Effect Of Professional Experience Research Articles

Farklı Anestezi Deneyim Düzeyleri Arasında Endotrakeal Tüp Kaf Basıncının Objektif ve Subjektif Değerlendirilmesi

Objective: After endotracheal intubation (ETI), the endotracheal tube cuff (ETTc) should be inflated at sufficient pressure to function, and high pressure should be avoided to prevent complications. In our study, the effect of professional experience on the estimation of ETTcP by palpation is investigated. Method: The study included 75 adult patients with physical status I-III of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scheduled for ETI. Anesthesia residents were divided into two groups of 20, each with 1 month to 1 year of experience (Group 1) and those with more than 4 years of experience (Group 2). After the ETI, one participant in both groups was asked to inflate the ETTc to an estimated 25 cm H2O by cuff palpation. Then the actual ETTcP was measured with a manometer. Results: The median ETTcP value was 42,00 cm H2O in Group 1 and 32,00 cm H2O in Group 2, (p=0.012). Although the data of both groups were significantly higher than the target value, the values obtained in Group 1 were further away from Group 2 (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion: Professional experience has no effect on the correct estimation of the ETTcP. It is more convenient to measure the actual pressure to avoid undesirable effects of ETTcP outside the target.

한국에서 상담을 전공한 중국인 상담자의 중국 귀국 후 전문직 적응 경험

Objectives This study examined the professional adaptation experience of Chinese counselors who returned to China after obtaining a counseling-related major in Korea. Methods For this purpose, In-depth interviews with 10 Chinese counselors who had obtained a counseling=related major in Korea and had at lest 3 months and up to 5 years of professional experience returning to China, and the data were analyzed using the consensual qualitative analysis method. Results We derived four domains, including ‘experience in the process of returning home’, ‘recognition of differences in expertise in counseling fields between Korea and China’, ‘effect of professional experience in Korea on adaptation after returning home’, and ‘efforts to improve professionalism’, which were classified into 11 categories and 42 subcategories. Conclusions It is meaningful in that the voices of returning Chinese counselors have revealed the uniueness and development of the Chinese counseling field, the difference between Korea and China’s expertise and the reality of the Chinese counselor’s experience of adapting to the profession after returning China. It is also meaningful in that it provided important basic materials for understanding the specific needs and needs of Chinese counselors who wish to return China in the future and planning more effective and practical education programs to professors who are responsible for education.

Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis-A Questionnaire.

Endometritis is a major cause for impaired fertility in mares. The objectives of this study were to collect information on diagnostic and treatment practices performed by veterinarians and to investigate possible effects of professional experience, caseload, and geographical location on the practitioners' management of endometritis cases. For this purpose, equine practitioners (n = 680) were asked to fill out an online survey (34 questions). The online survey yielded 117 responses by veterinarians practicing in all parts of Germany. Most respondents came from Lower Saxony and managed <20 mares per year. For the diagnosis of chronic infectious endometritis, uterine sampling for microbiological examination was performed manually with a swab by the majority of practitioners whereas only few used the speculum technique. The incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogens was reported to be <5% by almost all respondents. Most practitioners relied on systemic antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Only occasionally veterinarians used intrauterine antibiotic therapy. Uterine lavages were performed routinely by almost half of the respondents in case of positive uterine cultures, mostly with 0.9% saline solution. Irritant solutions (e.g., iodine, chlorhexidine, kerosene) were used less often. Collection of an endometrial culture after completion of the treatment was common practice. While only a very limited association of the geographical location of practitioner (e.g., on selection of mares for endometrial culture, p < 0.05) was observed, the number of managed mares affected the answers notably (e.g., for use of irritating intrauterine treatment, p < 0.05). The management of persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE) was influenced by the number of managed mares (e.g., for use of oxytocin, p < 0.05) and 29.6% of respondents administered antibiotics as part of their PBIE management. In summary, treatment strategies in the field vary considerably and include also non-evidence-based methods, but most German practitioners apply the recommended suitable treatments. Following the guidelines for antibiotic usage, most veterinarians administer antibiotics dependent on endometrial culture results but do not use cytology, low-volume lavage, or biopsy routinely. Antibiotic resistant uterine pathogens are reported to be isolated infrequently and equine practitioners prefer systemic to local antibiotic treatment of endometritis.

Eye-tracking revision processes of translation students and professional translators

ABSTRACTGreat effort has been made to define and to measure revision competence in translation. However, combined eye tracking and keylogging have hardly been applied in revision research. We believe it is time to apply these methods to the investigation of revision for further insights into this phase of the translation process. In an eyetracking and keylogging study, we compare translation students to professional translators who revised six English-German human pre-translated texts from the TPR-DB. The texts were manipulated according to an existing error typology by including errors from a set of six error categories. We examine the effect of the errors on early (first fixation durations, gaze durations) and late eye movement measures (total reading time, regression path) and on typing behaviour for the error types and professional translation experience. The results enable a detailed modelling of the revision process by determining the kind of behaviour associated with the recognition and correction of different error types. Differences in this behaviour between students and professional translators allow for conclusions regarding the effect of professional experience on the revision process.

Supplemental Material for An Easy Game for Frauds? Effects of Professional Experience and Time Pressure on Passport-Matching Performance

Supplemental Material for An Easy Game for Frauds? Effects of Professional Experience and Time Pressure on Passport-Matching Performance

Effects of Professional Experience on Child Maltreatment Risk Assessments: A Comparison of Students and Qualified Social Workers

This study is a collaboration between social work and psychology academics, using a quasi-experimental technique to explore the effect of experience, along with moderating cognitive, emotive and demographic factors, on risk judgements by social workers, compared with judgements made by social work students. Participants (forty social workers from two authorities; 105 students from two universities) assessed vignettes of cases where child maltreatment was suspected or likely, and their evaluations were measured using four risk scales. Qualified social workers rated risks lower overall than did students and those with more experience rated risk lower than those with less experience. The largest variation in risk judgements between practitioners and students was for emotional aspects of risk, where student scores were significantly higher. For practising social workers, though, the perceived likelihood of being blamed was significantly positively correlated with risk judgements: the greater chance of blame, the higher the risk rating. No such correlation was found for students. This provides some experimental support for widely held concerns about the influence of the ‘blame culture’ on practice.

Coding 299 fetal hearts scans using one single item from ACC-CHD and IPCCC lists: Limits, results, and comparison of discordances related to professional experience

The international nomenclature of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) remains challenging. Classifications have been proposed such as the International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) and the ACC-CHD (Anatomic and Clinical Classification). We retrospectively included all consecutive fetal echocardiograms (1 cardiologist) over 6 years. Reports were independently coded with 1 single code (the most precise) by 3 pediatric cardiologists with increasing experience (junior [J], senior I [SI] and II [SII]). Discordances between doctors were compared to a gold standard code secondary fixed by SI and SII, with focus on coding difficulties and effects of professional experience using IPCCC and ACC-CHD. Among 299 scans, 7 were excluded (doubts). Coding was always possible with IPCCCC, but not achieved in 112 cases with ACC-CHD. One hundred and eighty hearts were selected. Using either IPCCC or ACC-CHD, coding with 1 item was difficult for SI and SII in 15% of cases (ACC-CHD categories 6, 9, 8). IPCCC was too exhaustive for its simple use leading to discordance. ACC-CHD was also difficult to use (learning curve, use of 1 code, complex CHD). Coding discordance using ACC-CHD main categories was higher for junior compared to seniors (J-SI, P = 0.04; J-SII, P = 0.02), without difference between seniors. Compared to the gold standard for ACC-CHD (main, sub) categories, junior concordance was lower (73.3%, 71.1%) than SI (90%, 83.3%, P < 0.005) and SII (88.3%, 87.2%, P < 0.0001). Senior concordance was stronger (75%) with ACC-CHD sub categories compared to IPCCC (65%, P = 0.028). IPCCC and ACC-CHD remain difficult for their use in clinical practice. Many functional abnormalities are not listed in the ACC-CHD but could be updated with a few more sub groups. The use of 1 code appears restrictive to well classify some complex CHD and limits our study. However, we believe that some ACC-CHD categories allow simplification with prognosis issues for further studies.

Effects of Professional Experience and Group Interaction on Information Requested in Analyzing IT Cases

The authors investigated the effects of professional experience and group interaction on the information that information technology professionals and graduate accounting information system (AIS) students request when analyzing business cases related to information systems design and implementation. Understanding these effects can contribute to the success of the college classroom and corporate training learning environments. The results suggest that as the amount of professional experience increases, the number of information requests that match the information requests determined by a master panel (matched answers) also increase. In addition, higher numbers of matched answers by novices were associated with being in established groups prior to completing the experimental case individually.

Expertise and the explanation effect

The effect of professional experience on the “explanation effect”, i.e., generation of an explanation for an event occurrence increasing the judged likelihood of the event, is investigated in a risk assessment (financial auditing) context. An explanation effect was predicted for inexperienced auditors (auditing students); however, audit judgment experience was predicted to mediate, or eliminate, any explanation effect. Two competing hypotheses for the origin of the effect, the causal construction and recall-availability hypotheses, are tested given the presence of antecedent conditions for, and against, the explanation events. Audit risk judgments were provided by 58 novice and 42 experienced auditors. Written explanation for occurrence of the target event resulted in the explanation effect for novice subjects, both for specifie event and aggregate risk assessments. The pattern of results supported the recallavailability over the causal construction hypothesis. The judgments of the experienced auditors, however, did not indicate any explanation effect.