Effective Policing Research Articles

Tri-Response Police, Ambulance, Mental Health Crisis Models in Reducing Involuntary Detentions of Mentally Ill People: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

Police, ambulance and mental health tri-response services are a relatively new model of responding to people experiencing mental health crisis in the community, but limited evidence exists examining their efficacy. To date there have been no systematic reviews that have examined the association between the tri-response model and rates of involuntary detentions. A systematic review examining co-response models demonstrated possible reduction in involuntary detention, however, recommended further research. The aim of this protocol is to describe how we will systematically review the evidence base around the relationship of the police, ambulance mental health tri-response models in reducing involuntary detentions. We will search health, policing and grey literature databases and include clinical evaluations of any design. Risk of bias will be determined using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool and a narrative synthesis will be undertaken to synthesis key themes. Risk of bias and extracted data will be summarized in tables and results synthesis tabulated to identify patterns within the included studies. The findings will inform future research into the effectiveness of tri-response police, ambulance, and mental health models in reducing involuntary detentions.

Does Police Stop and Search Make Everyone Feel Safe? Evidence From the United States

Stop and search is an innovative policing approach aimed at deterring crime and disorder and promoting public trust and confidence in law enforcement. While many studies have investigated racial biases in this approach and its effectiveness in reducing crime and disorder, little attention has been paid to its role in fostering citizens’ feelings of safety. Using the 2016 General Social Survey data ( N = 2,876), this study examined whether police use of pedestrian stop-and-search practices generated citizens’ feelings of safety. Our results revealed prevailing disparities between Black and White Americans on the effectiveness of police stop-and-search practices. Namely, police stop and search made White persons feel safer and more protected in their neighborhood, compared to Blacks. The conclusion discusses the implications of this disparity, and potential policy and managerial solutions.

Crime, violence and stress in the emergency services work: military police in southern Brazil

IMPACT The importance of this article for emergency service workers, such as police officers, lies in the connection between processes of government and outcomes on the street—especially the impact on the mental health of frontline police officers. Organizational responsibility for the protection and mental health of frontline personnel is vital in the stressful political and social environment in Brazil, where solidarity is essential for effective policing work and for developing and maintaining a culture of caring for one another. ‘Keeping each other’s back’ is central in the face of high levels of violence and crime, not just in southern Brazil, but in other jurisdictions where police operate in stressful environments, which have been exacerbated by deleterious social conditions arising from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Profiling persons reported missing from hospitals versus mental health facilities

Missing person reports from hospitals and mental health facilities are a significant issue impacting patients, communities, and health and police sectors. Research on missing persons seldom considers the type of location from where people go missing, which can be troublesome due to the increased chances for experiencing harm during an episode from hospitals and mental health facilities. When location type is studied, these often remarkably different places are frequently blended together in analyses and discussions. This conflation has implications for research and the development of effective police preventive responses. To begin to address this gap, this study uses descriptive analysis and logistic regression to examine the descriptive and predictive profiles of those reported missing from hospitals versus those reported missing from mental health units. For this, data are taken from a sample of 916 closed missing person cases reported to a Canadian municipal police service over five years. Results suggest there are significant differences in both the descriptive and predictive profiles of individuals reported missing from these two location types, such as individuals with varying mental health and cognitive issues going missing from each place, respectively. Given the findings, the implications for research, policing, and risk management are discussed.

POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT

Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.

Seeking Compatibility in Preventing Crime with Artificial Intelligence and Ensuring a Fair Trial

The justice system is increasingly reliant on new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). In the field of criminal law this also extends to the methods utilized by police for preventing crime. Though policing is not explicitly covered by Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, this article will demonstrate that there can be adverse effects of policing on fair trial rights and make the analogy to criminal investigations as a recognized pre-trial process. Specifically, it will argue that policing that relies on AI to predict crime has direct effects on fair trial processes such as the equality of arms, the presumption of innocence, and the right to confront the evidence produced against a defendant. It will conclude by challenging the notion that AI is always an appropriate tool for legal processes.

Role of Crime Dramas in Making Opinions about Criminal Justice System of Pakistan

The objective of this research is to study the impact of crime dramatized television programs on citizens' perceptions of the criminal justice system of Pakistan. The impact of crime-related television programs on criminal justice issues, including perceptions of police,clearance rates, crime, and fear of victimization, is focused. This study illustrated how and to what degree these crime dramas change the perception of common people of different ages, sexes, experiences and educational backgrounds. The Cultivation Theory (Gerbner, 1960) guided the study. This quantitative research is based on a cross sectional survey and data is collected employing the instrument of a valid questionnaire. The random sampling technique has been applied to reach out to the respondents to investigate about their crime programs watching habits as well as their opinions and views on different aspects of the justice system, including police effectiveness and fear of victimization. The data was collected from students of three departments of the University of the Punjab i.e. Law, Criminology,Communication Studies. The data will be analyzed with the help of SPSS.

Effective police investigative practices: an evidence-assessment of the research

PurposeDetective work is a mainstay of modern law enforcement, but its effectiveness has been much less evaluated than patrol work. To explore what is known about effective investigative practices and to identify evidence gaps, the authors assess the current state of empirical research on investigations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors assess the empirical research about the effectiveness of criminal investigations and detective work in resolving cases and improving clearance rates.FindingsThe authors’ analysis of the literature produced 80 studies that focus on seven categories of investigations research, which include the impact that case and situational factors, demographic and neighborhood dynamics, organizational policies and practices, investigative effort, technology, patrol officers and community members have on case resolution. The authors’ assessment shows that evaluation research examining the effectiveness of various investigative activities is rare. However, the broader empirical literature indicates that a combination of organizational policies, investigative effort and certain technologies can be promising in improving investigative outcomes even in cases deemed less solvable.Research limitations/implicationsFrom an evidence-based perspective, this review emphasizes the need for greater transparency, evaluation and accountability of investigative activities given the resources and importance afforded to criminal investigations.Originality/valueThis review is currently the most up-to-date review of the state of the research on what is known about effective investigative practices.

Predictive Policing and Crime Control in The United States of America and Europe: Trends in a Decade of Research and the Future of Predictive Policing

There has been a significant focus on predictive policing systems, as law enforcement agents embrace modern technology to forecast criminal activity. Most developed nations have implemented predictive policing, albeit with mixed reactions over its effectiveness. Whilst at its inception, predictive policing involved simple heuristics and algorithms, it has increased in sophistication in the ever-changing technological environment. This paper, which is based on a literature survey, examines predictive policing over the last decade (2010 to 2020). The paper examines how various nations have implemented predictive policing and also documents the impediments to predictive policing. The paper reveals that despite the adoption of predictive software applications such as PredPol, Risk Terrain Modelling, HunchLab, PreMap, PRECOBS, Crime Anticipation System, and Azevea, there are several impediments that have militated against the effectiveness of predictive policing, and these include low predictive accuracy, limited scope of crimes that can be predicted, high cost of predictive policing software, flawed data input, and the biased nature of some predictive software applications. Despite these challenges, the paper reveals that there is consensus by the majority of the researchers on the importance of predictive algorithms on the policing landscape.

The adverse effects of policing on population health: A conceptual model

While negative encounters between police and the community are not a new trend, recent high profile deaths of unarmed people of color have gained widespread national attention and ignited new movements demanding reform, accountability, and progress. Increasingly over the past few decades, researchers have examined the most extreme cases of lethal use of force, describing the context of these violent encounters, situational and personal characteristics, and underlying risk factors. More recent research has aimed to define the broader and more nuanced adverse effects that policing can have on population health. We propose a holistic and multidisciplinary model for the relationship between policing and population health in the U.S. that incorporates contextual, situational, and individual-level factors while also recognizing the direct and vicarious mechanisms by which policing exposures can negatively affect population health. The model captures the short and long term health effects of policing and the cyclic nature by which those effects at the individual, community, and systemic levels can influence each other. We consider the unique qualities of different communities that may influence these pathways, the historical trends of the criminal justice and policing systems, and recommend applications of the model in policing agencies, medicine, and research.

Police Violence and Associations With Public Perceptions of the Police

Objective: Police violence (PV) continues to be a national and global concern. Empirical inquiries focus on its prevalence, those who are most at risk, and associated mental health effects and frequently include all-male samples. Studies also tend to narrowly measure PV as incidents of physical force or fatal encounters. Our study examined these gaps in knowledge by exploring police neglect and psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by police to examine how these forms of PV relate to perceptions of police legitimacy/trust, police effectiveness, and police performance. Method: Using data from the 2017 Survey of Police–Public Encounters—a cross-sectional, demographically representative survey of adults in Baltimore, MD, and New York, NY —we assessed detailed forms of PV using the Police Practices Inventory. Results: Regression results indicated that most forms of PV were significantly and inversely associated with police perceptions. Individuals exposed to PV who were younger, female, had lower levels of education and income, identified as a racial/ethnic minority, and were born in the United States held more negative police perceptions. Conclusions: Findings provide insight into the ways specific forms of PV exposure influence how the police are perceived and how those perspectives vary across demographic factors.

Beyond street‐level procedural justice: Social construction, policy shift, and ethnic disparities in confidence in government institutions

AbstractPunishment‐oriented policy can undermine confidence in government institutions among those who collectively share unfavorable social constructions of the policy's target group, even without having personally experienced negative bureaucratic encounters. As an empirical test, this study investigates the effect of the passage of Arizona S.B. 1070 and copycat immigration enforcement laws in five additional states on confidence in the local police. Using multi‐year survey data from the Pew Research Center, the difference‐in‐differences analyses demonstrate that these laws had a substantially more negative influence on confidence in police effectiveness and police use of force among Hispanics/Latinos compared with the rest of society. Given that the implementation of these laws were delayed and ultimately either blocked or restricted by the courts, the findings suggest that ethnic minorities' skepticism toward government institutions may be due not only to poor street‐level procedural justice, but also to the unfavorable social constructions embodied in high‐profile policy shifts.

An Adaptive Spatial Resolution Method Based on the ST-ResNet Model for Hourly Property Crime Prediction

Effective predictive policing can guide police patrols and deter crime. Hourly crime prediction is expected to save police time. The selection of spatial resolution is important due to its strong relationship with the accuracy of crime prediction. In this paper, we propose an adaptive spatial resolution method to select the best spatial resolution for hourly crime prediction. The ST-ResNet model is applied to predict crime risk, with historical crime data and weather data as predictive variables. A prediction accuracy index (PAI) is used to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Data on property crimes committed in Suzhou, a big city in China, were selected as the research data. The experiment results indicate that a 2.4 km spatial resolution leads to the best performance for crime prediction. The adaptive spatial resolution method can be used to guide police deployment.

Equity in the Police Districting Problem: Balancing Territorial and Racial Fairness in Patrolling Operations

ObjectivesThe Police Districting Problem concerns the definition of patrol districts that distribute police resources in a territory in such a way that high-risk areas receive more patrolling time than low-risk areas, according to a principle of territorial fairness. This results in patrolling configurations that are efficient and effective at controlling crime but that, at the same time, might exacerbate racial disparity in police stops and arrests. In this paper, an Equitable Police Districting Problem that combines crime-reduction effectiveness with racial fairness is proposed. The capability of this model in designing patrolling configurations that find a balance between territorial and racial fairness is assessed. Also, the trade-off between these two criteria is analyzed.MethodsThe Equitable Police Districting Problem is defined as a mixed-integer program. The objective function is formulated using Compromise Programming and Goal Programming. The model is validated on a real-world case study on the Central District of Madrid, Spain, and its solutions are compared to standard patrolling configurations currently used by the police.ResultsA trade-off between racial fairness and crime control is detected. However, the experiments show that including the proposed racial criterion in the optimization of patrol districts greatly improves racial fairness with limited detriment to the policing effectiveness. Also, the model produces solutions that dominate the patrolling configurations currently in use by the police.ConclusionsThe results show that the model successfully provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between the criteria and is capable of defining patrolling configurations that are efficient in terms of both racial and territorial fairness.

용량반응함수 모형의 적용을 통한 대화경찰 제도의 효과성 분석

용량반응함수 모형의 적용을 통한 대화경찰 제도의 효과성 분석

Hobbling: The Effects of Proactive Policing and Mass Imprisonment on Children's Education

Researchers have written a good deal in the last two decades about the relationship between public education and criminal justice as a pipeline by which public school practices correlate with or cause increased lifetime risk for incarceration for Black and Latinx youth. This article flips the script of the school-to-prison pipeline metaphor by reversing the question. What are the effects of criminal justice on public schooling? Reviewing recent social science research from multiple disciplines on policing and incarceration, this article describes the relationship of criminal justice to public education as hobbling, a social process by which the massification of policing and incarceration systematically compromises the ability of target demographics of American children to enjoy their rights to a free and appropriate public education.

On the relationship between police force presence and crime in Mexico: A spatial analysis

ABSTRACT This study seeks to contribute to the literature on the deterrence effect of police on crime by looking at the dynamic between police force presence (number of officers) and criminal behavior on a state level in Mexico. In order to do this, we estimate a panel data pooled ordinary least-squares model, a spatial Durbin model, and a spatial error model to analyze the spatial distribution of police force presence and the behavior of two categories of robberies – street and non-street – between 2009 and 2017. Our results show a positive relationship between the number of assigned officers and criminal behavior; however, this correlation does not derive from either a transversal or temporal relationship between states. This result has implications for state security policies as it suggests that the deployment of police in high crime areas, although responsive in character, has no particular impact on criminal behavior.

Making Schools Safer and/or Escalating Disciplinary Response: A Study of Police Officers in North Carolina Schools

The “defund the police” movement has recently called for the removal of police—or school resource officers (SROs)—from schools. This call is driven by concerns that SROs may heighten student contact with criminal justice or lead to disproportionately harsh disciplinary consequences. This study uses linked disciplinary, academic, juvenile justice, and adult conviction data from North Carolina to estimate the effects of middle school SROs on a variety of student outcomes. Our findings indicate that SROs not only decrease the incidence of serious violence but also increase the use of out-of-school suspensions, transfers, expulsions, and police referrals. This study provides new insights into the effects of police in schools and implies new directions for policies, training, and accountability.

ПРИНЦИПИ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПОЛІЦІЇ: СУТНІСТЬ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

This article is devoted to the study of the principles of the police of Ukraine. The principles of police activity defined in the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police" are considered and analyzed, namely: the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms, legality, political neutrality, interaction with the population on the basis of partnership, continuity. It is noted that since Ukraine has announced a course for integration into the European Community and approximation of the Ukrainian legal system to European and world standards, the introduction of Ukrainian legislation and principles that have existed for some time in international law is one of the important steps towards this goal. It is proved that the definition of principles at the level of law indicates that they must be harmonized with existing social values, and the conceptual basis of the modern police paradigm should be the unconditional recognition of the primacy of human and civil rights and freedoms in public relations. on the basis of partnership should be considered as the main: first, to restore public respect for the police, secondly, the level of interaction affects the effectiveness of police functions, and thirdly, the level of trust can be concluded on the effectiveness of policing in general. The development and consolidation of ethical principles is important, which is justified by the peculiarities of policing. It is proposed to supplement the system of principles of police activity with the principles of tolerance and inadmissibility of discrimination. The police must respect and protect human rights and freedoms regardless of race, language, skin color, gender, age and other beliefs and characteristics. In order to improve the activities of the police, amendments to the list of principles defined in the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police" are proposed.

“Detroit under STRESS”: The Campaign to Stop Police Killings and the Criminal State in Detroit

Abstract During the early 1970s, a broad-based campaign comprising liberal and radical organizations emerged to confront the Detroit Police Department’s clandestine “Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets” (STRESS) unit. The campaign to defeat STRESS drew from a diverse set of tactics; activists organized marches, demonstrations, and political education events and engaged in movement-based lawyering, public testimony, and electoral politics. As casualties of STRESS accumulated, Detroiters framed the unit as a killer squad with the primary purpose of terrorizing Black Detroiters. The STRESS killings during the early 1970s and the movement against them made Detroit a flashpoint for debate about race, crime policy, and effective policing, with far-reaching implications for both the police and the city. The campaign to defeat STRESS demonstrated the efficacy of Detroit’s Left during the early 1970s. The left wing of the movement, comprised of radical Black Power activists and white New Leftists, accomplished two overlapping goals. It not only helped build a vast coalition of organizations around the issue of police brutality but also, importantly, developed and articulated its own original analysis of radical criminology. Leftists critiqued the criminal state as the nexus between the state and private sector; these institutions swallowed resources and damaged lives. Challenging liberal theories of crime emphasizing individual agency, radicals advanced a structural analysis emphasizing racism’s and capitalism’s destructive impulses—deindustrialization, exploitation of workers, violent policing, and privatization, in the service of consumption and capital investment.