Effects Of Political Violence Research Articles

The shadow of war: Parental competitive victimhood and children's contact intentions in two post‐accord societies

AbstractThe effects of political violence are felt across generations; for example, extent of parental competitive victimhood (feeling that one's ingroup was relatively more victimised during the conflict) predicts adolescent's intergroup discrimination. We extend that research to children, born a generation after the height of violence. Participants were 223 family dyads with children aged 7–11 (M = 9.05, SD = 1.30; 52.4% female): Croatia (n = 82) and Republic of North Macedonia (RNM: n = 141), equally split by group status (i.e., Croatia: Croats/Serbs; RNM: Macedonian/Albanian). Parents reported on competitive victimhood while children reported on intergroup contact intentions (e.g., shared education initiatives). Moderation analysis across sites found a significant status by competitive victimhood interaction; increased parental competitive victimhood was associated with decreased contact intentions among minority, but not majority, children. We review site‐specific findings in relation to their historical context, concluding with the implications for shared education, reconciliation and peacebuilding.

Notes on Picasso’s Guernica in Context

ABSTRACT Contrary to the received opinion that Pablo Picasso conceived of Guernica only after learning of the bombing of the Basque town on 26 April 1937, and in direct response to it, in this article we demonstrate that the mural was visualized much earlier, as part of Picasso’s larger artistic and intellectual response to war. In February 1937 Picasso met with José Luis Sert, the architect of the Spanish Pavilion planned for the Paris World Fair that was to open in June. That he was so quickly able to provide the architect with the exact dimensions of the mural suggests that he had already conceived a vision and plan for the painting that would only later be known as Guernica—a vision that saw him less preoccupied with iconographical minutiae than with visual problem-solving around a general theme: the types and consequences of political violence in Spain and wars past, present, and future. In searching for inspiration, Picasso paid homage to three other artists whose works reflected different aspects of this theme: Francisco Goya, Robert Capa, and David Seymour. The whole mural was painted in black and white because Picasso was certain that Guernica would be seen as a work of photojournalism, which form of journalism had only recently started to be transmitted by wire and radio services. Lastly, Picasso was confident that his painting would eventually be installed in the Prado Museum and be compared to both of Goya’s paintings, The Second of May 1808 (1814) and The Third of May 1808 (1814). To place himself as pre-eminent, Picasso made Guernica larger than either of Goya’s paintings by subsuming the former into a completely original compositional overlay.

Does Right-Wing Violence Affect Public Support for Radical Right Parties? Evidence from Germany

This article examines whether citizens’ political preferences toward radical right parties (RRPs) change after right-wing extremist violent attacks. It investigates this question in two ways. First, it presents a time-series study on public support for the RRP Alternative for Germany (AfD) between 2013 and 2019. Second, the article employs a quasi-experimental research design to examine the effect of a right-wing terrorist attack on citizens’ attitudes toward immigrants. Both studies indicate that public support for the AfD and its programmatic core positions increased after right-wing extremist attacks. Subsequent analyses suggest that former voters of the mainstream right, in particular, drive this effect. These findings shed light on the determinants of radical right party support, contributing to the long-standing debate on the consequences of political violence.

Market Behavior in the Face of Political Violence: Evidence from Tsarist Russia

Even efficient financial markets may break down under periods of prolonged stress, especially when the ramification of an event is unclear. Political violence is such an event, sending immediate signals about possible impact on firm valuations but unclear information about the future viability of existing institutions. This paper examines the effect of political violence in 19th century Russia on its stock market; using a battery of unit root and variance ratio tests, the evidence is that Russian financial markets were mostly efficient in processing short-term information from political violence. However, when violence was at its peak between the assassination of the Tsar in 1881 and the 1905 revolution, large deviations from efficiency can be detected, as markets were unsure about the viability of the existing rules of the game.

Is violence bad for business? The consequences of political violence for foreign direct investment

What are the consequences of political violence for foreign direct investment (FDI)? The conventional wisdom suggests that political violence, a type of political risk, inhibits foreign investment in the developing world. I argue that this explanation is incomplete: the effect of political violence on investment varies with market structure. While current knowledge holds for investment in competitive markets—these firms are indeed deterred by violence—conflict has the opposite effect on investment in prospective monopolies (such as utilities, telecommunications, and logistics). Specifically, violence creates opportunities for firms to profit as these are markets with inelastic demand regardless of conflict. I test the theory using novel sector-level FDI data and a conservative estimation strategy. Building on work in business, political science and economics, this project forces us to rethink the relationship between conflict and capital. This has important consequences for the determinants of FDI and post-conflict reconstruction literatures.

Political violence and hotels: economic consequences and response strategies

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the economic consequences of political violence on hotels operating in Hawassa city and assess their response strategies to deal with the crisis. A qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews with 13 hotel general managers in Hawassa city was employed, and data from interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Study findings uncovered that political violence inflicted significant economic costs on hotels operating in the city. To deal with the effects of political violence, hotels put in place temporary but creatively crafted tools that resorted to cost reduction and marketing strategies. The study could help to better understand the vulnerability and resilience of tourism to political violence in the context of small-city hotels.

Political conflict and community health in Zimbabwe: Health professionals’ perspectives

Background: Politics is a major determinant of community’s access to health. The right to access to health for communities and individuals has been recognised as vital by international bodies and national constitutions. Several studies have considered the negative effects of political violence on community access to health.Aim: This study aimed to explore the complexities of political conflict in community health praxis.Setting: This study was conducted in three clinics in Chegutu Urban District, Zimbabwe. The site was particularly chosen because political conflicts therein have rarely been studied in terms of their indirect and subtle effects on community health.Methods: This study used a qualitative research approach to gain a deeper understanding of political conflict and community health by interviewing 20 health professionals selected through stratified random sampling. The data obtained from these interviews were thematically presented.Results: From the participants’ responses, it became clear that politics determines the nature of community health programmes, and individual access is partisan and contested. Political conflict to some extent increased intra-group conflicts amongst health professionals, leading to non-collaboration in healthcare. Conflict-induced economic decline has led to structural shortages and environmental pollution.Conclusion: The study findings demonstrate how politicisation of access to health can have detrimental effects on the excluded members of the community.

Effect of political violence on health: A review of literature

Effect of political violence on health: A review of literature

The Political Consequences of Trauma: Holocaust Exposure and Emotional Attachment to Israel Among American Jews

Building on research about the long-term consequences of political violence, this case study examines the degree to which American Jews with direct and/or familial exposure to the Holocaust differ from other American Jews in their emotional attachment to Israel. Recent studies from other countries suggest that survivors of politically-induced traumas develop strong social identification with other members of their group and transmit these identities to their descendants. Jews who experienced the Holocaust are likely to manifest this identity by developing strong emotional attachment to Israel.

The Discourse of Silence as Testimony in Jenn Díaz's Es un decir

The explosion of interest in the recovery of historical memory in Spain seeks to address many decades of silence and forgetting during the years of the Franco dictatorship and afterwards. Working with trauma theory, Michel Foucault's understanding of silence as discourse, as well as queer theory's exploration of silence as strategy and power, this article examines the multiple roles of silence in Jenn Diaz's Es un decir (2014), a novel that portrays the effects of political violence on three generations of women living in postwar Spain. With closer examination of the dynamic between enunciated and silenced discourses in the novel, this study aims to understand how silence communicates and testifies to traumatic pain and memory, strength, and resistance. This analysis shows that silence in the face of trauma does not indicate weakness, nor does it equal forgetting. Rather, it is a part of discourse that expresses suffering, conveys strength, and safeguards memory.

Forced urbanisation: A cross-national assessment of the effects of intranational political violence on a nation’s largest cities

This article offers a ‘first step’ toward understanding the consequences of intranational political violence on the growth of a nation’s largest cities. Theory and research from studies on forced migration and internal displacement are used to construct several hypotheses that assess the impact that various forms of intranational political violence have on the growth of major urban areas within the developing world. Hypotheses are tested using a cross-national time-series sample of 85 developing nations from 1974 to 2005. The results provide strong empirical evidence that various forms of intranational political violence are significantly related to population growth amongst a nation’s largest cities. Specifically, attacks on government personnel are associated with an increase in population growth among a nation’s largest cities. Violence targeting civilians are associated with decelerated growth in a nation’s largest city but increased growth in major secondary cities. Finally, increases in the intensity and duration of civil wars are associated with decreases in population among secondary cities but exhibit a curvilinear growth pattern in a nation’s largest city (i.e. an increase then decrease). It is argued that the findings are at least partially explained by the ‘spatial logics’ that arise from a given form of political violence. It is concluded that more attention should be given to studying the consequences of political violence on the urbanisation process for rapidly urbanising nations.

Children and Terrorism and commentaries

Children and Terrorism and commentaries

The Long‐term Effects of Political Violence on Political Attitudes: Evidence from the Spanish Civil War

SummaryThis article investigates whether political violence has long‐term effects on attitudes toward political participation. This is an interesting topic because public engagement and social capital play a crucial role in shaping the economy and democracy. We exploit a recent survey on the 1936‐1939 Spanish Civil War to shed light on this question. Our findings indicate that being a member of a family that suffered violence during the Civil War is related to a higher interest, knowledge and engagement in politics. These results stand in stark contrast to the common expectation that political violence leads to lower public engagement, while they are consistent with other studies focusing on the short‐term consequences of civil conflicts. Therefore, the legacy of political violence, far from creating political apathy, may be the higher involvement of citizens in politics.

Electoral Behavior in Civil Wars: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey

This study analyzes the effects of political violence on electoral behavior by focusing on one of the longest lasting ethnic conflicts in contemporary times, the Kurdish insurgency in Turkey. How do armed conflict and electoral institutions shape turnout in a civil war context? Building on an original data-set at the sub-national level, the study reaches two major conclusions. First, it shows rural displacement caused by political violence led to lower levels of turnout and severely hampered access to voting controlling for a wide range of socioeconomic and electoral system variables. Second, an unusually high electoral threshold aggravated this pattern of disenfranchisement and limited the avenues of nonviolent Kurdish political activism with negative implications for the resolution of the conflict.

Socio-Psychological Effects of Political Violence and War on Gender in Nigeria

This paper examines the effect of political violence and war on gender in Nigeria with particular focus on the socio-psychological dimensions. In the last decade, Nigeria has witnessed various potholes of political violence and some kind of religious or political war that has greatly influenced the sensibility of every sane individual across the globe. The effect of this, especially on the female gender, children and the aged had been grievous and devastating. Recently, the abduction of over 200 school girls from a government college in Chibok, Borno state, Nigeria by a religious fundamentalists group gave terrorism and other criminal violence a new dimension and trend in Nigeria. It also portrays a great danger not only to Nigerian child but to all humanity residing in Nigeria. Unfortunately, instead of the situation to mitigate, it is rather worsening and the socio-psychological effect on genders can only but imagined – from loss of life, displacement of persons, mental stress amongst others. The paper calls for a holistic approach including building a synergy amongst security agencies, enhance security awareness within the society, partnering with foreign forces and using concerted dialogue to end the menace amongst others as way forward in tackling the menace of political violence and war in Nigeria. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n26p44

An Inquiry into the Use of Illegal Electoral Practices and Effects of Political Violence and Vote-buying

This article investigates whether vote-buying and the instigation of violence in the disputed 2007 Kenyan elections were strategically motivated and whether those affected by vote-buying or post-electoral violence changed their views toward ethnopolitics and the use of violence. To answer these questions, a panel survey conducted before and after the elections is combined with external indicators of electoral violence. We find that vote-buying was used to mobilize parties’ own strongholds. Political parties also targeted vote-buying and threats toward specific ethnic groups and areas, potentially to weaken the support of their political rivals. In addition, we find that the victims of post-electoral violence are more likely to identify in ethnic terms and support the use of violence. The non-victims of post-electoral violence, but who experienced vote-buying after our first survey are also more likely to support the use of violence.

The effect of political violence on religiosity

This paper studies how politically motivated violence associated with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the wider Arab-Israeli conflict affects religiosity among Jews and Muslims in Israel. In order to explore this relationship I link data from the Israeli Social Surveys to information on Israeli conflict-related fatalities by date and location of survey interviews. The analysis, which covers the period 2002–2010, yields robust evidence that violence makes both Jewish and Muslim Israelis self-identify as more religious.

Dissecting Political Violence

This pithy and persuasive volume brings together a remarkable range of theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the origins, dynamics, and consequences of political violence by dissecting it into more analytically coherent components. The theoretical glue that holds it together is the sustained focus on the micro-dynamics of violence, on disaggregating nonviolence into more rigorous subtypes, and on distinguishing violence from conflict. This focus affords readers with a novel research agenda that contributes appreciably to the growing literature on political violence and motivates the ten articles that comprise the volume. It should therefore be of general interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students of political science, as well as to the mounting number of policy analysts and international affairs practitioners confronting ethno-nationalist conflicts and political violence around the world. Scholars of other disciplines who are interested in violence and conflict, including economists, psychologists, and sociologists, should also find plenty of food for thought. It has long been the hope of many that a better understanding of violence would reduce its incidence, and this book certainly contributes to a more profound appreciation of the micro-dynamics of violence.

People’s Perception and Consequences of Political Violence in Central Terai of Nepal : Some Criminological Perspectives

People’s Perception and Consequences of Political Violence in Central Terai of Nepal : Some Criminological Perspectives

Provisional IRA Attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone: Implications for the Study of Political Violence and Terrorism

This article continues a discussion begun in the 1990s on the degree to which Provisional Irish Republican Army activities were sectarian. Henry Patterson's recent contribution raises issues that concern not only interpretations of the Irish conflict but also have implications for the more general study of the causes and consequences of political violence and terrorism. After addressing some of these issues, Patterson's contribution is placed more firmly into the framework of the previous discussion. Then follows a careful examination of Irish Republican Army attacks on the locally recruited security forces in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, from the 1950s to today.