Effect Of Passive Movement Research Articles

Hippotherapy without a horse: The effects of passive movement on core control

s / Gait & Posture 42S (2015) S1–S90 S29 Fig. 2. Peak pressure in each sub-area across different ages. into 6 age bands. Data from each CF subject was compared to agematched data from the TD population. Results: Differences were found across the age groups in the TD population (Fig. 2) with a progressive increase in peak pressure with age in most areas. Significant differences were found compared to the TD population in 40 out of 46 feet in at least one sub-area. The most frequent differences in the CF population were found in the mid-foot region, with 57% of feet having increased pressure in this region. Therewas generally a reduction in pressure in the hindfoot region, and a mixed response at the forefoot. Discussion and conclusions: Markers placed on the foot were used to automatically mask the footprint for this study, allowing accuracy of masking to be maintained, even in the presence of abnormal foot shapes. This allowed direct comparison of subareas between the TD and CF populations. Substantial variation in pressure distribution was found in the TD population. Despite this, almost all CF subjects demonstrated significant differences compared to age-matched TD data. This suggests that pedobarography provides adequate sensitivity for assessing this population. “Normal” reference data may be used as a comparison (similar to other gait data) but care should be taken that this is appropriately age-matched. Future work will assess variables other than peak pressure.

Passive Movement Improves the Learning and Memory Function of Rats with Cerebral Infarction by Inhibiting Neuron Cell Apoptosis

Passive movement has been found to improve evidently ischemic stroke patients' impaired capacity of learning and memory, but the optimal time window of initiating the therapy and the underlying mechanism are not fully understood. In this study, the effect of passive movement at different time windows on learning and memory of rats with cerebral infarction was detected. The results showed that the expression of caspase-3 and escape latency in the passive movement group were all considerably lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05), while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was significantly higher than those in the model group (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found that there were most significant changes of escape latency and expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA and caspase-3 when the therapy started at 24 h after focal cerebral infarction. These results suggest that passive movement is able to contribute to the recovery of learning and memory of rats with cerebral infarction, which is partially mediated by inhibiting neuron cell apoptosis, and the optimal therapeutic time is at 24 h after cerebral infarction.

The expression of NF-κB p65 in atrophic muscle and the effect of passive movement on its change

Objective To investigate the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in skeletal muscle denervation atrophy in rats and the effect of passive movement on its expression and explore the molecular mechanism of denervation muscle atrophy and its prevention. Methods Forty two Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: denervation group ( n = 18), passive movement group ( n = 18) and control group ( n =6). The rats were not treated in the control group. In the denervation group and passive movement group, the right gastrocnemius muscle was denervated by sciatic nerve transection. In the passive movement group, the rats underwent passive movement of the right leg 300 times/day. After 2, 14 and 28 days bilateral gastrocnemius muscles were harvested, weighed and the ratio of muscle wet weight was calculated. Levels of NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein in the right gastrocnemius muscle were detected by RT-PCR and Western Blotting, respectively.Results After denervation rat gastrocnemius muscle weight ratio decreased with time. Expressions of NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein in the denervated skeletal muscle were up-regulated at 2, 14 and 28 days of denervation ( P ＜0.05). At 14 and 28 days of denervation, the passive movement group had a higher muscle wet weight ratio than the denervation group (P＜0.05). At 2, 14 and 28 days of denernation, the expression of NFκ B p65 in the passive movement group remarkably reduced comparing to the denervation group ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Expressions of NF-κB p65 are up-regulated at the early stage of skeletal muscle denervation atrophy. Passive movement can delay denervation muscle atrophy through interfering the expression of NF-κB p65. Key words: Denervation; Muscular atrophy; NF-κB; Passive movement

Passive movement and the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor and the B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene after cerebral infarction

Objective To observe the effects of passive movement on the functional outcome after occlusion of the middle artery in the brain and reperfusion, and to explore the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods Cerebral infarction models were established in rats using left middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO). The survivors were randomly divided into a passive movement group and a natural recovery group. There was also a sham-operated group and a normal group. Passive movement treatment (twice a day, twenty min per time) was started at different times after reperfusion. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene (Bcl-2) were determined using real-time PCRs. Results Expression of BDNF and Bcl-2 was detected a-round the infarction area in both groups. The expression of BDNF and Bcl-2 was highest in the sub-groups where passive movement was begun 24 or 48 h after the operation. Conclusions The expression of BDNF and Bcl-2 in the brain peaks when daily, moderate intensity passive movement is administered beginning 24 to 48 h after reperfusion. Passive movement might have a protective and rehabilitative effect after cerebral infarction. Key words: Passive movement; Cerebral infarction; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene

The Effect of Passive Movement on Denervated Soleus Highlights a Differential Nerve Control on SERCA and MyHC Isoforms

The sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATP-ase (SERCA) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) levels were measured in hindlimb-denervated and selectively denervated rat soleus muscles. Selective denervation allowed passive movement of the soleus, whereas hindlimb denervation rendered it to passivity. To minimize chronic effects, we followed the changes only for 2 weeks. Selective denervation resulted in less muscle atrophy, a faster slow-to-fast transition of MyHC isoforms, and less coordinated expressions of the slow vs fast isoforms of MyHC and SERCA. Generally, expression of the slow-twitch type SERCA2a was found to be less dependent, whereas the slow-twitch type MyHC1 was the most dependent on innervation. Our study shows that passive movement is able to ameliorate denervation-induced atrophy of the soleus and that it also accentuates the dyscoordination in the expression of the corresponding slow and fast isoforms of MyHC and SERCA.

Is Manual Physical Therapy Distinct From Physical Therapy Clinical Practice?

To the Editor: We were both surprised and disappointed to learn of the categorical deletion of research involving the use of manual physical therapy from the Philadelphia Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Manual physical therapy is actively practiced in the majority of clinics in the United States and Canada, is part of the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice ,1 is included in the normative model of physical therapist education curriculum, and is a large part of mainstream physical therapist practice. Therefore, it is perplexing that the authors of the Philadelphia Panel reported “one RCT was excluded because manual therapy was used as the comparison intervention.”2(p1681) This statement is notably ambiguous. The exclusion could be due to a categorical bias against manually applied physical therapy. Alternatively, the authors could have been concerned about the inability to separate the effects of passive movement imparted by the treating therapist from the effects of active and passive movement performed by the patient. The first possible explanation is the least acceptable, as bias is no more appropriate in systematic review research than in original research. The second possible explanation is academic hairsplitting that is more likely to foster debate than better patient care. Although attempts to isolate individual effects are desirable in basic research, applied clinical research questions are often better answered by studying realistic clinical treatment regimens. Most of our practice remains undefined thanks to a slavish adherence to the reductionist approach. Physical therapist researchers have labored in vain to tease out the effects …

The Cardiopulmonary effect of passive movement

Eleven articles were reviewed on the cardiopulmonary effects of passive movements. These included two articles on theneurological effects of passive movements. Of the eleven articles, four were considered to have level II evidence in accordance with Sackett’s rules of evidence. There was little consensus regarding the rate or duration of passive movements. There were some suggestions that upper limb movement produces a greater ventilatory response than lower limb movement. There was a statistically significant increase (p&lt; 0.05) in minute ventilation when the movement was done at a rate of 40 repetitions per minute or more, but this change may not be clinically significant. Passive movements were not detrimental to neurosurgical patients with a normal or slightly elevated intracranial pressure, although the values of the intracranial pressure were not stated. The studies were limited in that eight of the eleven had small sample sizes and most studies were conducted using normal subjects. Further studies with higher levels of evidence need to be conducted to verify any results reported to date in the literature. Studies that are relevant to clinical practice also need to be conducted in populations such as sedated intensive care patients.

The effect of lower limb passive movement on lung function

This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.

The Contribution of Provisual Actions to Judgments of form in Depth

An action is ‘provisual’ if it is meant to improve the information that can be obtained through vision. Eye and head movements are the most studied examples, but it is more a general phenomenon, including for example manoeuvring for position. The effect of allowing provisual manipulation was compared with more traditional ways of facilitating perception of form in depth. Stimuli were parallel projections of a square and a rectangle (whose proportions ranged from 1 : 1.1 to 1 : 1.4), both slanted in depth, presented side by side on a computer screen. Nine subjects judged which was which. Information varied along three dimensions: (1) surface type—outline, shaded, and textured; (2) dimensionality—structures were either 2-D, or had a ‘leg’ at each corner (normal to the surface); (3) movement—static, passive (rotary) motion, and provisual (where subjects manoeuvred the objects using a mouse). Surface effects were weak ( p=0.047). Dimensionality had a stronger effect ( p=0.0003). The effect of passive movement was comparable, but provisual manipulation gave much better discrimination, irrespective of surface or dimensionality, reaching a ceiling with rectangle proportions around 1 : 1.3. The subjects' usual strategy was to manoeuvre structures into a roughly frontoparallel position. The judgment is almost trivial in that position, but finding it is an interesting theoretical problem—particularly given the demonstration that it can be achieved from parallel projections of a few coplanar points. A model is being developed based on neural networks capable of learning the probabilities associated with viewpoints and trajectories.

Passive Movement Techniques for Intra-Articular and Periarticular Disorders

Recent studies on the effects of passive movement on the maintenance of nutrition and the repair of articular cartilage are related to pain relief by passive movement treatment techniques. The techniques for patients with severe intra-articular pain are described and compared with treatment techniques for patients with chronic intra-articular pain. The suggested importance of tensional forces in the maintenance of periarticular structures forms the basis for discussion of the passive treatment techniques utilized for patients with pain from ligamentous or capsular damage, or change, in both the recent and the chronic stage.

Effects of passive movement on neurogenic atrophy in rabbit limb muscles

Female albino rabbits were subjected to bilateral sciatic and femoral neurectomy after a training period to accept sling restraint. Three animals were subjected to continuous and four to intermittent passive movement of the left hind limb for 21 days. The course of neurogenic atrophy and the development of limb edema and joint contracture were evaluated by electromyography, morphometric evaluation, and muscle histochemistry. Neurogenic atrophy was altered by the passive movement. The data suggest that the variability of lesser fiber diameter was reduced in type II fibers of the tibialis anterior muscle and type I fibers were unaffected in the soleus muscle. Structural alterations and endomysial fibrosis were greater in the tibialis anterior on the left; the soleus was relatively uninvolved. Fibrillations appeared 3 or more days earlier on the left. Limb edema and joint contractures were effectively prevented by passive movement.

The blocking of the rolandic wicket rhythm and some central changes related to movement

Analysis of the 500 most recent scalp recordings made in the electroencephalographic laboratory at the Rochester (Minnesota) State Hospital has revealed the presence of a rolandic wicket (“en arceau”) rhythm in 18 persons. Passive movements and reflex movements provoked blocking of the wicket rhythm. The interval between the beginning of the movement and the blocking was approximately the same for both types of movement. In comparison with the effect of passive movement, the blocking provoked by reflex movement was shorter and predominated more markedly on the contralateral hemisphere. Blocking of the wicket rhythm was noted also in relation to spontaneous voluntary movements. When these were unilateral the blocking effect involved both central areas, usually the contralateral before the homolateral. The beginning of the contralateral blocking usually preceded the onset of the muscular contraction. Blocking was observed also with movements on command. At first it had the characteristics of a generalized arousal; in succeeding tests it became limited to the wicket rhythm of the rolandic areas. The wicket blocking followed with a fairly constant short delay after the beginning of the spoken order and, depending on the duration of the order, was seen approximately simultaneously with or a varied time before the onset of the muscular contraction. Tactile stimuli also produced bilateral blocking of wicket rhythm, with the stronger effect on the contralateral side. Visual and mental activity were able to provoke some degree of wicket together with alpha blocking in accord with the level of attention required. The mechanisms through which the above stimuli provoke the blocking of the wicket rhythm are discussed.