Effects Of Propofol Research Articles

Comparison of remimazolam and propofol combined with low dose esketamine for pediatric same-day painless bidirectional endoscopy: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Background: Remimazolam has shown similar or even superior properties to propofol in procedural sedation in adults, but few studies have been conducted in pediatric populations. Thus, we aimed to compare the effect and safety of remimazolam and propofol combined with low dose esketamine for pediatric same-day bidirectional endoscopy (BDE). Methods: Pediatrics <18years scheduled for elective BDE under sedation were included and randomly assigned to remimazolam group (R group) or propofol group (P group). The primary outcome was the success rate of sedation. Secondary outcomes include sedation-related information and adverse events. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and perfusion index (PI) were recorded during sedation. Results: A total of 106 patients were enrolled and analyzed. The success rate of sedation was 100% in both groups. Compared with the P group, the induction time of the R group was significantly prolonged (p < 0.001), and the incidence of injection pain, intraoperative respiratory depression, hypotension and bradycardia was significantly lower (p < 0.001). The changes in MAP, HR and PI were relatively stable in the R group compared with the P group. Additionally, awake time significantly decreased with age by approximately 1.12 index points for each increase in age in the P group (p = 0.002) but not in the R group (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the decline in PI and PI ratio during BDE was related to body movement in the P group. Conclusion: Remimazolam combined with low dose esketamine has a non-inferior sedative effect than propofol for pediatric BDE, with no injection pain, less respiratory depression, more stable hemodynamics. Moreover, early detection of the decline in PI may avoid harmful stimulation under light anesthesia. Clinical trial registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05686863?id=NCT05686863&rank=1, NCT05686863.

In vitro Effects of Propofol and Bupivacaine on Pregnant Women’s Plasma Cholinesterase Activity and Malondialdehyde Level

Background: Propofol and bupivacaine are commonly used anesthetics for cesarean section (CS), and they might modulate plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity and oxidative stress during the last stage of pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the in vitro effects of propofol and bupivacaine on plasma ChE activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in pregnant women before undergoing elective CS. Methods: The plasma samples of 20 women set for elective CS were pooled for the in vitro determination of the effects of propofol and bupivacaine separately on plasma ChE activity (10 minutes of incubation with different concentrations at 37ºC) and the MDA level after the in vitro exposure of plasma samples containing different anesthetic concentrations to H2O2 (100 µM, incubated for 1 hour at 37ºC). Results: Bupivacaine at 1.1 and 2.2 µM significantly inhibited plasma ChE in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner by 13% and 20%, respectively. Propofol at 25 and 50 µM did not affect plasma ChE. A unique finding in this study was that both propofol and bupivacaine revealed an antioxidant effect, as both propofol at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µM and bupivacaine at 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 µM reduced the MDA level in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro after the incubation of plasma samples with H2O2 as a source of oxidant. Conclusions: The in vitro findings suggest that bupivacaine exerts anti-ChE activity that should be taken into consideration in CS anesthesia, and both propofol and bupivacaine possess antioxidant properties that need additional clinical studies.

The Effects of Remimazolam and Propofol on Hemodynamics, Bispectral Index and Postoperative Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients Undergoing Neurointerventional Operation

The Effects of Remimazolam and Propofol on Hemodynamics, Bispectral Index and Postoperative Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients Undergoing Neurointerventional Operation

Propofol-mediated Unconsciousness Disrupts Progression of Sensory Signals through the Cortical Hierarchy.

A critical component of anesthesia is the loss of sensory perception. Propofol is the most widely used drug for general anesthesia, but the neural mechanisms of how and when it disrupts sensory processing are not fully understood. We analyzed local field potential and spiking recorded from Utah arrays in auditory cortex, associative cortex, and cognitive cortex of nonhuman primates before and during propofol-mediated unconsciousness. Sensory stimuli elicited robust and decodable stimulus responses and triggered periods of stimulus-related synchronization between brain areas in the local field potential of Awake animals. By contrast, propofol-mediated unconsciousness eliminated stimulus-related synchrony and drastically weakened stimulus responses and information in all brain areas except for auditory cortex, where responses and information persisted. However, we found stimuli occurring during spiking Up states triggered weaker spiking responses than in Awake animals in auditory cortex, and little or no spiking responses in higher order areas. These results suggest that propofol's effect on sensory processing is not just because of asynchronous Down states. Rather, both Down states and Up states reflect disrupted dynamics.

Effect of remimazolam vs propofol in high-risk patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

BackgroundProcedural sedation is essential for optimizing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, particularly in high-risk patients with multiple underlying diseases. Respiratory and circulatory complications present significant challenges for procedural sedation in this population. This non-inferiority randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the safety and comfort of remimazolam compared to propofol for procedural sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in high-risk patients.MethodsA total of 576 high-risk patients scheduled to undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy are planned to be enrolled in this study and randomly allocated to either the remimazolam or propofol group. The primary outcome measure is a composite endpoint, which includes (1) achieving a Modified Observer’s Alertness/Sedation scale (MOAA/S) score ≤ 3 before endoscope insertion, (2) successful completion of the endoscopic procedure, (3) the absence of significant respiratory instability during the endoscopy and treatment, and (4) the absence of significant circulatory instability during the examination. The noninferiority margin was 10%. Any adverse events (AEs) that occur will be reported.DiscussionThis trial aims to determine whether remimazolam is non-inferior to propofol for procedural sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in high-risk patients, regarding success rate, complication incidence, patient comfort, and satisfaction.Trial registration {2a and 2b}Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov ChiCTR2200066527. Registered on 7 December 2022.

Effects of propofol versus sevoflurane on surgical field visibility during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized trial

BackgroundDuring arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), clear surgical field visibility (SFV) is the basis of successful surgery, but the choice of anesthesia maintenance drugs may have different effects on SFV. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of propofol- and sevoflurane-based general anesthesia on SFV in patients undergoing ARCR.MethodsPatients (n = 130) undergoing elective ARCR in the lateral decubitus position were randomized into either the propofol group or sevoflurane group (65 per group). The duration of surgery and increased pressure irrigation (IPI), Boezaart score, rocuronium consumption and usage of remifentanil were recorded. The time of both spontaneous respiration recovery and extubation and the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and agitation were also recorded.ResultsThe Boezaart score, duration of IPI and ratio of the duration of IPI to the duration of surgery (IPI/S ratio) were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Rocuronium consumption, number of patients requiring remifentanil infusion and total remifentanil consumption were significantly lower in the sevoflurane group (P < 0.05). The spontaneous respiration recovery time was significantly longer in the propofol group (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in the extubation time between the groups(P > 0.05).ConclusionsCompared with propofol, sevoflurane provides equally clear SFV while improving the convenience of anesthesia maintenance in ARCR patients with interscalene plexus (ISB) combined with general anesthesia.Trial registrationThis single-center, prospective, RCT was retrospective registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration number ChiCTR2300072110 (02/06/2023).

Impact of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cognition and emotion in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection.

Propofol and sevoflurane are commonly used anesthetic agents for maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer. However, there is a debate concerning their differential effects on cognitive function, anxiety, and depression in patients undergoing this procedure. To compare the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function, anxiety, depression, and organ function in patients undergoing radical resection of gastric cancer. A total of 80 patients were involved in this research. The subjects were divided into two groups: Propofol group and sevoflurane group. The evaluation scale for cognitive function was the Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA), and anxiety and depression were assessed with the aid of the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). Hemodynamic indicators, oxidative stress levels, and pulmonary function were also measured. The LOTCA score at 1 d after surgery was significantly lower in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group. Additionally, the SAS and SDS scores of the sevoflurane group were significantly lower than those of the propofol group. The sevoflurane group showed greater stability in heart rate as well as the mean arterial pressure compared to the propofol group. Moreover, the sevoflurane group displayed better pulmonary function and less lung injury than the propofol group. Both propofol and sevoflurane could be utilized as maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer. Propofol anesthesia has a minimal effect on patients' pulmonary function, consequently enhancing their postoperative recovery. Sevoflurane anesthesia causes less impairment on patients' cognitive function and mitigates negative emotions, leading to an improved postoperative mental state. Therefore, the selection of anesthetic agents should be based on the individual patient's specific circumstances.

Effect of sevoflurane versus propofol on early cognitive functions in elderly patients after lumbar disc surgery

ABSTRACT Background Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is an important issue that is associated with substantial morbidity and increased mortality, especially in elderly patients who have undergone major surgical procedures under general anesthesia. The symptoms of POCD may last for several months after surgery, leading to extended hospital stays, a decline in life quality, an increased need for social assistance, and significant financial strain on the patients. Settings and Design It was a Prospective Randomized interventional study. Methods A total of 120 patients (≥65 years) were divided into two groups of 60 each for this study at Alexandria Main University Hospital and planned for elective lumbar disc surgery under general anesthesia. Either propofol or sevoflurane was used to maintain anesthesia after it was induced. MMSE score, S100β levels and hemodynamic measures were all evaluated. Results Incidence of POCD was not statistically significant different between the two studied groups. There was a statistical significant negative correlation between S100β level and MMSE score in early post-operative period. Conclusion In terms of POCD, both propofol-based and sevoflurane-based anesthesia have the same effects on cognitive functions in early post-operative period.

Effect of propofol versus midazolam on short-term outcomes in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.

Propofol and midazolam are commonly used sedative drugs in mechanically ventilated patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). However, there is still a lack of relevant studies exploring the influence of midazolam and propofol on the prognosis of patients with Sepsis-associated Acute Kidney Injury (S-AKI). A statistical analysis was conducted on 3,745 patients with S-AKI in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database. The patients' baseline characteristics were grouped based on the use of either propofol or midazolam as sedatives. Cox proportional hazards models, logistic regression models, and subgroup analyses were used to compare the effects of propofol and midazolam on the short-term prognosis of S-AKI patients, including 30-day mortality, ICU mortality, and duration of mechanical ventilation. In the statistical analysis, a total of 3,745 patients were included, with 649 patients using midazolam and 3,096 patients using propofol. In terms of the 30-day mortality, compared to patients using midazolam, S-AKI patients using propofol had a lower ICU mortality (hazard ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.74, p < 0.001), lower 30-day mortality (hazard ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.47-0.67, p < 0.001), and shorter mechanical ventilation time (odds ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.59-0.88, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed lower survival probabilities in the midazolam group (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that propofol was strongly protective of short-term prognosis in older, male, smaller SOFA score CCI score, no heart failure, and comorbid chronic kidney disease patients with S-AKI. Compared to midazolam, propofol was considered a protective factor for short-term mortality risk and ICU mortality risk in S-AKI patients. Additionally, S-AKI patients using propofol had a lower risk of requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Overall, propofol may be more beneficial for the short-term prognosis of S-AKI patients compared to midazolam.

The Effect of Propofol on the Hippocampus in Chronic Cerebral Hypoxia in a Rat Model Through Klotho Regulation.

Chronic cerebral hypoxia often leads to brain damage and inflammation. Propofol is suggested to have neuroprotective effects under anaesthesia. This study used rat models with carotid artery coarctation or closure. Four groups of rats were compared: a control group, a propofol-treated group, a group with bilateral common carotid artery blockage (BCAO), and a BCAO group treated with propofol post-surgery. The Morris water maze test indicated cognitive impairment in BCAO rats, which also showed hippocampal structure changes, oxidative stress markers alteration, and reduced Klotho expression. Propofol treatment post-BCAO surgery improved these outcomes, suggesting its potential in mitigating chronic cerebral hypoxia effects. Propofol may increase klotho levels and reduce apoptosis and inflammation linked to oxidative stress in cognitively impaired mice.

Effects of Propofol on the Formation and Activity of Osteoclast-Like Cells

Effects of Propofol on the Formation and Activity of Osteoclast-Like Cells

Effect of Propofol in Conjunction with Sevoflurane in Anesthesia of Individuals Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Effect of Propofol in Conjunction with Sevoflurane in Anesthesia of Individuals Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Slack Pathway Deletion Mediates Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Reduction in the Effect of Propofol and Isoflurane General Anesthesia in Rats

Slack Pathway Deletion Mediates Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Reduction in the Effect of Propofol and Isoflurane General Anesthesia in Rats

Effectiveness of propofol in anesthetic management and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients undergoing convulsion-free modified electroconvulsive therapy.

To investigate the effects of propofol on anesthetic effectiveness and cognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients undergoing convulsion-free modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT). A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 80 schizophrenia patients treated with MECT at the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2021 to December 2023. Patients were divided into a control group (39 patients) receiving etomidate and an observation group (41 patients) receiving a combination of etomidate and propofol for general anesthesia induction. Parameters compared between the groups included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), time to spontaneous respiration recovery, wakefulness time, cognitive function (assessed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in China, WAIS-RC), symptom severity (measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS), and adverse reactions. No significant differences were observed in SBP, DBP, HR, and SaO2 between the groups over time, nor was there any interaction between group and time on these parameters (all P>0.05). However, the observation group showed significantly shorter times to spontaneous respiration recovery and wakefulness (both P<0.05). Post-treatment, the observation group also had higher WAIS-RC scores and lower PANSS scores, along with a reduced total incidence of adverse reactions (all P<0.05). Propofol for the induction of general anesthesia in MECT, enhances clinical anesthetic outcomes, diminishes the impact on cognitive functions, and reduces the incidence of adverse reactions, thereby suggesting its high safety and efficacy.

Effect of different sedatives on the prognosis of patients with mechanical ventilation: a retrospective cohort study based on MIMIC-IV database.

To compare the effects of midazolam, propofol, and dexmedetomidine monotherapy and combination therapy on the prognosis of intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation (MV). 11,491 participants from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database 2008-2019 was included in this retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was defined as incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), in-hospital mortality, and duration of MV. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to evaluate the association between sedation and the incidence of VAP. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to investigate the correlation between sedative therapy and in-hospital mortality. Additionally, univariate and multivariate linear analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between sedation and duration of MV. Compared to patients not receiving these medications, propofol alone, dexmedetomidine alone, combination of midazolam and dexmedetomidine, combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine, combination of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine were all association with an increased risk of VAP; dexmedetomidine alone, combination of midazolam and dexmedetomidine, combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine, combination of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine may be protective factor for in-hospital mortality, while propofol alone was risk factor. There was a positive correlation between all types of tranquilizers and the duration of MV. Taking dexmedetomidine alone as the reference, all other drug groups were found to be associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. The administration of propofol alone, in combination with midazolam and dexmedetomidine, in combination with propofol and dexmedetomidine, in combination with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine were associated with an increased risk of VAP compared to the use of dexmedetomidine alone. Dexmedetomidine alone may present as a favorable prognostic option for ICU patients with mechanical ventilation MV.

Effects of ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on electrocardiographic variables in clinically healthy dogs premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three anesthetic agents, with premedication of medetomidine and midazolam, on electrocardiographic variables in dogs. Ten adult mixed breed dogs were used in a crossover design study, where they received ketamine, propofol and isoflurane treatments with a one-week washout period between them. In all three groups, medetomidine was administered first followed by midazolam after 15 min. Then, after 20 min, group 1 received ketamine intravenously (IV), group 2 received propofol (IV), and group 3 received isoflurane (inhalation). In all dogs, electrocardiographs were taken before and after premedication's, as well as every 15 min during anesthesia. Medetomidine significantly decreased heart rate and P wave amplitude and increased PR interval, R wave amplitude, QT interval, and T wave amplitude. Midazolam increased the amplitude of the R and T waves. Ketamine increased the heart rate and PR interval. Propofol increased the heart rate for up to 15 min, decreased the PR interval for up to 30 min, and the QT interval for up to 45 min. Isoflurane increased the heart rate and decreased the amplitude of R and T waves. The results showed that the drugs used in this study did not have many side effects on electrocardiographic variables and could be used without serious concern. The most important side effects observed were a severe reduction in heart rate and 1st degree atrioventricular (AV) block and, to a lesser extent, 2nd degree AV block caused by medetomidine and midazolam which were masked by the anesthetics.

Determination of the embryotoxic effects of propofol injected into eggs on the cerebellum and spinal cord using histologic methods: an animal study.

This study aims to determine the possible embryotoxic effects of propofol on the cerebellum and spinal cord using fertile chicken eggs. A total of 430 fertile eggs were divided into 5 groups: control, saline, 2.5 mg.kg-1, 12.5 mg.kg-1, and 37.5 mg.kg-1 propofol. Injections were made immediately before incubation via the air chamber. On the 15th, 18th, and 21st day of incubation, 6 embryos from each group were evaluated. Serial paraffin sections taken from the cerebellum and spinal cord were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Kluver-Barrera, toluidine blue, and periodic acid-Schiff's reaction. The outer granular layer and total cortex thickness were measured, and the linear density of the Purkinje cells was determined. The ratios of the substantia grisea surface area to the total surface area of the spinal cord were calculated. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of the canalis centralis were also assessed. No structural malformation was observed in any embryos examined macroscopically. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of development and histologic organization of the cerebellum and spinal cord. However, on the 15th, 18th, and 21st day, the outer granular layer (p < 0.001 for all days) and the total cortex thickness (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) decreased significantly in different propofol dose groups in varying degrees in the cerebellum. Similarly, in the spinal cord, there were significant changes in the ratios of the substantia grisea surface area to the total surface area (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). It was concluded that the in-ovo-administered propofol given immediately before incubation has adverse effects on the developing cerebellum and spinal cord. Therefore, it is important for anesthesiologists always to remain vigilant when treating female patients of childbearing age.

Propofol and salvianolic acid A synergistically attenuated cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic mice via modulating the CD36/AMPK pathway.

Prevention of diabetic heart myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury (MIRI) is challenging. Propofol attenuates MIRI through its reactive oxygen species scavenging property at high doses, while its use at high doses causes hemodynamic instability. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a potent antioxidant that confers protection against MIRI. Both propofol and SAA affect metabolic profiles through regulating Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of low doses of propofol combined with SAA against diabetic MIRI. Diabetes was induced in mice by a high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection, and MIRI was induced by coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Mice were treated with propofol at 46mg/kg/h without or with SAA at 10mg/kg/h during IR. Cardiac origin H9c2 cells were exposed to high glucose (HG) and palmitic acid (PAL) for 24h in the absence or presence of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) overexpression or AMPK gene knockdown, followed by hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) for 6 and 12h. Diabetes-exacerbated MIRI is evidenced as significant increases in post-ischemic infarction with reductions in phosphorylated (p)-AMPK and increases in CD36 and ferroptosis. Propofol moderately yet significantly attenuated all the abovementioned changes, while propofol plus SAA conferred superior protection against MIRI to that of propofol. In vitro, exposure of H9c2 cells under HG and PAL decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress that was concomitant with increased levels of ferroptosis and a significant increase in CD36, while p-AMPK was significantly reduced. Co-administration of low concentrations of propofol and SAA at 12.5μM in H9c2 cells significantly reduced oxidative stress, ferroptosis and CD36 expression, while increasing p-AMPK compared to the effects of propofol at 25μM. Moreover, either CD36 overexpression or AMPK silence significantly exacerbated HR-induced cellular injuries and ferroptosis, and canceled propofol- and SAA-mediated protection. Notably, p-AMPK expression was downregulated after CD36 overexpression, while AMPK knockdown did not affect CD36 expression. Combinational usage of propofol and SAA confers superior cellular protective effects to the use of high-dose propofol alone, and it does so through inhibiting HR-induced CD36 overexpression to upregulate p-AMPK.

Comparison of hemodynamic effects of propofol or alfaxalone during induction in dogs.

This randomized prospective clinical study aimed to compare the hemodynamic effects of propofol and alfaxalone for the induction of anesthesia in dogs. Thirty-one healthy dogs undergoing various procedures in a private referral center were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.015 mg/kg) and methadone (0.15 mg/kg). They then received 5 mg/kg of propofol over 30 s for induction, followed by a maintenance dose of 25 mg/kg/h (Group P), or 2 mg/kg of alfaxalone over 30 s for induction, followed by a continuous rate infusion of 10 mg/kg/h (Group A). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the velocity time integral (VTI) of the aortic blood flow using transthoracic echocardiography were measured before anesthetic induction and every 15 s for 180 s. Dogs not adequately anaesthetized for intubation were excluded from the hemodynamic evaluation. Events of hypotension (any MAP value lower than 60 mmHg) were also recorded. Statistical analyses utilized ANOVA for repeated measures, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-tests, or Wilcoxon signed rank-test as appropriate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Two dogs in Group P (2/14) and 3 in Group A (3/17) were excluded from the study because the anesthesia plane was too light to allow intubation. Treatment P resulted in a significant decrease in MAP between 45 and 75 s during the induction period, with no significant variation in HR, VTI, and VTI*HR. In treatment A, HR increases between 60 and 105 s, VTI decreases at 150-180 s. Analysis between groups did not show any difference in MAP (p = 0.12), HR (p = 0.10), VTI (p = 0.22) and VTI*HR (p = 0.74). During induction, hypotension was detected in 3/12 (25%) dogs in Group P and 1/14 (8%) in Group A. In healthy premedicated dogs, propofol and alfaxalone induction produce similar hemodynamic variations. Propofol induction results in a short-term reduction in MAP, whereas alfaxalone induction preserves MAP and cardiac output by significantly increasing heart rate.

Effects of continuous intravenous infusion with propofol on intestinal metabolites in rats.

Microbial metabolites play an important role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and immune responses. Propofol is a common anesthetic in clinic, but it is not clear whether it affects intestinal metabolites in rats. Tail vein puncture was performed after adaptive feeding for 1 month in eight 2-month-old rats and they were given continuous intravenous infusion of propofol for 3 h. The feces of rats were divided into different groups based on time periods, with before and after anesthesia with propofol on days 1, 3 and 7 labeled as groups P, A1, A3 and A7, respectively. The effect of continuous intravenous infusion with propofol on rat fecal metabolites was determined using the non-targeted metabolomics technique gas chromatography coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer analysis. The types and contents of metabolites in rat feces were changed after continuous intravenous infusion with propofol, but the changes were not statistically significant. The contents of the metabolites 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and palmitic acid increased from day 3 to 7, and it was shown that the two metabolites were positively correlated at a statistically significant level. Linoleic acid decreased to its lowest level on day 3, and it returned to pre-anesthesia level on day 7. At the same time, linoleic acid metabolism was a metabolic pathway that was co-enriched 7 days after infusion with propofol. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was significant correlation between some differential metabolites and differential microorganisms. It was observed that zymosterol 1, cytosin and elaidic acid were negatively correlated with Alloprevotella in the A3 vs. P group. In the A7 vs. P group, cortexolone 3 and coprostan-3-one were positively correlated with Faecalibacterium, whilst aconitic acid was negatively correlated with it. In conclusion, the present study revealed statistically insignificant effects of continuous intravenous propofol on the intestinal metabolites in rats.