Relevance Of Effects Research Articles

The effects of relevant instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning: A live lecture experiment

ABSTRACT The purpose of this teaching experiment was to examine the causal effect of relevant (compared to irrelevant) instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning. Undergraduate students (N = 288) were randomly assigned to a 19-minute classroom lecture with an instructor who taught the same lesson but self-disclosed either relevant or irrelevant information while teaching. Results indicated that relevant instructor self-disclosure increased student affect in students’ likelihood to enroll with the instructor again but did not influence students’ general affect toward the instructor. Findings also revealed a direct effect of self-disclosure relevance on students’ test scores; on average, students scored 8.42% higher on a short-term recall test compared to students in the irrelevant self-disclosure condition, controlling for lesson coherence. Practical implications are provided for how instructors might use relevant self-disclosures in their teaching.

Impact of ambient sound on risk perception in humans: neuroeconomic investigations

Research in the field of multisensory perception shows that what we hear can influence what we see in a wide range of perceptual tasks. It is however unknown whether this extends to the visual perception of risk, despite the importance of the question in many applied domains where properly assessing risk is crucial, starting with financial trading. To fill this knowledge gap, we ran interviews with professional traders and conducted three laboratory studies using judgments of financial asset risk as a testbed. We provide evidence that the presence of ambient sound impacts risk perception, possibly due to the combination of facilitatory and synesthetic effects of general relevance to the perception of risk in many species as well as humans. We discuss the implications of our findings for various applied domains (e.g., financial, medical, and military decision-making), and raise new questions for future research.

The dynamics of saliency-driven and goal-driven visual selection as a function of eccentricity.

Both saliency and goal information are important factors in driving visual selection. Saliency-driven selection occurs primarily in early responses, whereas goal-driven selection happens predominantly in later responses. Here, we investigated how eccentricity affects the time courses of saliency-driven and goal-driven visual selection. In three experiments, we asked people to make a speeded eye movement toward a predefined target singleton which was simultaneously presented with a non-target singleton in a background of multiple homogeneously oriented other items. The target singleton could be either more or less salient than the non-target singleton. Both singletons were presented at one of three eccentricities (i.e., near, middle, or far). The results showed that, even though eccentricity had only little effect on overall selection performance, the underlying time courses of saliency-driven and goal-driven selection altered such that saliency effects became protracted and relevance effects became delayed for far eccentricity conditions. The protracted saliency effect was shown to be modulated by expectations as induced by the preceding trial. The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating both time and eccentricity as factors in models of visual selection.

Drug Repurposing and Polypharmacology to Fight SARS-CoV-2 Through Inhibition of the Main Protease.

The outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 disease and is spreading rapidly around the world, urgently requires effective therapeutic treatments. In this context, drug repurposing represents a valuable strategy, as it enables accelerating the identification of drug candidates with already known safety profiles, possibly aiding in the late stages of clinical evaluation. Moreover, therapeutic treatments based on drugs with beneficial multi-target activities (polypharmacology) may show an increased antiviral activity or help to counteract severe complications concurrently affecting COVID-19 patients. In this study, we present the results of a computational drug repurposing campaign that aimed at identifying potential inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2. The performed in silico screening allowed the identification of 22 candidates with putative SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory activity. Interestingly, some of the identified compounds have recently entered clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment, albeit not being assayed for their SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity. Some candidates present a polypharmacology profile that may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment and, to the best of our knowledge, have never been considered in clinical trials. For each repurposed compound, its therapeutic relevance and potential beneficial polypharmacological effects that may arise due to its original therapeutic indication are thoroughly discussed.

Cognitive Instrumental Processes of Flipped Learners: Effects of Relevance for Learning, Quality of Learning Outcomes, and Result Demonstrability

This study investigated the influence of students’ cognitive instrumental processes (i.e., relevance for learning, the quality of learning outcomes, and result demonstrability) on students’ perceived usefulness and intention to use flipped learning. An extension of the technology acceptance model (TAM2) was employed in this study. A total of 277 undergraduate students enrolled in flipped classes at a Korean university completed an online survey for this study. The results of the cognitive instrumental processes revealed that the quality of learning outcomes influenced students’ perceived usefulness and intention to use flipped learning. This finding emphasizes that it is necessary to deliver high-quality classes using a flipped learning approach to satisfy students’ expectations of improving learning outcomes. The relevance for learning also affected students’ perceived usefulness of flipped learning classes and indirectly influenced their future intention to use flipped learning. The results emphasize that students should be given opportunities to recognize the relevance of flipped learning based on their expected learning achievement. Finally, result demonstrability did not influence perceived usefulness nor intention to use flipped learning. The research findings of this study have practical implications and recommendations for flipped class instructors to persuade students to enroll in flipped learning courses from the perspective of cognitive instrumental processes.

Annulative Methods in the Synthesis of Complex Meroterpene Natural Products.

From the venerable Robinson annulation to the irreplaceable Diels-Alder cycloaddition, annulation reactions have fueled the progression of the field of natural product synthesis throughout the past century. In broader terms, the ability to form a cyclic molecule directly from two or more simpler fragments has transformed virtually every aspect of the chemical sciences from the synthesis of organic materials to bioconjugation chemistry and drug discovery. In this Account, we describe the evolution of our meroterpene synthetic program over the past five years, enabled largely by the development of a tailored anionic annulation process for the synthesis of hydroxylated 1,3-cyclohexanediones from lithium enolates and the reactive β-lactone-containing feedstock chemical diketene.First, we provide details on short total syntheses of the prototypical polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) natural products hyperforin and garsubellin A, which possess complex bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane architectures. Notably, these molecules have served as compelling synthetic targets for several decades and induce a number of biological effects of relevance to neuroscience and medicine. By merging our diketene annulation process with a hypervalent iodine-mediated oxidative ring expansion, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane architectures can be easily prepared from simple 5,6-fused bicyclic diketones in only two chemical operations. Leveraging these two key chemical reactions in combination with various other stereoselective transformations allowed for these biologically active targets to be prepared in racemic form in only 10 steps.Next, we extend this strategy to the synthesis of complex fungal-derived meroterpenes generated biosynthetically from the coupling of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid (DMOA) and farnesyl pyrophosphate. A Ti(III)-mediated radical cyclization of a terminal epoxide was used to rapidly prepare a 6,6,5-fused tricyclic ketone which served as an input for our annulation/rearrangement process, ultimately enabling a total synthesis of protoaustinoid A, an important biosynthetic intermediate in DMOA-derived meroterpene synthesis, and its oxidation product berkeleyone A. Through a radical-based, abiotic rearrangement process, the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane cores of these natural products could again be isomerized, resulting in the 6,5-fused ring systems of the andrastin family and ultimately delivering a total synthesis of andrastin D and preterrenoid. Notably, these isomerization transformations proved challenging when employing classic, acid-induced conditions for carbocation generation, thus highlighting the power of radical biomimicry in total synthesis. Finally, further oxidation and rearrangement allowed for access to terrenoid and the lactone-containing metabolite terretonin L.Overall, the merger of annulative diketene methodology with an oxidative rearrangement transformation has proven to be a broadly applicable strategy to synthesize bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-containing natural products, a class of small molecules with over 1000 known members.

Use of medicinal plants for headache, and their potential implication in medication-overuse headache: Evidence from a population-based study in Nepal.

BackgroundIn Nepal, traditional treatment using medicinal plants is popular. Whereas medication-overuse headache is, by definition, caused by excessive use of acute headache medication, we hypothesized that medicinal plants, being pharmacologically active, were as likely a cause.MethodsWe used data from a cross-sectional, nationwide population-based study, which enquired into headache and use of medicinal plants and allopathic medications. We searched the literature for pharmacodynamic actions of the medicinal plants.ResultsOf 2100 participants, 1794 (85.4%) reported headache in the preceding year; 161 (7.7%) reported headache on ≥15 days/month, of whom 28 (17.4%) had used medicinal plants and 117 (72.7%) allopathic medication(s). Of 46 with probable medication-overuse headache, 87.0% (40/46) were using allopathic medication(s) and 13.0% (6/46) medicinal plants, a ratio of 6.7:1, higher than the overall ratio among those with headache of 4.9:1 (912/185). Of 60 plant species identified, 49 were pharmacodynamically active on the central nervous system, with various effects of likely relevance in medication-overuse headache causation. ConclusionsMPs are potentially a cause of medication-overuse headache, and not to be seen as innocent in this regard. Numbers presumptively affected in Nepal are low but not negligible. This pioneering project provides a starting point for further research to provide needed guidance on use of medicinal plants for headache.

Amylin and Calcitonin: Potential Therapeutic Strategies to Reduce Body Weight and Liver Fat.

The hormones amylin and calcitonin interact with receptors within the same family to exert their effects on the human organism. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells, is known for its inhibitory effect on osteoclasts. Calcitonin of mammalian origin promotes insulin sensitivity, while the more potent calcitonin extracted from salmon additionally inhibits gastric emptying, promotes gallbladder relaxation, increases energy expenditure and induces satiety as well as weight loss. Amylin, derived from pancreatic beta cells, regulates plasma glucose by delaying gastric emptying after meal ingestion, and modulates glucagon secretion and central satiety signals in the brain. Thus, both hormones seem to have metabolic effects of relevance in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other metabolic diseases. In rats, studies with dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists have demonstrated robust body weight loss, improved glucose tolerance and a decreased deposition of fat in liver tissue beyond what is observed after a body weight loss. The translational aspects of these preclinical data currently remain unknown. Here, we describe the physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological effects of amylin and calcitonin and review preclinical and clinical findings alluding to the future potential of amylin and calcitonin-based drugs for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.

A Posteriori Dietary Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Beneficial Role of Vegetable and Animal Unsaturated Fatty Acids.

To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the relationship between a posteriori dietary patterns (DPs)—representing current dietary behavior—and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We analyzed data from a recent Italian cross-sectional study including 365 RA patients (median age: 58.46 years, 78.63% females). Prevalent DPs were identified through principal component factor analysis on 33 nutrients. RA activity was measured according to the Disease Activity Score on 28 joints (DAS28) and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). Single DPs were related to disease activity through linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for the remaining DPs and confounders. We identified five DPs (~80% variance explained). Among them, Vegetable unsaturated fatty acids (VUFA) and Animal unsaturated fatty acids (AUFA) DPs were inversely related to DAS28 in the overall analysis, and in the more severe or long-standing RA subgroups; the highest score reductions (VUFA: 0.81, AUFA: 0.71) were reached for the long-standing RA. The SDAI was inversely related with these DPs in subgroups only. This Italian study shows that scoring high on DPs based on unsaturated fats from either source provides independent beneficial effects of clinical relevance on RA disease activity, thus strengthening evidence on the topic.

Emotional arousal influences remembrance of goal-relevant stimuli.

Emotional stimuli rarely occur in isolation; instead, they often cluster with nearby neutral items in time and space. Research suggests that emotional arousal at encoding strengthens memory retention for temporally adjacent goal-relevant neutral stimuli. It is an open question whether these emotion-induced enhancement effects are the same for spatially adjacent stimuli. The present study examined how emotional arousal influenced memory of temporally or spatially adjacent goal-relevant neutral items. In Experiment 1, two stimuli were presented consecutively as a temporally adjacent pair during the study phase, with a neutral-test stimulus paired with either a negative or neutral bystander stimulus. Participants were instructed to attend to the neutral-test stimulus in the goal-relevant condition and to the bystander stimulus in the goal-irrelevant condition. The method for Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the two stimuli were presented simultaneously during the study, so that they were spatially rather than temporally adjacent. Memory performance was measured for neutral-test items using a recognition test with a remember-know paradigm. Emotional arousal at encoding enhanced the remembrance of temporally adjacent goal-relevant neutral stimuli but impaired the remembrance of spatially adjacent goal-relevant neutral stimuli. Using a similar procedure, Experiment 3 collected behavioral data from two samples for temporally and spatially adjacent conditions and replicated the results of Experiments 1 and 2. The effects of emotional arousal on remembrance of goal-relevant neutral items double dissociated for temporally and spatially adjacent conditions support that arousal-biased competition amplifies the effects of goal relevance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Sector Irradiation vs. Whole Brain Irradiation After Resection of Singular Brain Metastasis-A Prospective Randomized Monocentric Trial.

To minimize recurrence following resection of a cerebral metastasis, whole-brain irradiation therapy (WBRT) has been established as the adjuvant standard of care. With prolonged overall survival in cancer patients, deleterious effects of WBRT gain relevance. Sector irradiation (SR) aims to spare uninvolved brain tissue by applying the irradiation to the resection cavity and the tumor bed. 40 were randomized to receive either WBRT (n = 18) or SR (n = 22) following resection of a singular brain metastasis. Local tumor control was satisfactory in both groups. Recurrence was observed earlier in the SR (median 3 months, 1–6) than in the WBRT cohort (median 8 months, 7–9) (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.03–10.62). Seventeen patients experienced a distant intracranial recurrence. Most relapses (n = 15) occurred in the SR cohort, whereas only two patients in the WBRT group had new distant tumor manifestation (HR, 6.59; 95% CI, 1.71–11.49; p = 0.002). Median overall survival (OS) was 15.5 months (range: 1–61) with longer OS in the SR group (16 months, 1–61) than in the WBRT group (13 months, 3–52), without statistical significance (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.69–3.64). Concerning neurocognition, patients in the SR group improved in the follow-up assessments, while this was not observed in the WBRT group. There were positive signals in terms of QOL within the SR group, but no significant differences in the global QLQ and QLQ-C30 summary scores were found. Our results indicate comparable efficacy of SR in terms of local control, with better maintenance of neurocognitive function. Unsurprisingly, more distant intracranial relapses occurred. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01667640.

Timing and relevance of secondary tasks impact multitasking performance

While digital natives are sometimes perceived as effective multitaskers, empirical studies suggest that multitasking is associated with negative learning outcomes. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to see the effects of secondary task relevance and timing on learning from multimedia presentations. A total of 356 undergraduate students were assigned randomly to either a control condition or one of the multitasking conditions (i.e., relevant-sequential, relevant-concurrent, irrelevant-sequential, and irrelevant-concurrent). While the primary task involved watching a biology video on the life cycle of the malaria parasite, the secondary tasks involved either relevant or irrelevant chat questions, which were presented either concurrently or sequentially with the primary task. Computation span and topic interest were measured as potential covariates. The computation span correlated with the gain scores towards the post-test so it was considered as a covariate. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences across the groups. The students in the control group were more successful than those in the irrelevant-sequential, the irrelevant-concurrent, and the relevant-concurrent conditions. However, the difference between the control group and the relevant-sequential group was not significant. The findings are likely to guide further research on multitasking performance and interactive video design in online learning environments.

Evaluating the Vocabulary Coping Strategies of L2 Readers: An Eye Tracking Study

Research suggests that second language (L2) readers often lack strategic competence in dealing with unknown lexica. This mixed methods study of Japanese readers of English used eye tracking and other methods to empirically examine the use and efficacy of vocabulary coping strategies, including dictionary use, inferring meaning from context, and ignoring unknown words. The 16 novel words (pseudowords) in the text were linked to an online dictionary. In order to examine the effect of relevance and context cues on vocabulary coping strategies, half of the pseudowords were in sections relevant to the assigned research task and half were presented with clear context cues. The results reveal that participants relied on dictionary use even when the word was irrelevant and the meaning could be easily inferred. The data suggest that many participants considered relevance but not the presence of context cues when determining whether to look up a word. Eye tracking confirmed that participants tended to access dictionary links even before context cues were read. Overall, accessing numerous dictionary definitions nonselectively and viewing definitions for a short time were detrimental to task performance. One could argue that L2 readers should consider the context and relevance of words before dictionary use. However, further research on vocabulary coping strategies is needed involving different texts, tasks, and dictionary types.

Relation of Gut Microbes and L-Thyroxine Through Altered Thyroxine Metabolism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects.

Thyroxine metabolism is an important topic of pathogenesis research and treatment schedule of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). L-Thyroxine replacement therapy (LRT) is usually recommended for severe SCH patients only. Our previous studies reported that disordered serum lipid of mild SCH people could also benefit from LRT. However, the benefits were different among individuals, as shown by the variations in drug dosage that required to maintain thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stability. Alternative pathways, such as sulfation and glucuronidation of iodothyronine, may play a role in thyroid hormones metabolism in peripheral tissues aside from thyroid. Conjugated thyroxine can be hydrolyzed and reused in tissues including gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota are one of the most attractive physiological components. On this site, the roles of gut microbiota in thyroidal metabolism should be valued. In this study, a cross-sectional study was performed by analyzing 16S rDNA of gut microbiota in mild SCH patients treated with L-thyroxine or not. Subjects were divided by serum lipid level, L-thyroxine treatment, or L-thyroxine dosage, respectively. Relationship between gut microbiome and serum profile, L-thyroxine treatment, and dose were discussed. Other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension were also taken into consideration. It turned out that microbiome varied among individuals divided by dose and the increment of L-thyroxine but not by serum lipid profile. Relative abundance of certain species that were associated with thyroxine metabolism were found varied among different L-thyroxine doses although in relatively low abundance. Moreover, serum cholesterol may perform relevance effects with L-thyroxine in shaping microbiome. Our findings suggested that the differences in L-thyroxine dosage required to maintain TSH level stability, as well as the SCH development, which was displayed by the increased L-thyroxine doses in subsequent follow-up, had relationship with gut microbial composition. The reason may due to the differences in thyroxine metabolic capacity in gut. In addition, the metabolic similarity of iodothyronines and bile acid in gut also provides possibilities for the correlation between host's thyroxine and cholesterol levels.This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as number NCT01848171.

Phylogenetic Assignment of the Fungicolous Hypoxylon invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and Investigation of its Secondary Metabolites.

The ascomycete Hypoxylon invadens was described in 2014 as a fungicolous species growing on a member of its own genus, H. fragiforme, which is considered a rare lifestyle in the Hypoxylaceae. This renders H. invadens an interesting target in our efforts to find new bioactive secondary metabolites from members of the Xylariales. So far, only volatile organic compounds have been reported from H. invadens, but no investigation of non-volatile compounds had been conducted. Furthermore, a phylogenetic assignment following recent trends in fungal taxonomy via a multiple sequence alignment seemed practical. A culture of H. invadens was thus subjected to submerged cultivation to investigate the produced secondary metabolites, followed by isolation via preparative chromatography and subsequent structure elucidation by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). This approach led to the identification of the known flaviolin (1) and 3,3-biflaviolin (2) as the main components, which had never been reported from the order Xylariales before. Assessment of their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects via a panel of commonly used microorganisms and cell lines in our laboratory did not yield any effects of relevance. Concurrently, genomic DNA from the fungus was used to construct a multigene phylogeny using ribosomal sequence information from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the 28S large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU), and proteinogenic nucleotide sequences from the second largest subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and β-tubulin (TUB2) genes. A placement in a newly formed clade with H. trugodes was strongly supported in a maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogeny using sequences derived from well characterized strains, but the exact position of said clade remains unclear. Both, the chemical and the phylogenetic results suggest further inquiries into the lifestyle of this unique fungus to get a better understanding of both, its ecological role and function of its produced secondary metabolites hitherto unique to the Xylariales.

Development of teacher professionalism towards 21st century learning

This study aims to identify the effect of Relevance and Conformity on Acceptance of the T3P Module (Technology, Pedagogy, Psychology, Assessment). This study is in a descriptive form using the review method. The population of this study is the National Middle School (SMK) teachers in the North Zone. As many as 60 teachers were selected as the study sample using the purposive sampling. The T3P module and search questions are used as study instruments. The research question is adapted from independent studies and literature reviews. The results of the pilot study showed a high Cronbach Alpha value (0.90). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression. The study results show that the Relevance and Conformity variables have a significant effect on the Acceptance of the T3P Module. The result of the study implies that the modules for Teacher Professionalism Development based on Lifelong Learning need to be reproduced to increase the potential and self-competence of teachers and strengthen the quality of state education.

An Application of Transnational Feminist Practice with Latinas across Different Life Cycles

This article offers a perspective and an application of transnational feminist therapy with Latinas that affirm the value of testimonio as a theoretical framework. Political, social, and interpersonal levels are addressed and linked to clear roots in oral tradition and resistance movements. The goal is to share a clinical approach that applies the tenets of transnational feminism that differ from the definition of “global sisterhood” and recognizes the effects of interactive connections that apply to different levels of identity, adaptation, and wellbeing of Latinas living in the United States. Clinical vignettes shared by many Latinas living in the United States and at different points in their life cycles illustrate the relevance and negative effects caused by the intersectional components of gender, class, ethnicity, race, nation, age, and language that can lead to feelings of shame connected to societal rejections on the basis of being “the other.” An application of theory in the flesh illustrates the need to move from talking in a disembodied manner to an embodied conversation during the therapy process.

Temporal dynamics of amygdala response to emotion- and action-relevance

It has been proposed that the human amygdala may not only encode the emotional value of sensory events, but more generally mediate the appraisal of their relevance for the individual’s goals, including relevance for action or task-based needs. However, emotional and non-emotional/action-relevance might drive amygdala activity through distinct neural signals, and the relative timing of both kinds of responses remains undetermined. Here, we recorded intracranial event-related potentials from nine amygdalae of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, while they performed variants of a Go/NoGo task with faces and abstract shapes, where emotion- and action-relevance were orthogonally manipulated. Our results revealed early amygdala responses to emotion facial expressions starting ~ 130 ms after stimulus-onset. Importantly, the amygdala responded to action-relevance not only with face stimuli but also with abstract shapes (squares), and these relevance effects consistently occurred in later time-windows (starting ~ 220 ms) for both faces and squares. A similar dissociation was observed in gamma activity. Furthermore, whereas emotional responses habituated over time, the action-relevance effect increased during the course of the experiment, suggesting progressive learning based on the task needs. Our results support the hypothesis that the human amygdala mediates a broader relevance appraisal function, with the processing of emotion-relevance preceding temporally that of action-relevance.

How do consumers process digital display ads in-store? The effect of location, content, and goal relevance

This study examines under which circumstances customers are more likely to process in-store digital display ads. An exploratory field study is conducted (n = 296), with a between-subjects, 2 (value-expressive versus utilitarian messages) by 2 (entrance versus register location) by 2 (low versus high goal relevance) quasi-experimental design, in a retail store of horticulture-, baking- and pet supplies. The findings show that DS can appeal to both segments of customers when positioned in proximity to the register, rather than the entrance. In terms of the content displayed, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach as both types of content have different effects, depending on the shopping goal of the customer.

High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr Virus in Colorectal Cancer and Their Association with Clinicopathological Status.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate worldwide. It is a complex, multifactorial disease that is strongly impacted by both hereditary and environmental factors. The role of microbes (e.g., viruses) in the pathogenesis of CRC is poorly understood. In the current study, we explored the status of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in a well-defined CRC cohort using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction assays. Our data showed that high-risk HPVs were common (~80%) and EBV had a low presence (14–25%) in the CRC samples. The most common high-risk HPVs are HPV16, 31, 18, 51, 52 and 45 genotypes. The co-presence of high-risk HPV and EBV was observed in ~16% of the sample population without any significant association with the clinicopathological variables. We conclude that high-risk HPVs are very prevalent in CRC samples while EBV positivity is relatively low. The co-expression of the two viruses was observed in a minority of cases and without any correlation with the studied parameters. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clinical relevance and potential therapeutic (preventive) effects of the observations reported herein.