choices. Implications for recruiting students of color in higher education are discussed.

An Honors Teacher Like Me: Effects of Access to Same-Race Teachers on Black Students’ Advanced-Track Enrollment and Performance

Using rich administrative data from North Carolina and school-course fixed effects models, this study explores whether the availability of same-race instructors in advanced-track sections of courses affects Black high school students’ enrollment in, and performance in, advanced-track courses. The availability of at least one Black instructor at the advanced level is associated with a 2 percentage point increase in the uptake of advanced courses for Black students. However, conditional on enrollment in the advanced track, Black students are no more likely to pass advanced-track courses when taught by Black teachers. Positive effects on enrollment are driven by enrollment shifts for higher achieving students. Additional analyses showing benefits to non-Black students suggest that the main channels are not race-specific role model effects.

The impact of role models on entrepreneurial intentions and behavior: a review of the literature

Despite the presence of the term ‘entrepreneurial role model’ (ERM) in the discourse on entrepreneurship, existing empirical evidence on the effects of role models is rather limited. By investigating 86 published journal articles, we provide a structured overview of the academic research on role models’ effects on entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. We reveal that prior research focuses particularly on different types of role models (by whom), at which stage of life (when) and in which context the exposure to role models occurs. We use these research areas to structure our review. By expanding the understanding of the current state of ERM research, we reveal research gaps and provide future research recommendations. Our work could help policy makers and educators consider the different types of role models, the sociocultural context and the life cycle stage of the participants in structuring their entrepreneurship education programs.