Effects Of Prebiotic Supplementation Research Articles

The effect of prebiotic supplementation on serum levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in obese women with major depressive disorder: a double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to examine the effect of calorie restricted diet (CRD) plus inulin supplementation on serum levels of tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn) and Trp/Kyn ratio in obese women with major depressive disorder (MDD).ResultsIn this double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 51 obese women (BMI = 30–40 kg/m2) with mild MDD were assessed for depression level using Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). The patients were randomly allocated into either “Prebiotic group” (received 10 g/day inulin) or “Placebo group” (received 10 g/day maltodextrin). All participants also received individualized CRD. Fasting serum levels of Trp, Kyn, and Trp/Kyn ratio were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Results showed slightly greater increases in serum levels of Trp and Trp/Kyn ratio as well as reductions in serum level of Kyn and HDRS score in prebiotic group than placebo group. However, between group differences in these parameters as well as HDRS score were not statistically significant after adjusting for baseline variables at the end of the trial. Results indicates that CRD accompanied by inulin supplementation (10 g/day) did not influence serum levels of Trp, Kyn and Trp/Kyn ratio as well as HDRS score after 8 weeks.Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials at 2018-08-02 (https://www.irct.ir/; registration number: IRCT20100209003320N15).

Effect of Prebiotic Supplementation on Probiotic Viability and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fermented Coconut Water with Bifidobacterium longum

Background: Probiotics and prebiotics are functional ingredients that provide health benefits to consumers but they are mainly incorporated in dairy products. Designing a non-dairy product in which probiotics and prebiotics would be incorporated would allow more consumers to benefit from their advantages. Objective: This study investigated the effect of supplementation of two different prebiotics, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin, on the viability of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC BAA-999 in coconut water. Methods: Two concentrations of prebiotics used were 1% and 2%. The physicochemical characteristics of fermented coconut water with B. longum for 9 h at 37oC and during refrigerated storage at 4oC for 2 weeks were analyzed. The viability of B. longum in fermented coconut water was maintained above the recommended therapeutic level (7 log CFU/mL) with or without supplementation with prebiotics. Results: Most distinct changes in colour (∆E > 3) occurred in fermented coconut water compared to unfermented coconut water. An increase in the total soluble solids was also observed in fermented coconut water with the increase in the concentration of prebiotics. There were no significant changes in the clarity, pH, and concentrations of shikimic and malic acids in the fermented coconut water with or without supplementation with prebiotics over the 2 weeks of storage. Acetic acid production was observed in the fermented coconut water with the highest acetic acid production in the fermented coconut water supplemented with 1% FOS after 2 weeks of storage. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the potential use of coconut water as a medium to produce a probiotic drink.

Yeast mannan rich fraction positively influences microbiome uniformity, productivity associated taxa, and lay performance

BackgroundAlternatives to antibiotic as growth promoters in agriculture, such as supplemental prebiotics, are required to maintain healthy and high performing animals without directly contributing to antimicrobial resistance bioburden. While the gut microbiota of broiler hens has been well established and successfully correlated to performance, to our knowledge, a study has yet to be completed on the effect of prebiotic supplementation on correlating the mature laying hen productivity and microbiota. This study focused on establishing the impact of a yeast derived prebiotic, mannan rich fraction (MRF), on the cecal microbiota of late laying hens. This study benefitted from large sample sizes so intra- and intergroup variation effects could be statistically accounted for.ResultsTaxonomic richness was significantly greater at all taxonomic ranks and taxonomic evenness was significantly lower for all taxonomic ranks in MRF-supplemented birds (P < 0.005). Use of principal coordinate analyses and principal component analyses found significant variation between treatment groups. When assessed for compositional uniformity (an indicator of flock health), microbiota in MRF-supplemented birds was more uniform than control birds at the species level. From a food safety and animal welfare perspective, Campylobacter jejuni was significantly lower in abundance in MRF-supplemented birds. In this study, species associated with high weight gain (an anticorrelator of performance in laying hens) were significantly lower in abundance in laying hens while health-correlated butyrate and propionate producing species were significantly greater in abundance in MRF-supplemented birds.ConclusionsThe use of prebiotics may be a key factor in controlling the microbiota balance limiting agri-food chain pathogen persistence and in promoting uniformity. In previous studies, increased α- and β-diversity indices were determinants of pathogen mitigation and performance. MRF-supplemented birds in this study established greater α- and β-diversity indices in post-peak laying hens, greater compositional uniformity across samples, a lower pathogenic bioburden and a greater abundance of correlators of performance.

Inulin supplementation increases the differential metabolites and metabolic pathway in Baird's tapirs (Tapirus bairdii).

The prevalence of prebiotic has increased substantially over the past decades. Little is known on its metabolic effects in zoo herbivores. We investigated the difference in faecal metabolites to characterize the composition and pathways involved after feeding inulin in zoo Baird's tapirs (Tapirus bairdii). Faecal samples were collected from before inulin treatment group and after treatment groups in six adult tapirs and analysed using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The differential metabolites identified and metabolic pathways involved were analysed using KEGG annotation. The results demonstrated significant alterations in faecal metabolites and metabolic pathways in comparison to the control group. The amounts of differential metabolites and metabolic pathways tended to enrich with time after the treatment. We found that tryptophan and purine metabolism were relevant to the important metabolic pathways of the metabolite differences. The findings suggest that inulin may have potential applications in captive wildlife, which may provide insights into the effects of prebiotic supplementation on gut metabolites and highlights further research in this field.

Effect of prebiotic supplementation on the low-temperature storage stability and in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum in lactose and sucrose systems

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin supplementation on the stability of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum grown in lactose and sucrose systems over 12-week low-temperature storage at 4 °C. FOS and inulin supplementation in the lactose and sucrose systems improved the low-temperature storage stability of B. breve and B. longum. On week 12, the highest lactic (29.7 ± 0.7%) and acetic acid (28.7 ± 1.3%) concentrations were observed in B. breve in 2% lactose with 3% inulin supplementation. In week 12, B. breve auto-aggregation rate and hydrophobicity significantly increased in 2% lactose with 3% inulin supplementation than non-supplemented (2% lactose). At week 0, the co-aggregation of B. longum and B. breve with E. faecalis and E. coli significantly increased compared to non-supplemented media. However, as the storage week proceeded, the co-aggregation ability of B. longum and B. breve drastically declined. FOS and inulin supplementation in these sugar systems significantly improved hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation ability with Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli compared to non-supplemented media. In addition, the increase in the bacterial survival rate in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance assay showed that FOS and inulin supplementation in these sugar systems improved the gastric-intestinal tolerance of B. breve and B. longum.

Effect of prebiotic supplementation on productive traits, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in growing broiler during the starter period

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived prebiotic, on broiler’s diets as a potential substitute for antibiotics growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production, on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler chickens. For a total of 224 (-1 days old) Arbor Acres chickens of either sex were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments each consisting of seven replicates and each replicates having 8 birds/ cage. The experiment duration was 42 days. The dietary treatments were (P0) The birds were fed a basal diet without prebiotic, (P1) basal diet with 1g of prebiotic, (P2) basal diet with 1.5g of prebiotic, and (P3) basal diet with 2g of prebiotic. Average weight (AW), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), FI (Feed Intake), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Mortality Rate (MR), hot and cold carcass weight, yield, and muscle weights were measured. Meat quality was evaluated by determining the pH and color values of the CIE Lab Color System. A sensory analysis was performed. Results showed no significant difference in growth performance (P&gt;0.05). Indeed, the control group had a significantly higher BW compared with experimental treatments P1, P2, and P3. Furthermore, broiler DWG did not differ (P&gt;0.05) between the control and the experimental groups. Likewise, no significant differences were observed between treatments regarding FI, FCR, and mortality (P&gt;0.05). The overall mortality rate during the experimental period was low in the control group (0%) compared to the group fed prebiotic (0.2%). No significant effect was observed regarding pH 30 min and ultimate pH (P&gt;0.05). However, a significant difference has occurred in the meat color (P= 0.03). Therefore, meat quality showed no alteration when prebiotic was added during the starter period. It was concluded that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived prebiotic added to the broiler diet at doses up to 2g/kg during the starter period did not improve performance, but could maintain meat quality. Further investigations are needed to clarify the effect of duration prebiotics administration on meat quality in broiler chickens.

Effects of prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the ceca of broiler chickens: A meta-analysis of controlled trials

Prebiotics may confer a health benefit to multiple host species (e.g., pigs and humans), probably, in part, through increasing concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut. However, in broiler chickens, a discrepancy of the results among controlled trials exists as to whether prebiotic supplementation can increase concentration of SCFAs in the gut. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the overall effect size of prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of SCFAs in the ceca of broiler chickens, and to explore sources of heterogeneity of the results among the included studies. The study outcomes were standardized mean difference (SMD) of the concentrations of total SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The relevant citations were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved citations were screened for possible eligibility. Then, full-texts of eligible articles were assessed for data extraction. A random effects model was used for estimating the overall effect size and for all other meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess heterogeneity of the results regarding three sources: type of prebiotics, rearing system, and breed of broiler chickens. Meta-regression analysis was used to determine the association between duration of prebiotic application and SCFA concentrations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine robustness of the results. Risk of bias of the included studies was also assessed. Of 391 citations, 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Although prebiotic supplementation significantly increased the concentration of propionate (SMD = 0.29, [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.01–0.56, P = 0.040]) and that of butyrate (SMD = 0.69, [95% CI, 0.37–1.01], P < 0.001), high heterogeneity was observed for the pooled estimate of those outcomes. Types of prebiotics and rearing system were identified as sources of heterogeneity of the results. Some of the included studies remarkably influenced the pooled estimate of the outcomes. In conclusion, more availably related trials are required to confirm a health benefit from prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of SCFAs in broiler chickens.

Prebiotic supplementation effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella species associated with experimentally induced intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

BackgroundCoccidian infection may enhance the proliferation of gut Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial infections in rabbits can negatively affect the body condition and cause high mortality, especially at young ages. Therefore, the effect of prebiotic supplementation on the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in rabbits experimentally infected with intestinal coccidiosis was investigated.MethodsThirty male rabbits aged 35–40 days were divided into three equal groups. These groups were; prebiotic supplemented (PS), positive control (PC), and negative control (NC) groups. The prebiotic group was supplemented with 2 g/L of Bio-Mos® until the end of the experiment. At day ten post prebiotic supplementation; the PS and PC groups were inoculated orally with 5.0 × 104 sporulated oocysts of mixed species of rabbit Eimeria. The daily fecal examination was carried out from the day 4 post-infection (PI) until the day 8 PI. At day 5 and day 8 PI, 5 rabbits from each group (PS, PC, and NC) were humanely slaughtered and parts of intestinal tissue were collected for microbiological analysis.ResultsThere was a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in the oocyst count in the PS group (25.12 × 104 ± 10.36) when compared with the PC group (43.43 × 104 ± 11.52) and this decrease was continued till the end of the experiment. Eleven E. coli isolates were detected in the collected samples with an overall prevalence of 24.4%. The highest prevalence of E. coli was in the PC group (13.33%) while the lowest one was in the PS group (4.44%). Meanwhile, four Salmonella serovars were isolated with an overall prevalence of 8.89%. The NC group showed one serovar (2.22%) and PC revealed three serovars (6.67%) while the prebiotic supplemented group didn’t show any salmonella isolate. Of E. coli isolates, five isolates (O78, O125, O152, O115 and O168) showed high resistance to florfenicol and neomycin (100%). Also, of salmonella serovars, thee serovars (Salmonella entrica subsp. enterica serovar Macclesfield, Salmonella entrica Subsp. enterica serovar Canada and Salmonella entrica Subsp. enterica serovar Kisangani) showed high resistance to sulphamazole, amoxicillin and flumequin (75%) while it was sensitive to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacine (75%). The bacterial colony in this study was the same results at days 5 and 8 PI.ConclusionThe use of prebiotic as prophylaxis in this experiment significantly reduced the prevalence of E. coli and salmonella associated with the intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.

Effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran in milk of pre-weaned organic Holstein calves

BackgroundThe first month of life possess significant challenges for dairy calves due to high susceptibility to digestive diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran (SRB) in milk on health, immunity, and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves. Holstein heifer calves (n = 90) were enrolled at 6 ± 1 days old and monitored for 28 days, from July to August 2017. Calves were randomly assigned to a control (CTR; n = 45) or a treatment group (SRB; n = 45). The CTR group received milk alone and the SRB group received 120 g of SRB per day in milk to achieve a 10% w/w dose of the total calories. Daily health evaluations were conducted to score health status and disease severity (healthy, slightly affected, moderately or severely sick) of calves, through integrated assessment of diarrhea, dehydration, attitude, and milk intake. Body weights and fecal IgA quantification were completed on the first and last day of the study.ResultsOverall, weight gain and fecal IgA concentrations were not affected by the dietary addition of SRB. The total number of calf-days classified as healthy or sick were not different between treatment groups. Similarly, the number of calf-days categorized as slightly affected, moderately sick, or severely sick did not differ between treatment groups. Time to event analyses indicated a tendency for a treatment effect in the time to the first moderate case of diarrhea (P = 0.08), as well as in the time to recovery from diarrhea (P = 0.052), favoring control calves.ConclusionsThese results indicated that the dietary addition of SRB in milk did not have an effect in health, immunity or performance of pre-weaned dairy calves.

The effect of prebiotic supplementation with inulin on cardiometabolic health: Rationale, design, and methods of a controlled feeding efficacy trial in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes

Prediabetes is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation that increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). An elevated lipopolysaccharide concentration, associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, has been implicated in the development of both T2D and CVD. Selective modulation of the intestinal microbiota with prebiotics reduces intestinal permeability and endotoxin concentrations, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction in rodents. The effect of prebiotic supplementation on cardio-metabolic function in humans at risk for T2D is not known. The primary aim of this trial is to determine the influence of prebiotic supplementation with inulin on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility in adults at risk for T2D. We hypothesize that prebiotic supplementation with inulin will improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility. We will randomize 48 adults (40–75yrs) with prediabetes or a score ≥5 on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) risk screener to 6weeks of prebiotic supplementation with inulin (10g/day) or placebo. Subjects will be provided with all food for the duration of the study, to avoid potential confounding through differences in dietary intake between individuals. Intestinal permeability, serum endotoxin concentrations, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and fecal bacterial composition will be measured at baseline and following treatment. The identification of prebiotic supplementation with inulin as an efficacious strategy for reducing cardio-metabolic risk in individuals at risk of T2D could impact clinical practice by informing dietary recommendations and increasing acceptance of prebiotics by the scientific and medical community.

Effects of prebiotic supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, growth of internal organs and small intestine and serum biochemical parameters of broilers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of prebiotic supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, growth of internal organs and small intestine and serum biochemical indices of broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates and 30 broilers per replicate (15 male and 15 female). The treatments were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.13% prebiotic. The broilers of all replicates were weighted at the weekends. The results showed that prebiotic increased the daily gain and final weight and decreased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) at the 42 days of age. When the addition of the prebiotic was 0.13%, the eviscerated carcass ratio of broilers was the lowest, the live weight and the contents of albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) were lower than other group broilers (P < 0.05). Prebiotic improved the weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). It had no significant effect on the weight of cecum and rectum (P > 0.05). According to the above analysis, the feasible supplementation of prebiotic in broiler dietary was 0.10%.

Effect of prebiotic supplementation in mares on the evolution of the digestive ecosystem in feces of suckling foals from birth to pre-weaning period (6 months)

Effect of prebiotic supplementation in mares on the evolution of the digestive ecosystem in feces of suckling foals from birth to pre-weaning period (6 months)

Intestinal Expression of Osteopontin and Genes in the Wnt and Bone Morphogenic Pathways Differ between Sow‐Reared and Formula‐fed Piglets with no Effect of Prebiotic Supplementation

Intestinal stem cells are regulated through the Wnt/β‐catenin/Bone Morphogenic Pathway (BMP) signaling web. It is speculated that prebiotics replicate the activity of breastmilk oligosaccharides. We hypothesized that supplementation of prebiotics would align mRNA expression of genes in the Wnt and BMP pathways in piglet intestine with that seen in sow‐reared piglets. Piglets (n=5/group) were sow‐reared (SR) or fed formula without (F) or with (F+P) fructooligosaccharides (2 g/L) and polydextrose (2 g/L). Ileum and colon were collected at 7 and 14 days of age, and β‐catenin and frizzled 6 (Wnt pathway), gremlin (BMP pathway), TNF‐α and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression were measured by RT‐qPCR. In the d7 ileum, no differences were observed for any gene. On d14, OPN was higher (p&lt;0.05) and gremlin was lower in SR piglets than in F or F+P. In the d7 colon, OPN expression was lower (p&lt;0.05) and frizzled‐6 expression was higher (p&lt;0.05) in the SR piglets than F or F+P. On d14, no differences were observed for any gene in the colon; however, OPN tended (p=0.08) to be greater in SR piglets. In summary, differences in the expression of frizzled‐6, gremlin and OPN, a regulator of cell proliferation and immune function, were observed between SR and formula‐fed piglets with no effect of supplemental 4 g/L scFOS and PDX. (BMS Freedom to Discover Award)

Effect of prebiotic supplementation on a probiotic bacteria mixture: comparison between a rat model and clinical trials

The effects of a probiotic mixture (PRO), supplemented with either galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) or polydextrose (PDX), on cell numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria (BIF) were studied in conventional rats and healthy human subjects. In rats the baseline BIF cell numbers were below the detection limit and were increased by the 2-week GOSPRO intervention. In contrast baseline LAB numbers in rats were high and not affected by the treatments. The human study consisted of two independent but concurrent trials; both started with PRO followed by GOSPRO or PDXPRO periods. In the human subjects variation in numbers of BIF and LAB were high. The GOSPRO group exhibited high counts of faecal LAB and BIF at the start and showed little or no effects of the interventions. In contrast, the PDX group had low faecal LAB and BIF numbers at the start and clearly increased cell numbers of BIF after the PDXPRO period, and LAB after the PRO and PDXPRO period, compared with the run-in period. We propose here that responses to pro- and prebiotics are dependent on baseline numbers of LAB and/or BIF, and that the conventional rat model does not predict well the treatment responses in humans. The survival of PRO was presumably enhanced by the use of prebiotic supplementation and advocates the use of particular combinations of pro- and prebiotics.

Effects of prebiotic supplementation on immune response to a bacterial challenge in weanling puppies

Due to various stressors, weanling puppies are at high risk for illness if exposed to salmonella. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of fructan consumption on immune response to salmonella challenge in weanling puppies. A 2 x 3 factorial design was used. 30 hound-cross puppies (12 wk-old) were randomly assigned to three diets containing: 1) no prebiotic (control); 2) 1% short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS); or 3) 1% inulin. After 14 d on diet, dogs received an oral gavage of: 1) S. typhimurium DT104 (5x108 CFU) or 2) 0.9% saline (n = 5 per treatment). Vitals and activity scores were measured every 8 h for 48 h post-infection. Blood was collected before and after infection (24 h; 48 h) for CBC and serum immunoglobulins. Intestinal samples were collected 48h post-infection for mucosal cytokine gene expression, histomorphology, and pathology measurements. Data were compared using the mixed models procedure of SAS using treatment, infection, and treatment*infection as fixed effects and block as a random effect. Infected control dogs had a higher incidence of fever (>103°F) than infected dogs fed inulin. Neutrophil concentrations increased in all infected dogs, but the increase tended (P = 0.10) to be lower in dogs fed inulin or scFOS. Our results suggest that prebiotics may play attenuate the inflammatory response to infection in puppies. This research was funded in part by USDA-CSREES (Project #ILLU-538-396).