Effect Of Potential Difference Research Articles

Effect of potential difference between nano-Al2O3 whisker and Mg matrix on the dispersion of Mg composites

Effect of potential difference between nano-Al2O3 whisker and Mg matrix on the dispersion of Mg composites

Effect of potential difference in CoXCrNiMoCB high-entropy alloy coatings on corrosion resistance improvement

CoCrNiMoCB high-entropy alloy composite coatings were made by laser cladding, then the effects of Co concentration on corrosion resistance were studied. The addition of Co can reduce the composition difference between the FCC matrix and strengthening phase, thus reducing the potential difference and the driving force for galvanic corrosion. Through first-principle calculation, it was concluded that the addition of Co can increase the electronic work function and reduce the interface bonding energy, thus, enhancing the corrosion resistance and improving the interface bonding strength.

Effect of potential difference between the central and terminal metals on the electron communication in an Fe–Ru–Fe cyanidometal-bridged mixed valence system

In the Fe–Ru–Fe mixed valence system, the change of the donor and accepter can affect potential difference (energy difference) between bridge and terminal redox centers. This change has an effect on the electron communication.

Abstract PO-179: Breast cancer incidence by HIV status and race among women enrolled in Medicaid, 2001 to 2009

Abstract Background: Studies suggest women living with HIV (WHIV) may have lower breast cancer incidence compared to the general population. To minimize the effect of potential differences in the prevalence of risk factors for breast cancer incidence and detection between WHIV and women in the general population, we used data from Medicaid, the predominant provider for WHIV, to compare breast cancer incidence by HIV status. Methods: We used administrative claims from women aged 18-64 years who were enrolled in Medicaid (2001-2009) in 14 states (AL, CA, CO, GA, FL, IL, MA, MD, NC, NY, OH, PA, TX, WA), and had ≥7 months of continuous enrollment in their first enrollment period. We excluded women who were dual Medicaid/Medicare enrollees or had evidence of a current or past breast cancer diagnosis during the first 6 months of enrollment. We identified all incident breast cancers that occurred during or after the 7th month of enrollment using the CMS Chronic Conditions Warehouse (CMS-CCW) definition. HIV status was defined using a modified CMS-CCW definition of two HIV claims within one year rather than two. Women meeting the definition for HIV before breast cancer diagnosis were considered HIV positive from enrollment. We estimated adjusted cumulative incidence curves for breast cancer over age and by HIV status to allow non- proportional hazards. To account for differences in women by HIV status, we weighted curves by the inverse probability of HIV status, predicting HIV status with race, Charlson comorbidity index, state, age at and year of enrollment, census tract level median income and proportion rural. From the adjusted survival curves, we calculated the difference in the restricted mean survival time (RMST) for breast cancer incidence by HIV status and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. RMST estimates the area under the curve and is interpreted as the average time to breast cancer over a given time interval. Analyses were stratified by age, presuming women ≥55 as post-menopausal, and evaluated separately by race/ethnicity (Black, Latina, White). Results: There were 68,179 women, 341 breast cancers, and 280,420 person- years (PY) among WHIV and 11,920,902 women, 24,791 breast cancers, and 25,458,327 PY among women without HIV. Compared to women without HIV, WHIV were more likely to be Black, older, enrolled longer, and have more comorbidities. For women <55, there was no significant difference in time to breast cancer by HIV status (RMST difference for WHIV compared to women without HIV -0.60 months; 95% CI: -1.68, 0.49). Results were similar by race. For women ≥55, WHIV had on average 1.08 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.37) greater months to breast cancer compared to women without HIV. Results were similar by race except among Black women where the RMST difference was attenuated and non-significant. Conclusion: In a large sample of Medicaid enrollees (2001 to 2009), time to incident breast cancer did not differ by HIV status among women <55. Among women ≥55, WHIV had a slightly longer expected time to incident breast cancer than women without HIV. Citation Format: Maneet Kaur, Keri Calkins, Bryan Lau, Corinne E. Joshu. Breast cancer incidence by HIV status and race among women enrolled in Medicaid, 2001 to 2009 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-179.

Continuous deep sedation until death in patients admitted to palliative care specialists and internists: a focus group study on conceptual understanding and administration in German-speaking Switzerland.

Continuous deep sedation until death is increasingly used to treat intolerable suffering of terminally ill patients. One of the highest incidences and strongest increases has been observed in Switzerland. Variation in prevalence estimates indicates a potential effect of differences in sedation practice between care settings and professionals. To explore physicians' and nurses' conceptual understanding of continuous deep sedation and unravel decision-making processes in everyday clinical practice. Between June and October 2016, we conducted seven qualitative focus groups with 47 healthcare professionals (21 physicians and 26 nurses) involved in sedation decision and administration. Participants had on average 20 years (range 3-39) of clinical experience, 10 years (range 0-30) of self-reported palliative care experience, and a mean annual number of 5 patients (range 1-20) continuously deeply sedated until death. Continuous deep sedation until death covers a wide spectrum of practices: specialised palliative sedation induced through benzodiazepines to treat refractory symptoms as option of last resort, sedation as comfort therapy with benzodiazepines or opioids, and sedation taken into account as a side effect of gradually increased analgesia. We found substantial variation in terminology and definition, indication and medication used for continuous deep sedation until death. To provide optimal symptom management in terminally ill patients, early involvement of palliative care experts as well as financial and regulatory support should be provided to encourage multi-disciplinary collaboration and thus consensus for defining the distinct sedation practices.

The effect of surface-bulk potential difference on the kinetics of intercalation in core-shell active cathode particles

Surface modification of active cathode particles is commonly observed in battery research as either a surface phase evolving during the cycling process, or intentionally engineered to improve capacity retention, rate capability, and/or thermal stability of the cathode material. Here, a continuum-scale model is developed to simulate the galvanostatic charge/discharge of a cathode particle with core-shell heterostructure. The particle is assumed to be comprised of a core material encapsulated by a thin layer of a second phase that has a different open-circuit voltage. The effect of the potential difference between the surface and bulk phases (Ω) on the kinetics of lithium intercalation and the galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles is studied at different values of Ω, C-rates, and exchange current densities. The difference between the Li chemical potential in the surface and bulk phases of the cathode particle results in a concentration difference between these two phases. This leads to a charge/discharge asymmetry in the galvanostatic voltage profiles, causing a decrease in the accessible capacity of the particle. These effects are more significant at higher magnitudes of surface-bulk potential difference. The proposed model provides detailed insight into the kinetics and voltage behavior of the intercalation/de-intercalation processes in core-shell heterostructure cathode particles.

Atomoxetine reverses locomotor hyperactivity, impaired novel object recognition, and prepulse inhibition impairment in mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder that is characterized by attention difficulties, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. A non-stimulant drug, atomoxetine (ATX), which is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, is widely used for ADHD because it exhibits fewer adverse effects compared to conventional psychostimulants. However, little is known about the therapeutic mechanisms of ATX. ATX treatment significantly alleviated hyperactivity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient (PACAP−/−) mice with C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac hybrid background. ATX also improved impaired novel object recognition memory and prepulse inhibition in PACAP−/− mice with CD1 background. The ATX-induced increases in extracellular noradrenaline and dopamine levels were significantly higher in the prefrontal cortex of PACAP−/− mice compared to wild-type mice with C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac hybrid background. These results suggest that ATX treatment-induced increases in central monoamine metabolism may be involved in the rescue of ADHD-related abnormalities in PACAP−/− mice. Our current study suggests that PACAP−/− mice are an ideal rodent model with predictive validity for the study of ADHD etiology and drug development. Additionally, the potential effects of differences in genetic background of PACAP−/− mice on behaviors are discussed.

English

English

Quantifying the effects of capital controls in small states

Capital account liberalization can potentially have important effects on the economy. Numerous techniques have been employed in the literature to quantify these restrictions. These include ex-post macroeconomic indicators, regression-based indices and qualitative indices of capital control legislation. This paper evaluates the effect of the removal of capital account controls on small island developing states. In order to evaluate the robustness of the relationship between capital account liberalization and growth, the study uses a bootstrap approach to index construction. This approach allows one to assess the potential effects of differences in index specification as well as explain inconsistencies reported in the published literature. The results reported in the study suggest that the relationship between capital account liberalization and growth is fragile but positive. These results imply that the countries should approach capital account liberalization with caution, as simply removing restrictions does not guarantee growth.

Electrocoagulation method for colour removal in tea effluent: a case study of Chemomi tea factory in rift valley, Kenya

A simple and efficient electrochemical method that utilizes two steel electrodes and is capable of reducing the colour of tea effluent prior to its discharge into the river system has been developed. The effects of potential difference, inter-electrode distance, surface area of electrodes to effluent volume ratio (S/V), effluent pH, temperature and effluent dilution on power consumption, were investigated. This method was effective at apotential difference of 24 volts, inter-electrode distance of 5 mm, S/V of 18.2 m2/m3 and effluent pH of 6. Effluent dilution led to increase in power consumption while raising temperatures led to a reduction in powerconsumption. Electrochemical method reduced COD, BOD and electrical conductivity by 96.6 %, 84.0 % and 31.5 % respectively but increased pH by 10.32 %. The final pH, EC, COD and BOD values were below KBSmaximum contaminant levels. The proposed mechanism in colour removal process was phenol coupling. Phenolic tea colour pigments were oxidized by electrons from ionization of iron to form keto radicals, which polymerized to form a long chain polymer. The polymer was electro-floated to the surface by hydrogen gas generated from the reduction of water and oxidation of theaflavins.

Effects of ripple-induced ion thermal transport on H-mode plasma performance

A recent series of dimensionless pedestal identity experiments at JET and JT-60U failed to produce a match in the dimensional pedestal parameters and edge-localized mode (ELM) frequency despite a good match in the main dimensionless plasma parameters. This paper describes the progress made in understanding these experimental results. First, it is investigated whether differences in the magnetohydrodynamic stability of the pedestal, including those potentially arising from the 10% difference in the aspect ratio between the two tokamaks, can explain the results. The potential effects of differences in plasma rotation between the two machines are also examined. Given the result that these mechanisms fail to explain the experimental observations and the fact that JT-60U features considerably stronger toroidal magnetic field ripple than JET, the bulk of the paper, however, discusses the effects of ripple losses. The analysis shows that ripple losses of thermal ions can affect H-mode plasma performance very sensitively. Orbit-following simulations indicate that losses due to diffusive transport give rise to a wide radial distribution of enhanced ion thermal transport, whereas non-diffusive losses have a very edge-localized distribution. In predictive transport simulations with an energy sink term in the continuity equation for the ion pressure representing non-diffusive losses, reduced performance as well as an increase in the ELM frequency are demonstrated. This indicates that non-diffusive losses might play an important role in determining the performance and ELM properties of JT-60U plasmas. Interestingly, the result also suggests that ripple losses could be used as a tool for ELM mitigation in future tokamaks. In simulations with a wide radial distribution of enhanced ion thermal transport consistent with what would be attributable to losses due to diffusive transport, an improvement in confinement and a reduction in the ELM frequency are observed, a result resembling experimental observations for low ripple amplitudes in previous JET ripple experiments. This indicates that ripple losses need not always have a detrimental influence on plasma performance.

Refill Rates and Budget Impact of Glaucoma Lipid Therapy

Drugs in the lipid class of glaucoma medications, including bimatoprost, travoprost and latanoprost, are effective at lowering intraocular pressure. In addition to clinical efficacy, the budget impact of long-term therapy with each medication is important for patients, physicians and managed-care decision makers to differentiate between the products and make informed decisions regarding the choice of therapy. This study aimed to determine the average number of days between refills for latanoprost, travoprost and bimatoprost, and to estimate the potential effect of differences in refill rates on pharmacy budgets. In this retrospective database analysis of pharmacy records, the dispensing patterns of patients with glaucoma lipid therapies were obtained. Patients with a pharmacy prescription for the 2.5 mL bottle of latanoprost, travoprost or bimatoprost between September 2002 and December 2002, and receiving continuous treatment defined as having at least one prescription for the same lipid agent and bottle size 1 year later between September 2003 and December 2003, were included in this study. The main outcome measures were mean number of days between refills, mean number of refills, cost per patient per year (based on the average wholesale price [AWP]), and annual refill cost differences between cohorts. The mean number of days between refills was 46.74 days, 53.65 days and 51.98 days for latanoprost, travoprost and bimatoprost, respectively (p < 0.0001, ANOVA). The mean number of refills per year was 7.1, 6.2 and 6.4 for latanoprost, travoprost and bimatoprost, respectively. Based on this and the AWP, the average cost per patient per year was $US435.16 for latanoprost, $US385.58 for travoprost and $US397.44 for bimatoprost. The cost savings per year if the population of patients using latanoprost (n = 79,820) used bimatoprost or travoprost instead would be approximately $US3.0-$US3.9 million. A statistically significant difference in mean days between refills was found among the three studied drugs. Latanoprost presented the highest annual cost followed by bimatoprost and travoprost.

電気化学計測における溶液内電位差の効果

電気化学計測における溶液内電位差の効果

Biologic and tribologic considerations of alternative bearing surfaces.

Patients who are young or active or both who require total joint replacement pose a unique challenge; their high activity demands wear-resistant bearings that will perform for decades, without suffering from the adverse effects of accumulated wear products. We discuss the tribologic and biologic properties of newly introduced bearing materials for hip prostheses. The new PEs are intended to address the aseptic loosening problem by reducing the volume of submicron PE particles to a level well below that historically associated with osteolysis. However, choosing among the several variations of the cross-linked thermally-stabilized PEs is confounded by conflicting opinions regarding the optimum balance between long-term wear resistance and mechanical strength, and regarding potential effects of differences in morphologic features of the submicron-sized wear particles on their relative osteolytic potential. Metal-on-metal bearings have clinically proven wear resistance and the advantage of self-polishing, but the long-term biologic effects of metallic ions remain unknown. Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings have the advantage of high biocompatibility and usually very low wear, but fracture remains a rare but catastrophic complication. The choice of an appropriate bearing couple should be made after a thorough consideration of the relative risks and potential benefits of each of these materials.

An approach to demonstrating cost-effectiveness of diagnostic imaging modalities in Australia illustrated by positron emission tomography.

The aim of this study was to develop a framework in which the cost-effectiveness of new imaging technologies could be evaluated using data from other countries, while assessing the impact that any differences between the study populations and Australia may have upon the results. Publications reporting the cost-effectiveness or therapeutic impact of positron emission tomography (PET) were re-worked using Australian cost structures. PET was assigned a cost of $950. The effects of potential differences between the populations studied and the Australian population were evaluated by applying sensitivity analysis to those publications that describe decision tree methodology. The parameters included in the sensitivity analysis were disease prevalence and specificity of PET. The Australian cost savings per patient examined by PET were $505.50-$912.41 for investigation of solitary pulmonary nodules, $34.65-$360.03 for lung cancer staging, $550.08 for axillary staging of breast cancer, $230.75-$2301.27 for assessment of recurrent colorectal cancer and $300.24-$2069.65 for assessment of myocardial viability. Significant differences in disease prevalence and PET specificity could occur while the cost-effectiveness of PET was preserved. Decision tree sensitivity analysis can demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic imaging modalities in Australia and provides indications that PET is cost-effective for a range of clinical indications.

You Must Have Been at A Different Meeting: Enacting Culture Clash in The International Office of the Future

This article introduces a new concept for exploring the design of IT infrastructure in transnational organizations. This concept is simulation gaming that uses so- called synthetic national culture profiles. The paper describes a game in which a telecommunication architecture was designed for a multinational company. It concludes that synthetic cultures are a powerful tool for generating awareness about the profound potential effects of differences in national culture within multinationals.

Electrokinetic separation of lysine and aspartic acid using polypyrrole-coated stacked membrane system

To reduce the electrical energy consumed in electrokinetic separation processes, a stacked membrane system composed of two polypyrrole (PPy)-coated porous membranes and a microporous polycarbonate filter (PCTE) has been suggested. In this PPy/PCTE/PPy membrane system, the outer two PPy membranes provide working electrodes for the migration of ions through the PCTE pores. Since the spacing between the two PPy membrane electrodes is only the thickness of the PCTE membrane, a strong electric field can be obtained by a small potential difference between the electrodes. Using this electrokinetic separation system, positively charged l-lysine (Lys) and negatively charged l-aspartic acid (Asp) are separated from their binary mixture at pH 4.7. For the efficient separation of both ions, the operation is carried out in a continuous and cyclic mode. The effects of potential difference on separation performance are investigated by varying the electric potential from ±1 to ±5 V. A higher potential difference results in a better separation. The key parameters determining the optimal experimental conditions are the electrokinetic migration and the pressure-driven convection rate of ions.

Weak-acid transport in the small intestine: discrimination in the lamina propria.

Studies on the intestinal transport of weak acids suggest that the subepithelial tissues exhibit a modest, but significant, ability to discriminate between the ionized and nonionized forms. This suggestion has been tested directly in experiments using an in vitro preparation of rat small intestine from which the epithelial cells were removed, but in which the structural and functional integrity of the subepithelial tissues was maintained. Studies on the effects of potential difference on the fluxes of weak acids in this preparation showed that the ratio of permeabilities for the ionized and nonionized species (Pi/Pni) was indeed less than one, and of a magnitude comparable to the value suggested by analysis of transport in the intact tissue. (Pi/Pni) for the subepithelial tissue decreased as pH was increased, and the discriminatory properties of the tissue were abolished [(Pi/Pni)=1] on treatment with the cationic macromolecule polyethyleneimine (PEI). These observations suggested that the discriminatory properties of the subepithelial tissues were determined by fixed anionic sites, and morphological studies with PEI indicated that such sites were concentrated in the region of the basement membrane.

Simulator motion as a factor in flight-director display evaluation.

The results of research conducted in ground-based flight simulators must be interpreted with care in view of the potential effects of differences between the simulated and actual flight environments. A study comparing various flight-director displays in a moving-base simulator was replicated without motion. Significantly different results occurred as a function of the presence or absence of motion. Implications of these results raise doubt concerning the validity of findings from simulator experiments in which whole-body acceleration cues might be a factor.

Experiments with the Tube Resistance Furnace on the Effect of Potential Difference

Experiments with the Tube Resistance Furnace on the Effect of Potential Difference