Proprioceptive Effects Research Articles

The Effect of Sensory Feedback on the Transition of the Relative Phase in Bimanual Coordination Task in old Adults

Introduction: The purpose of present research was the study of the effect of sensory feedback on speed of the relative phase transition in anti-phase bimanual coordination pattern across old adults. Materials and Methods: Therefore 15 intact male old adults selected in available with age range 60-70 years that were all of them hand-right. Participants started their movement on bimanual coordination device with anti-phase at frequency 0.75 Hz and was increased to it 0.25 Hz by step 5 seconds and final frequency was 5 Hz. Present task performed under 8 sensory conditions. For investigating data used repeated measures analysis of variance 2 × 2 × 2 and paired-samples t-test with Bonferroni correction for pair comparisons of the interaction effects. Results: The findings revealed that main effects of proprioception (P = 0.001), audition (P = 0.001) and two-way interaction (P = 0.022) were significant. These results implied to positive effects of audition and proprioception feedback and also more effect of exist of audition information along with lack of vision on the speed of relative phase transition. Conclusion: The findings reflected that the performance of present bimanual coordination task was under close-loop control system. Also the results reflect the role of control parameter in performing coordinated movement and relative phase transition from one inconsistence pattern to another more consistence pattern as movement speed increased. With regard to older adults revealed more impairments in audition and proprioception than vision condition and also more variability and the speed of the phase transition, we could conclude that these population relied on audition and proprioception to perform bimanual coordination patterns.

정량적 평가도구를 이용한 성인 요통검사

Purpose: For this study, low back pain was analyzed by determining the influences of pain threshold, proprioceptive sense, and balance ability. Method: A total of 80 college students participated in this study with 30 adults regarded as normal and 50 adults regarded as having lower back pain. Measurements for participants regarding pain threshold, proprioception, and balance ability were conducted from April 10 to May 16, 2014. Result: Results from this study show significant differences between groups for back with regards to cold pain threshold, warm pain threshold measurements. There were also significant differences in proprioception for extension measurements. Finally, there were significant differences when comparing groups regarding balance for total balance score. Conclusion: With this data, practicing physical therapists can realize that a difference may exist between the patient's perception of treatment received and the actual treatment given by professionals due to differences in threshold, proprioception and balance ability. It is important for physical therapists to understand the reliance on objective data showing the effects of threshold, proprioception and balance ability on patients with back pain.

Modulation of stimulus-induced 20-Hz activity for the tongue and hard palate during tongue movement in humans

ObjectiveModulation of 20-Hz activity in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) may be important for oral functions. Here, we show that 20-Hz event-related desynchronization/synchronization (20-Hz ERD/ERS) is modulated by sensory input and motor output in the oral region. MethodsMagnetic 20-Hz activity was recorded following right-sided tongue stimulation during rest (Rest) and self-paced repetitive tongue movement (Move). To exclude proprioception effects, 20-Hz activity induced by right-sided hard palate stimulation was also recorded. The 20-Hz activity in the two conditions was compared via temporal spectral evolution analyses. Results20-Hz ERD/ERS was detected over bilateral temporoparietal areas in the Rest condition for both regions. Moreover, 20-Hz ERS was significantly suppressed in the Move condition for both regions. ConclusionsDetection of 20-Hz ERD/ERS during the Rest condition for both regions suggests that the SM1 functional state may be modulated by oral stimulation, with or without proprioceptive effects. Moreover, the suppression of 20-Hz ERS for the hard palate during the Move condition suggests that the stimulation-induced functional state of SM1 may have been modulated by the movement, even though the movement and stimulation areas were different. SignificanceSensorimotor function of the general oral region may be finely coordinated through 20-Hz cortical oscillation.

THE WORKING MEMORY BENEFITS OF PROPRIOCEPTIVELY DEMANDING TRAINING: A PILOT STUDY (.).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of proprioception on working memory. It was also of interest whether an acute and highly intensive period of exercise would yield working memory gains. The training group completed a series of proprioceptively demanding exercises. There were also control classroom and yoga groups. Working memory was measured using a backward digit recall test. The data indicated that active, healthy adults who undertook acute, proprioceptively demanding training improved working memory scores compared to the classroom and yoga groups. One possible reason that the training yielded significant working memory gains could be that the training was proprioceptively dynamic, requiring proprioception and at least one other factor-such as locomotion or navigation-at the same time, which may have contributed to the improvements in working memory performance.

Taping and bracing of the knee joint: a ladder of conservative intervention for patellofemoral pain

Background: Over the last 30 years there has been considerable interest in different conservative treatments for patellofemoral pain. Although a consensus has emerged that low cost treatments such as taping and bracing are effective at relieving pain, there has been an ongoing debate about whether these effects are mediated by enhancing proprioceptive mechanisms. In addition few papers have been published comparing the biomechanical effects of such interventions on knee varus/valgus and internal/external control in normal subjects or subjects who suffer from knee pain and instability. Purpose: The purpose of this work was to explore the biomechanical effects of taping and bracing in healthy individuals and people with patellofemoral pain, and to determine if a “ladder of effectiveness” exists with the different interventions. Methods: Twenty-four patients with patellofemoral pain and thirty-nine healthy individuals were asked to perform a slow step down task. This was conducted under a range of randomised conditions including: (a) no intervention, (b) neutral patella taping, (c) tubigrip, (d) patellofemoral web brace with patellar stabilization and (e) a silicone reinforced compression sleeve. In all cases three dimensional movement and moments at the knee were collected using a ten camera infra-red Qualisys motion analysis system and two AMTI force platforms. Reflective markers were placed on the foot, shank and thigh using the Calibrated Anatomical Systems Technique. Results: An independent samples t-test showed that the patients had a significantly greater knee varus/valgus range of motion than the healthy individuals, 9.5 and 6.5 degrees respectively (p < 0.01) with no intervention. A mixed methods ANOVA identified changes in the knee varus/valgus and internal/external range of motion between the interventions, p = 0.03 and p = 0.01 respectively. The brace with patellar stabilization reduced knee varus/valgus and internal/external range of motion by 2.8 degrees (p < 0.01), followed by the textured neoprene sleeve and tubigrip which reduced the knee varus/valgus range of motion by 2.7 degrees (p < 0.05), with the neutral taping showing a 1.3 degree reduction in the patient group only (p < 0.05). No differences were seen in peak knee flexion. At the end of the test the participants were asked to place the conditions in a rank order of which they thought helped most with joint stability and pain. The most popular order was the web brace with patellar stabilization or silicone reinforced compression sleeve, neutral tape or tubigrip and then no intervention. Conclusion(s): These changes in knee mechanics provide important evidence about the possible proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive effects of such treatments, and their role in the management of individuals with patellofemoral pain. This reinforces the view that varus/valgus and internal/external mechanics should not be overlooked when studying knee pain and instability. Implications: This work provides evidence for a graduated ladder of intervention, from neutral taping which produced a small improvement in varus/valgus control, tubigrip and textured neoprene sleeves giving a further improvements varus/valgus control and bracing producing the greatest improvement in varus/valgus and internal/external control. These results fit well with participants’ perceptions of which they thought helped most with joint stability and pain level.

Do additional proprioception exercises to stabilization exercises have more beneficial effects on pain, muscle strength and functionality in chronic low back pain?

Purpose: This study has been carried out to investigate the efficacy of proprioception exercises in addition to stabilization exercises on pain intensity level, muscle strength and functionality in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: 16 female and 14 male, a total of 30 patients with chronic low back pain have been recruited in this study. They have been divided into two similar groups as Group 1 ( n1 1⁄415) and Group 2 ( n21⁄415). Their mean age was 33.4±13.6 years for Group 1 and 31.3±11.3 years for Group 2. Previous surgery, acute disc diseases, rheumatic diseases, metabolic diseases, spinal stenosis, enfections, vertebral fractures and malignancy were the exclusion criteria. Patients in Group 1 (Stabilization Group) have been treated with stabilization exercises while patients in Group 2 ( Stabilizationþproprioception) have got proprioception exercises in addition to stabilization exercises in their rehabilitation program. Visual Analogue Scale has been used to measure pain intensity level and Oswestry Functional Scale for assessing functional level of the back. Their back and abdominal muscle strength had been analysed with Biodex System Pro 3 Isokinetic System. Treatment period for the both groups was 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Results: There was significant pain relief in resting and activity for the both groups after the treatment, but the differences between the groups were not significant. Both groups had obvious improvements in peak torque and average peak torque values of trunk flexors and extansors after the rehabilitation. Peak torque/ body weight both for flexors and extansor have increased in Group 1. Group 2 has showed significant improvement in peak torque / body weight value for the flexors, but not for the extansors. There were no significant differences in various flexor and extensor muscle strength values between the groups. Group 1 and Group 2 have showed singificant improvements in their functional level after the treatment. The functional score was 3.9±2.9 points for the Group 1 (before: 7.7±2.7 points) and, 3±1.3 points for the Group 2 (before: 8.9±3.1 points) after the rehabilitation. However, The groups did not differ significantly for it (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The effects of stabilization exercises and stabilizationþ proprioception exercises have been found similar. Each of them have beneficial effect in rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Although both exercises can be used to relieve pain, to increase muscle strength and to enhance back functions for the patients with chronic low back pain, the future studies will be needed to clarify the additional effects of proprioception.

Subtalar extra-articular screw arthroereisis (SESA) for the treatment of flexible flatfoot in children.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to describe a subtalar extra-articular screw arthroereisis (SESA) technique for the correction of flexible flatfoot (FFF) in children and report the outcome.MethodsFrom 1990 to 2012, data were collected on 485 patients who underwent SESA at the San Raffaele Hospital. The average age of the patient cohort was 11.5 ± 1.81 years (range 5.0–17.9 years; median 11.5 years). Inclusion criteria were FFF and marked flexible hindfoot valgus, and the exclusion criterion was rigid flatfoot. SESA was performed in 732 cases of FFF—bilaterally in 247 patients and monolaterally in 238 patients.ResultsThe values of the pre- and post-SESA weight-bearing X-ray angles were 146° ± 7° and 129° ± 5°, respectively, for the Costa-Bartani angle, 43° ± 8° and 25° ± 6°, respectively, for the talar inclination angle and 11° ± 6° and 14° ± 5°, respectively, for calcaneal pitch (p <0.001). All data were analysed statistically with Student’s t test. Data on 398 patients were ultimately available for analysis. In 93.7 % of cases the results were good in terms of improved clinical aspects and X-ray measurement, absence of complications, normal foot function 3 months post-SESA and no requirement for further surgery. The complication rate was 6.3 % and included ankle joint effusion, painful contracture of peroneal muscles and fourth metatarsal bone stress fractures. A sample of 76 patients (121 feet) were evaluated after screw removal, which occurred on average 2.9 years after SESA. The angle measurements of this sample showed no statistically significant modification.ConclusionBased on our >20 years of experience, we believe that SESA is an optimal technique for the correction of FFF as it is simple and can be performed rapidly, and the corrective effect results from the screw’s mechanical and proprioceptive effect. The indication for surgery must be accurate. We suggest that the patient be at least 10 years of age in order that all of the foot’s growth potential can be utilized and to allow for spontaneous resolution and thereby avoid the possibility of over-treatment.

Proprioceptive vibration effect in old healthy subjects

Proprioceptive vibration effect in old healthy subjects

Mechanisms of Augmentation in Proprioceptive Media Art

In this paper, I explore the phenomenon of augmentation by questioning its representational nature and analyzing aesthetic modes of our interrelationship with the environment. How can senses be augmented and how do they serve as mechanisms of enhancing the feeling of presence? Media art practices offer particularly valuable scenarios of activating such mechanisms, as the employment of digital technology allows them to operate on a more subtle level of perception. Given that these practices are continuously evolving, this analysis cannot claim to be a comprehensive one, but rather aims to introduce aspects of the specific relations between augmentation, sense of proprioception, technology, and art. Proprioception is one of the least detectable and track-able human senses because it involves our intuitive sense of positionality, which suggests a subtle equilibrium between a center (our individual bodies) and the periphery (our immediate environments). Yet, as any sense, proprioception implies a communicational chain, a network of signals traveling and exchanging information within the body-mind complex. The technological augmentation of this dynamic process produces an interference in our understanding of the structure and elements, the information sent/received. One way to understand the operations of the senses is to think about them as images that the mind creates for itself. Artistic intervention (usually) builds upon exactly this logic: representation of images generated in mind, supplementing or even supplanting the existing collection of inner images with new, created ones. Yet, in case of proprioception the only means to interfere with and augment these inner images is on bodily level. Hence, the question of communication through images (or representations) should be extended towards a more complex theory of embodied perception. Drawing on phenomenology, cognitive science, and techno-cultural studies, I focus on the potential of biofeedback technologies to challenge and transform our self-perception by conditioning new pathways of apprehension (sometimes by creating mechanisms of direct stimulation of neural activity). I am particularly interested in how the awareness of the self (grounded in the felt relationality of our body parts) is most significantly activated at the moments of disturbance of balance, in situations of perplexity and disorientation. Projects by Marco Donnarumma, Sean Montgomery, and other artists working with biofeedback aesthetically validate and instantiate current research about neuroplasticity, with technologically mediated sensory augmentation as one catalyst of this process.

Experimentally induced deep cervical muscle pain distorts head on trunk orientation

We wanted to explore the specific proprioceptive effect of cervical pain on sensorimotor control. Sensorimotor control comprises proprioceptive feedback, central integration and subsequent muscular response. Pain might be one cause of previously reported disturbances in joint kinematics, head on trunk orientation and postural control. However, the causal relationship between the impact of cervical pain on proprioception and thus on sensorimotor control has to be established. Eleven healthy subjects were examined in their ability to reproduce two different head on trunk targets, neutral head position (NHP) and 30° target position, with a 3D motion analyser before, directly after and 15min after experimentally induced neck pain. Pain was induced by hypertonic saline infusion at C2/3 level in the splenius capitis muscle on one side (referred to as "injected side"). All subjects experienced temporary pain and the head repositioning error increased significantly during head repositioning to the 30° target to the injected side (p=0.011). A post hoc analysis showed that pain interfered with proprioception to the injected side during acute pain (p<0.001), but also when the pain had waned (p=0.002). Accuracy decreased immediately after pain induction for the 30° target position to the side where pain was induced (3.3→5.3°, p=0.033), but not to the contralateral side (4.9→4.1°, p=0.657). There was no significant impact of pain on accuracy for NHP. A sensory mismatch appeared in some subjects, who experienced dizziness. Acute cervical pain distorts sensorimotor control with side-specific changes, but also has more complex effects that appear when pain has waned.

Bias and sensitivity of proprioception of a passively felt hand path with and without a secondary task

Previously, we observed changes in the scale, rotation, and location of drawn shapes when subjects simultaneously performed a secondary task, but not in the shape or proportion of the drawing. We suggested the secondary task impacted motor planning and execution or proprioception of the primary task. To isolate for proprioceptive effects, here we used the same secondary task during passive shape perception. A robotic manipulandum moved the subject's hand around the perimeter of a template shape and then a test shape differing in size, proportion, or location. Subjects also performed the same primary task while simultaneously performing a secondary task of reporting the orientation of right or left tilted arrows. We compared the performance between single and dual task, and different workspaces. In single-task conditions, subjects perceived scale, location, and proportion very close to the actual (all biases under 1cm). A secondary task only increased the uncertainty range for judgment of scale, with no other effect. Subjects judged shapes in the centered workspace to be smaller and closer relative to the template compared with those in the peripheral workspace, although in that workspace, it was more difficult to discern changes in the proportion of the shape. The result for scale in the current passive paradigm is not different from our active study in which efference copy was available. This suggests that the scale parameters of the shape, whether actively or passively encountered, are disrupted by task interference at the level of proprioception or sensory integration rather than motor planning and execution.

Attention's grasp: early and late hand proximity effects on visual evoked potentials

Behavioral studies suggest that visual attention is biased toward stimuli in the region of space near the palm of the hand, but it is unclear whether this effect is universal or selective for goal/task-related stimuli. We examined event-related potentials (ERPs) using a visual detection task in which the hand was placed near or kept far from target and non-target stimuli that were matched for frequency and visual features to avoid confounding factors. Focusing on attention-sensitive ERP components, we found that P3 (350–450 ms) amplitudes were increased for Hand Near conditions for targets only, demonstrating a selective effect consistent with the P3's cross-modal and task-relevance influences. An N1 variant implicated in visuo-tactile integration (central Nd1; 120–190 ms) showed similar target-specific effects. P1 (80–110 ms) effects for target stimuli were also apparent, but may have applied to non-targets as well, which would be consistent with the P1's association with early, pre-categorical increases in sensory gain. Collectively, these findings suggest that by the time stimuli are categorized as relevant/irrelevant for action, the proprioceptive effects of the hand on visual attention are selective for goal/task-related stimuli. At the same time, hand proximity appears to bias attention early, starting with a facilitation of processing for perhaps any visual stimuli near the hand, and continuing with enhancements that are selective to those stimuli categorized as task-relevant.

Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der subtalaren Arthrorise im Kindesalter

The minimally invasive subtalar screw arthroereisis procedure is becoming an increasingly more established option for treating juvenile flexible flatfoot. The procedure is indicated in children who are 9-13 years old and have idiopathic juvenile flexible flatfoot that has progressed to a symptomatic pathology. Minimally invasive subtalar screw arthroereisis functions by a combination of mechanical and proprioceptive effects that allow for growth adjustment of the subtalar joint and with a low complication rate. This surgical intervention is contraindicated for treating fixed and secondary pes plano valgus. The subtalar screw is removed once the pediatric foot has stopped growing and results in permanent correction of the flexible flatfoot.

Bilateral Transfer in Active and Passive Guidance-Reproduction of Upper Limbs Motion: Effect of Proprioception and Handedness

Bilateral Transfer in Active and Passive Guidance-Reproduction of Upper Limbs Motion: Effect of Proprioception and Handedness

Vertical alignment in monkeys with unilateral IV section: effects of prolonged monocular patching and trigeminal deafferentation

We investigated monocular viewing and trigeminal (V) deafferentation on the vertical deviation (VD) in monkeys following intracranial IV section. Two monkeys wore a patch for four to six weeks, one over the paretic eye and the other over the normal eye following IV section. Two other monkeys had combined IV and V section with the paretic eye patched postlesion. In monkeys with IV section alone, the VD lessened within the first week postlesion but then increased gradually with the same eye still patched. Thus binocular viewing was unnecessary for the later VD increase. With combined IV and V section, the VD also transiently lessened postlesion. We have proposed that the decrease in VD after IV section is adaptive, driven by an error signal using ocular proprioception and efference copy. Since V section did not eliminate the early decrease in VD, we suggest some orbital afference is transmitted centrally via other cranial nerves. However, the later increase in VD suggests either that the proprioceptive effect cannot be sustained or that mechanical changes supervene to increase the VD.

Local and global effects of neck muscle vibration during stabilization of upright standing

Neck muscle vibration (NMV) during upright standing is known to induce forward leaning, which has been explained as a global response to the (illusory) perception of a lengthening of the dorsal neck muscles. However, the effects of NMV both at the level of individual joints and on whole-body postural coordination, and its potential modulation by vision, have not yet been analyzed in detail. Eight healthy young adult participants completed a total of ten trials each, with a 10-s period of unperturbed standing followed by a 10-s period of NMV. Participants were instructed to stand "as still as possible". This postural task was executed under two visual conditions: eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Postural responses were measured in terms of center of pressure (CoP) and center of mass (CoM) profiles, and whole-body kinematics. Responses to NMV at the level of individual body segments and joints were assessed by decomposing the time series into linear trends and residual fluctuations. Inter-segmental coordination was analyzed using a decorrelation technique, assessing motor-equivalent stabilization of four task-related variables: CoM position, trunk orientation, as well as head position and orientation. NMV induced a general forward leaning response under both visual conditions, visible in CoP, CoM, segment positions and orientations. Locally, NMV induced a pronounced extension of the atlanto-occipital joint. Residual fluctuations were higher with EC and unaffected by NMV. Coordination analysis showed that stabilization of different body parts was differentially affected by NMV. Head orientation was consistently stabilized across all conditions, with weaker coordination in the EC condition. In contrast, motor-equivalent stabilization of CoM and head position, and trunk orientation was only observed during no-vibration periods. Taken together, our results demonstrate specific effects of vision and proprioception on different aspects of local and global postural control. While perturbed neck proprioception seemed to affect the postural "set point" (inducing forward leaning), vision appeared to mainly serve in noise reduction (residual fluctuations) and control of head orientation.

The effect of ankle and knee bracing on joint stability and performance during different tasks

Braces are commonly used for prevention and treatment of ankle and knee injuries by individuals who take part in sporting activities which involve challenges to the stability of joints. However,...

Differences between naïve and expert observers’ vergence and accommodative responses to a range of targets

Vergence and accommodation studies often use adult participants with experience of vision science. Reports of infant and clinical responses are generally more variable and of lower gain, with the implication that differences lie in immaturity or sub-optimal clinical characteristics but expert/naïve differences are rarely considered or quantified. Sixteen undergraduates, naïve to vision science, were individually matched by age, visual acuity, refractive error, heterophoria, stereoacuity and near point of accommodation to second- and third-year orthoptics and optometry undergraduates ('experts'). Accommodation and vergence responses were assessed to targets moving between 33 cm, 50 cm, 1 m and 2 m using a haploscopic device incorporating a PlusoptiX SO4 autorefractor. Disparity, blur and looming cues were separately available or minimised in all combinations. Instruction set was minimal. In all cases, vergence and accommodation response slopes (gain) were steeper and closer to 1.0 in the expert group (p = 0.001), with the largest expert/naïve differences for both vergence and accommodation being for near targets (p = 0.012). For vergence, the differences between expert and naïve response slopes increased with increasingly open-loop targets (linear trend p = 0.025). Although we predicted that proximal cues would drive additional response in the experts, the proximity-only cue was the only condition that showed no statistical effect of experience. Expert observers provide more accurate responses to near target demand than closely matched naïve observers. We suggest that attention, practice, voluntary and proprioceptive effects may enhance responses in experienced participants when compared to a more typical general population. Differences between adult reports and the developmental and clinical literature may partially reflect expert/naïve effects, as well as developmental change. If developmental and clinical studies are to be compared to adult normative data, uninstructed naïve adult data should be used.

Wearing shoes increasing dorsiflexion improves short-term but not long-term balance control in young healthy adults

Wearing sport shoes inducing ankle dorsiflexion has been shown to alter the biomechanical specificities of the stretched muscles. The possible effect over the short and long term upon the sensorial capacities induced by such stretching has not been addressed yet. Fourteen healthy individuals were involved to assess the proprioceptive repercussion and their effects upon postural control strategies. Postural control and proprioceptive assessment were measured twice: when receiving sport shoes inducing ankle dorsiflexion and 18 days later. Proprioceptive effects were assessed using an ad-hoc device through which the seated and blindfolded subjects were required to reposition their feet in a starting position after the ankles were passively displaced to dorsiflexed and plantarflexed positions. Center-of-gravity horizontal displacements (CGv), estimated from center-of-pressure (CP) displacements, and CP–CGv displacements were measured through a force platform during upright quiet stance maintenance. The initial session was recorded with the subjects barefoot and wearing the shoes with a set of chocks with 0° (horizontal) and −5° (dorsiflexion) tilting angles. The second session included only barefoot performance in horizontal and dorsiflexion conditions. Dorsiflexion had no immediate effect on the postural control strategies along the anteroposterior axis. In contrast, barefoot or wearing shoes, stability was increased along the mediolateral axis during the dorsiflexion conditions. No ankle proprioceptive or postural change was observed after wearing the shoes for 18 days. Wearing dorsiflexion sport shoes induces short-term effects probably by inducing a backward tilt of the pelvis. A muscular adaptation likely prevents this effect from being prolonged.

Not all who stand tall are proud: Gender differences in the proprioceptive effects of upright posture

Research shows that individuals feel and later perform better when given positive feedback in the context of an upright posture, as opposed to a slumped one, even if unaware that their bodily position is meant to express emotion. We sought to determine whether proprioceptive feedback from body postures operate differently for women and men. Participants received success feedback when in either an upright or slumped posture, which was covertly manipulated. Results showed that for men the effects of posture were intuitive and appropriate: receiving success feedback while upright enhanced performance self-ratings. In contrast, after adopting an upright posture, women went on after success feedback to perform more poorly and make more negative self-ratings, than after adopting a slumped posture. A number of theories are offered as potential explanations for this gender effect.