Effects Of Recession Research Articles

Understanding Nonprofit Financial Health: Exploring the Effects of Economic Recession and Environmental Factors (2007–2012)

During an economic recession, the gaps between community service demands and available resources for nonprofits widen. Nonprofits with financial vulnerability cut back on their services or activities when facing a turbulent economic downturn. To make sense of such situations, drawn from organizational ecology theory, we examine the relationships between environmental factors and a nonprofit’s financial health and the moderating role of the Great Recession of 2008 on their relationship. Employing IRS 990 and US census data (2007–2012) on counties, our longitudinal analysis finds that: 1) nonprofits’ county-level environmental factors, i.e., service demand and available resources, are associated with their financial health; 2) the impact of economic recession on nonprofits’ financial health is particularly severe in communities with greater racial diversity; and 3) nonprofits located in communities with more resources are more likely to be financially healthy and are less affected by the economic recession in the long term.

Income and Transport Cost: Multiple Responses to Tourists Arrivals in Zanzibar

The tourism sector plays an important role in the Zanzibar economy and continues to be a leading sector and the main contributor to the national GDP but this sector is faced unprecedented challenges and an existential threat from the impact of the COVID-19 virus. In this regard, this study aimed to analyse the determinants of international tourism demand from the top ten tourist’s origin countries to Zanzibar from 2005 to 2021 and to quantify their influence. In this study Gray’s travel motivation theory, Crompton’s motivations for pleasure vacation theory and Dann’s theory of push and pull factors were used to analyse behaviour of tourists and choice of destination. The study adopted panel data analysis and used long, strong balanced secondary panel data extracted from various sources to estimate the impact of GDP per capita as proxy of income, exchange rates, tourism infrastructure, price of crude oil as proxy of transport cost, consumer price indices adjusted by exchange rates as proxy of relative price and dummy variables to capture effects of Covid-19 and economic recession of 2008 on number of tourist arrivals as proxy for tourism demand in Zanzibar. Regression results of fixed effect model suggested that; at the 0.05 significance level, a one unit increase in GDP per capita results into 1.999 units increase in number of tourist arrivals and one unit increase in transport cost would decrease tourist arrivals by 64.991 units. Coefficients value of dummy variable COVID-19 implies that, on average, the number of tourist arrivals decreased on the year of occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic by 9,539 units. The coefficients of other independent variables exchange rates, tourism infrastructure, relative price and economic recession of 2008 bear the right sign even though they were not statistically significant at 0.05 levels. This study recommends that, the government and other stakeholders to work on marketing Zanzibar tourism product to the high-income countries and to work on reducing transport cost from origin countries to Zanzibar.

Outdoor recess is associated with more positive attitudes toward physical activity among pre-adolescent students and their parents.

School day structure has the potential to increase students' physical activity (PA) levels and form positive attitudes about PA. Including various PA opportunities and free play possibilities in the school schedule, especially outdoor recess, can improve students' moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels during school time. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to investigate students' and their parents' attitudes about outdoor recess and PA opportunities in schools with different recess opportunities. Students from grades three to six (9-13-year-olds) and their parents responded to a questionnaire about the effect of outdoor recess and opportunities for PA during the school day. Schools were divided into three groups based on the recess opportunities during the school day: (1) "outdoor recess", (2) "outdoor recess on some days", (3) "indoor recess". Students and parents of the "outdoor recess" group had significantly more positive attitudes about outdoor recess and PA opportunities in school. Students of the "outdoor recess" group stated being significantly more active during their leisure-time compared to other groups. Parents of the "outdoor recess" group stated that the school has asked their opinion regarding PA opportunities during the school day significantly more compared to the other two groups. These findings emphasize the positive effect outdoor recess can have on students' PA beliefs and habits. Parents of the "outdoor recess" group also had more positive attitudes toward PA which is important as parents most likely convey their attitudes and beliefs to their children. In addition, involving and informing parents is critical when changing the school schedule and introducing new school culture, to make the changes last.

Cyclical worker flows: Cleansing vs. sullying

Do recessions speed up or impede productivity-enhancing reallocation? To investigate this question, we use U.S. linked employer-employee data to examine how worker flows contribute to productivity growth over the business cycle. We find that in expansions high-productivity firms grow faster primarily by hiring workers away from low-productivity firms. Productivity growth slows during recessions when this job ladder collapses. In contrast, layoffs at low-productivity firms disproportionately increase in recessions, which leads to an increase in productivity growth. We thus find evidence of both sullying and cleansing effects of recessions, but the timing of these effects differs. The cleansing effects are concentrated in downturns while the sullying effects linger well into the economic recovery. Our results imply that slow labor market recoveries will be more damaging to productivity growth than V-shaped recoveries due to lingering sullying effects.

Association of ACE and AGTR1 variants with retinopathy of prematurity: a case-control study and meta-analysis.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of childhood blindness worldwide, linked to gene variants in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1). This study aims to evaluate the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) and AGTR1 rs5186A > C variants with the occurrence and progression of ROP in a Polish cohort. A total of 377 premature infants were enrolled in the study. The ACE variant was evaluated using PCR, and AGTR1 was assessed using TaqMan probes. Clinical characteristics, including risk factors and comorbidities, were documented. A meta-analysis of the effects of the studied variants on ROP was also conducted. The AGTR1 rs5186C allele was significantly associated with both the progression of ROP and treatment outcomes. Homozygotes exhibited a 2.47-fold increased risk of developing proliferative ROP and a 4.82-fold increased risk of treatment failure. The impact of this allele increased at low birth weight. A meta-analysis, including 191 cases and 1661 controls, indicated an overall risk of 1.7 (95%CI 1.02-2.84) for the recessive effect of the rs5186C allele. The ACE variant did not show a significant association with ROP in our population; however, a meta-analysis of 996 cases and 2787 controls suggested a recessive effect of the insertion allele (an odds ratio of 1.21 (95%CI 1.00-1.60)). These results indicate that gain-of-function AGTR1 variants may play a crucial role in the development of ROP, potentially by promoting angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory effects. Screening for these variants could facilitate the development of personalized risk assessment and treatment strategies for ROP.

The economywide recovery measures in Rwanda during the COVID-19 pandemic: How useful a lesson?

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) immediately introduced strict public health measures to contain the spread of infection. The economic consequences of these measures were negative and often large in magnitude, necessitating the rapid introduction of economic relief and recovery measures to reinvigorate economic growth and safeguard affected households. Rwanda stands out among other LMICs both for its effective public health policy response and its adaptive economic policy response to COVID-19. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Rwanda, this paper assesses the economywide and welfare impacts of these policy measures and contextualizes results within the overall policy response to COVID-19. Modeling results generated at an early stage of Rwanda’s pandemic experience indicated that relief and recovery measures introduced in 2020 could mitigate COVID-19′s recessionary effects by about 0.8 % points of total GDP, help to recover about 115,000 jobs and, through cash transfers, significantly reduce income losses among poorer households, with total benefits from the measures exceeded their cost by a ratio of 2.2. These results demonstrate the widely replicable value of economywide modeling when used in a timely manner and when positioned within a policymaking process.

Exploring the complex interplay of green finance, business cycles, and energy development

Green finance has emerged as a contemporary mechanism to support investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure projects. This study aims to provide empirical insights into the asymmetric influence of green finance and business cycle fluctuations on energy development in 60 developing countries from 2000 to 2021. Four aspects of energy development, including energy access, stability, efficiency, and production gap, are examined using panel quantile regression with additive fixed effects. The research findings demonstrate that green finance plays a significant role in fostering energy development, with varying effects across different quantiles of the distribution. Specifically, the results indicate that green finance supports energy access and stability, particularly during economic recession, low-income levels, and limited technological advancement. However, the impact of green finance on energy efficiency exhibits notable heterogeneity, contingent upon technological and periods of economic expansion. Achieving tangible improvements in energy efficiency necessitates a certain level of technological and economic development. Moreover, green finance shows a capacity to maintain an optimal level of energy production, particularly evident during economic expansion and for highly technologically developed countries. The impact of business cycle fluctuations varies across different quantile distributions of energy development indicators, predominantly exerting an inhibitory effect of economic recession. In light of these results, it is recommended that policies in developing countries be revised to enhance energy access, optimize energy production levels, and promote the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy in conjunction with green finance initiatives.

Exome-wide evidence of compound heterozygous effects across common phenotypes in the UK Biobank

The phenotypic impact of compound heterozygous (CH) variation has not been investigated at the population scale. We phased rare variants (MAF ∼0.001%) in the UK Biobank (UKBB) exome-sequencing data to characterize recessive effects in 175,587 individuals across 311 common diseases. A total of 6.5% of individuals carry putatively damaging CH variants, 90% of which are only identifiable upon phasing rare variants (MAF<0.38%). We identify six recessive gene-trait associations (p<1.68×10-7) after accounting for relatedness, polygenicity, nearby common variants, and rare variant burden. Of these, just one is discovered when considering homozygosity alone. Using longitudinal health records, we additionally identify and replicate a novel association between bi-allelic variation in ATP2C2 and an earlier age at onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p<3.58×10-8). Genetic phase contributes to disease risk for gene-trait pairs: ATP2C2-COPD (p= 0.000238), FLG-asthma (p= 0.00205), and USH2A-visual impairment (p= 0.0084). We demonstrate the power of phasing large-scale genetic cohorts to discover phenome-wide consequences of compound heterozygosity.

Discovery of runs-of-homozygosity diplotype clusters and their associations with diseases in UK Biobank.

Runs-of-homozygosity (ROH) segments, contiguous homozygous regions in a genome were traditionally linked to families and inbred populations. However, a growing literature suggests that ROHs are ubiquitous in outbred populations. Still, most existing genetic studies of ROH in populations are limited to aggregated ROH content across the genome, which does not offer the resolution for mapping causal loci. This limitation is mainly due to a lack of methods for the efficient identification of shared ROH diplotypes. Here, we present a new method, ROH-DICE (runs-of-homozygous diplotype cluster enumerator), to find large ROH diplotype clusters, sufficiently long ROHs shared by a sufficient number of individuals, in large cohorts. ROH-DICE identified over 1 million ROH diplotypes that span over 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and are shared by more than 100 UK Biobank participants. Moreover, we found significant associations of clustered ROH diplotypes across the genome with various self-reported diseases, with the strongest associations found between the extended human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and autoimmune disorders. We found an association between a diplotype covering the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE) gene and hemochromatosis, even though the well-known causal SNP was not directly genotyped or imputed. Using a genome-wide scan, we identified a putative association between carriers of an ROH diplotype in chromosome 4 and an increase in mortality among COVID-19 patients (p-value = 1.82 × 10-11). In summary, our ROH-DICE method, by calling out large ROH diplotypes in a large outbred population, enables further population genetics into the demographic history of large populations. More importantly, our method enables a new genome-wide mapping approach for finding disease-causing loci with multi-marker recessive effects at a population scale.

Performance of power generation: A dynamic productivity and efficiency analysis

This study evaluates the performance dynamics of Oman's principal part of electricity generation. Emphasis is placed on capturing the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry's performance indicators. We utilised the Malmquist Index method to analyse the changes in overall performance indicators over time. This approach allows us to distinguish between efficiency and technology changes. In addition, we employed the analysis of variance approach to test hypotheses related to COVID-19. Data is collected from twelve electricity producers across Oman's power sector. These consist of companies listed on the Stock Exchange Market in Oman, accounting for about 60 % of the total electricity production in the Sultanate. The predominant findings indicate that COVID-19 detrimentally impacted the sector's aggregate performance in 2020 but had a swift recovery in 2021. The analysis of the sample firm's productivity indices verifies that the decline in productivity in 2020 due to the Pandemic is attributable to a decrease in average efficiency indices and a negative shift in the projected frontier. These are probable consequences of the recessionary effects caused by the Pandemic. Despite a considerable decrease in average efficiency scores, a positive change in the frontier has facilitated a rapid recovery in 2021. This recovery can be attributed to the implementation of advanced technical upgrades in particular enterprises, which began as early as 2018/2019, well before the onset of the Pandemic.

The Impact of Off-Farm Employment Recession and Land on Farmers’ Mental Health: Empirical Evidence from Rural China

The agricultural land management under the household responsibility system (HRS) in rural China empowers farmers with land tenure rights, meeting the basic needs for their livelihoods and employment by cultivating the land. This paper investigates the pivotal role of agricultural cultivated land as a social safety net, ensuring livelihood security for farmers confronting a recession in off-farm employment. Our analysis is based on data collected from six provinces (Heilongjiang, Henan, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Shandong, and Anhui) in the rural areas of China from 2019 to 2020. We investigated the impact of the off-farm employment recession on the mental health of farmers and the moderating effect of land as a social safety net on the relationship between the off-farm employment recession and mental health. The analysis points to the following results: (1) The majority of farmers have significantly reduced off-farm working time during employment recession. (2) The off-farm employment recession has worsened farmers’ mental health. (3) Farmers’ land assets through tenure rights provide both income and employment security functions, which can mitigate the adverse effects of the off-farm employment recession on their mental health. The findings of this study highlight the crucial role of land assets to reduce the negative impact of unemployment in the context of economic recession, emphasizing the significance of the policies supporting the land rights among vulnerable rural groups.

The long-run effects of recessions on fertility

AbstractUsing large repeated cross-sections and a cohort-based econometric approach, this paper produces evidence that women who finish their formal education during periods of high unemployment have significantly, and persistently, lower fertility compared to women who graduate during more favorable economic conditions. In terms of magnitude, a woman who graduates into a market with a 3 percentage point higher unemployment rate experiences an approximate 14% reduction in birth probabilities about a half-decade later. The long-recognized negative effects of unemployment on marriage explain, at most, 30% of that reduction in fertility. Rather, graduating into high unemployment appears to exert its own influence on fertility, separate from its effect on marriage.

Aggregate productivity, economic fluctuations, and export orientation: Evidence from India

Understanding the cyclicality in aggregate productivity helps answer whether the economy allocates resources efficiently or not. The paper analyses the sources of aggregate productivity growth, such as direct efficiency gain within-plants, allocative efficiency gain, and gains due to entry and exit during economic fluctuations. In particular, we exploit the economic shock of the Great Recession to analyse the validity of the 'Cleansing’ or ‘Scarring’ effect of recession and 'Schumpeterian Darwinian Selection' for Indian manufacturing. The rise and fall of within-plant and net-entry effects during the economic fluctuations explains the pro-cyclicality of productivity growth. Plants in export-oriented industries are crucial in explaining the pro-cyclicality. Negative external shock to exporting sectors during 2008–09 shifted resources from more productive to less productive plants. The relatively productive exporters exited the markets following the global crisis, scarring the economy. Nonetheless, the positive effect from the net-entry exit of plants during the economic downturn makes the 'Schumpeterian approach of Darwinian Selection' valid.

Наследование массы 1000 зерен гибридами ярового ячменя

The purpose of research is to study the nature of inheritance of the trait “weight of 1000 grains” by hybrids of spring barley in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The experiments were carried out in the forest-steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Region in 2019–2021 on ordinary thin chernozem: humus content (according to Tyurin) – 4.67 %, N-NO3 (ionometric express method) – 10.5 mg/kg soil, P2O5 and K2O (according to Chirikov) – 21.2 and 16.4 mg/100 g of soil, respectively, the reaction of the soil solution in the water extract is neutral (pH 6.6). The predecessor is pure fallow. The weather conditions of the growing seasons during the years of study were characterized by uneven precipitation between months and were similar: 2020 – excess moisture (HTC = 1.62) and 2021. – sufficient moisture (HTC = 1.38). Four parental forms took part in the genetic analysis – Olenek, E-76-5695, Bagrets and Kalita; crosses were carried out according to a complete 4×4 diallelic scheme. The weight of 1000 grains in most hybrid combinations is inherited according to the type of intermediate inheritance (Hp = –0.5…+0.5). For this trait, the variety Kalita (46.4; 53.0 g) and the hybrids obtained with its participation were identified: Olenek × Kalita (52.3 g), Kalita × Olenek (54.3 g), E-76-5695 × Kalita (50.0), Kalita × Bagrets (51.3). In the first generation (F1), types of inheritance of the number of grains in an ear were noted – from depression (D–) to positive overdominance (SD+), 25.0 % of combinations showed true heterosis (Hp from +1.42 to +11.83). The stu¬died trait is controlled predominantly by a dominant genetic system with a predominance of recessive gene effects (F = –5.24 and –4.20 &lt; 0) in both generations. The variety Kalita ((Veresk × Roland) × Gonar) of Chelyabinsk selection is recommended as a donor for increasing the weight of 1000 grains of barley (gi – 2.3354 and 1.1188).

From Recession to Pandemic

Abstract Embarking on an exploration of socio-economic disparities within OECD countries over two decades, this research investigates the effects of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic on income distribution, labor market dynamics, and health outcomes. Using Exploratory Data Analysis of time-series and mixed-effects models, the study reveals a context characterized by intensifying inequalities, with variations reflecting the unique socio-economic structures of individual countries. It uncovers a pronounced increase in income inequality in countries including Lithuania, Luxembourg, Italy, and the United States, alongside shifts in labor market conditions, with the United States being particularly notable. Furthermore, the analysis highlights a widening of health disparities, evidenced by a decline in life expectancy in countries like the United States, Poland, and Slovakia, and a slowdown in reducing infant mortality rates. The use of mixed-effects models elucidates the role of country-specific factors in shaping these inequalities, revealing a complex interplay of influences that highlight the varied impacts of the pandemic across the OECD. This study not only charts the evolving contours of socio-economic inequalities but also enhances the understanding of global crises’ effects on developed economies.

Discovery of recessive effect of human polymerase δ proofreading deficiency through mutational analysis of POLD1-mutated normal and cancer cells

Constitutional heterozygous pathogenic variants in the exonuclease domain of POLE and POLD1, which affect the proofreading activity of the corresponding polymerases, cause a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by increased risk of gastrointestinal polyposis, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer and other tumor types. The generally accepted explanation for the connection between the disruption of the proofreading activity of polymerases epsilon and delta and cancer development is through an increase in the somatic mutation rate. Here we studied an extended family with multiple members heterozygous for the pathogenic POLD1 variant c.1421T>C p.(Leu474Pro), which segregates with the polyposis and cancer phenotypes. Through the analysis of mutational patterns of patient-derived fibroblasts colonies and de novo mutations obtained by parent-offspring comparisons, we concluded that heterozygous POLD1 L474P just subtly increases the somatic and germline mutation burden. In contrast, tumors developed in individuals with a heterozygous mutation in the exonuclease domain of POLD1, including L474P, have an extremely high mutation rate (>100 mut/Mb) associated with signature SBS10d. We solved this contradiction through the observation that tumorigenesis involves somatic inactivation of the wildtype POLD1 allele. These results imply that exonuclease deficiency of polymerase delta has a recessive effect on mutation rate.

Overexpression of Let-7a mitigates diploidization in mouse androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells

Mouse androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells (mAG-haESCs) can be utilized to uncover gene functions, especially those of genes with recessive effects, and to produce semicloned mice when injected into mature oocytes. However, mouse haploid cells undergo rapid diploidization during long-term culture invitro and subsequently lose the advantages of haploidy, and the factors that drive diploidization are poorly understood. In this study, we compared the small RNAs (sRNAs) of mAG-haESCs, normal embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and mouse round spermatids by high-throughput sequencing and identified distinct sRNA profiles. Several let-7 family members and miR-290-295 cluster microRNAs (miRNAs) were found significantly differentially transcribed. Knockdown and overexpression experiments showed that let-7a and let-7g suppress diploidization while miR-290a facilitates diploidization. Our study revealed the unique sRNA profile of mAG-haESCs and demonstrated that let-7a overexpression can mitigate diploidization in mAG-haESCs. These findings will help us to better understand mAG-haESCs and utilize them as tools in the future.

Research on the Preferences of U.S. Venture Funding Deals in 2023 for the Industry in Which the Company Operates

Since the effects of geopolitics and recession, venture capital deals have become more cautious and companies' access to capital has become more difficult. Therefore, this research will analyze 2023 U.S. venture capital deal data to explore venture capitalists' preference for the corporate industry. In previous similar studies, visual graphics were essential, which was also applied in this study. At the same time, OLS regression model was also used for verification in this research. The results show that in 2023, U.S. venture capital deals favor the technology industry, especially the two hot spots of artificial intelligence and biotechnology. There is a positive linear relationship between venture capital investment and corporate hot spots. When the company industry moves closer to the technology industry, the amount of venture capital investment increases significantly. However, the November-December data is still to be added. Forecasting the future preferences of the venture capital trading industry is also an issue that needs to be addressed. Finally, on the basis of previous studies, this paper also provides some meaningful results for venture capital market participants, hoping to help improve the efficiency of venture capital market.

Regional Effects of the Great Recession on Greek Unemployment Rates: A Graphical Analysis

It is well documented that the Great Recession hit Greece very hard. External and internal factors have been put forward to explain why Greece was hit so hard relative to the other countries of the eurozone. Less attention has been paid to regional differences of the Great Recession impact. This study examines the effect of the Great Recession on the 13 NUTS2 regions of Greece, with an emphasis on the unemployment rate. Two issues are examined. First, the differences in the unemployment rates between the thirteen Greek regions are presented using available evidence from 1998 to 2022. Large differences in unemployment rates are observed. The second issue is the impact of the Great Recession on the convergence (or divergence) rates of the unemployment rates across regions. Keywords: Great Recession, unemployment rate, Greek regions, eurozone

Payments for environmental services and economic growth: A theoretical model

Given the global climate emergency and the complex financing problems facing developing countries, some economists are advocating the introduction of payments for environmental services. The question is whether payments for environmental services will enable developing countries to make the ecological transition compatible with the economic growth they need to develop. This study presents a theoretical analysis of the economic and ecological efficiency of such a mechanism, and aims to determine whether it has any recessionary or disincentive effects. In other words, it determines whether, from a theoretical point of view, the environmental services provided by developing countries are compatible with continued growth. The study introduces a “payments for environmental services” procedure into a general equilibrium model (with involuntary unemployment) composed of multinational firms in developed and developing economies. This theoretical model yields the following results. Firstly, higher ecological taxes can directly increase environmental services without any recessionary effect. The system of payments for environmental services means that green investment is not necessarily incompatible with growth and development in developing countries. On the other hand, services in return for environmental payments can lead to a rebound effect from polluting activities, which is why such programs need to be accompanied by more radical environmental policies. In conclusion, while payments for environmental services can promote both ecological transition and growth in developing countries, it is necessary to control the rebound effect arising from the development of economic activity.