Effect Of Partial Substitution Research Articles

Effect of partial substitution of refined wheat flour with purple sweet potato flour on the properties and quality of noodles

Noodles are conventionally made with wheat or rice flour, but in order to improve their nutritional content, other crops have been successfully used. Purple sweet potatoes are an important food and phytochemical source world-wide and have the potential for partially substituting wheat or rice in making noodles. The substitution of part of the refined wheat flour in noodles with 5, 10, 15 or 20% of purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) in noodles was, therefore, tested which resulted in them having a darker appearance and an increase its green color. However, these noodles required shorter cooking times, but gave lower cooking yields, had higher cooking loss and a weaker structure in terms of their texture. These noodles also had a slightly increased pH and water activity than noodles made from 100% refined wheat flour as well as increased levels of fat, ash, carbohydrate, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity but reduced protein levels and moisture content. From the sensory evaluation panel, the addition of purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) to the flour had no significant effects on the color, taste and overall acceptability of the cooked noodles, although there was a significant indication (p>0.05) that the odor increased, elasticity, softness and smoothness all decreased with increasing substation of the refined wheat flour with purple sweet potato flour (PSPF). The sensory evaluation panel detected no significant differences (p>0.05) in the appearance of the noodles whatever the level of substation. In terms of microbial contamination, these noodles complied with Thai standards for microbiological regulations. The noodles preserved acceptable quality for at least 9 days of storage in refrigerator at 4±2oC. Overall, it was concluded that enhancing the noodles by substituting 20% of the refined wheat flour with purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) would be acceptable to consumers, but would also improve their nutritional content. Key words: Anthocyanin, Antioxidant activity, Purple sweet potato flour, Noodle, Sensory acceptability

Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with biogas slurry on nitrous oxide emissions and the related nitrifier and denitrifier in a saline–alkali soil

Returning to cropland of the biogas slurry (BS) from mixed anaerobic fermentation of distiller’s grain and pig manure may hold the notable potential to reduce N 2 O emissions and enhance soil biological activity. However, the mechanism driven by nitrifier and denitrifier remains unclear. Here we conducted a pot experiment with biogas slurry substitution for chemical fertilizer (CF) to investigate the combined impacts of BS and CF on N 2 O emissions and nitrifier and denitrifier communities. Four treatments were established: CK (no BS application); T1 (158 kg N ha −1 from BS); T3 (126 kg N ha −1 from BS); T6 (79 kg N ha −1 from BS). This study showed that cumulative N 2 O emissions were significantly reduced by 54.0%–36.0% in BS compared to the only chemical fertilizer application ( p < 0.05). Biogas slurry partially substituted for CF decreased the AOB- amoA , nirK and nirS copies by 28.4–74.4%. The lower AOB- amoA and nirS may be the key factors for lower N 2 O emissions in BS treatments. Soil NO 3 − N and C/N were the most important soil properties affecting N 2 O emission analyzed by random forest analysis. The application of BS also weakened the soil salt stress in N cycling processes as the Shannon of nirS and nosZ type denitrifiers increased with the reduction of SSC ( p < 0.05). These findings provided novel insights into how biogas slurry reduces N 2 O emissions and modulates its pathways in saline–alkali soil. Biogas slurry partially substituted for chemical fertilizers will be a reasonable practice to return biogas slurry to the field. • Biogas slurry partially substituted the chemical fertilizers decreased N 2 O emissions. • The AOB- amoA and nirS were key genes for lower N 2 O emissions. • Soil C/N and NO 3 - -N were the main environmental factor affecting N 2 O emissions. • Biogas slurry weakened the stress pressure of soil salt on N cycling processes.

DUI it yourself: Innovation and activities to promote learning by doing, using, and interacting within the firm

ABSTRACT Implicitly or explicitly, much innovation policy treats investments in research and development (R&D) as the main input to innovation. A large body of literature in innovation studies has challenged this, highlighting the role of external sources of innovation and of innovation based on learning by doing, using and interacting (DUI). Nonetheless, there has been limited empirical research on how firm-internal activities to promote DUI affect innovation, and on how important such activities are relative to internal R&D and to external sources of knowledge. We also know little about how internal DUI activities interact with internal R&D and with external knowledge sourcing. We address these gaps using Norwegian Community Innovation Survey data from 2010. We find that internal DUI is an important driver of new-to-market product innovation. Further, the results show partial substitution effects between internal DUI and internal R&D, as well as between internal DUI and external DUI.

Efecto de la sustitución parcial de Cr con Co sobre la capacidad de formación de vidrio, propiedades mecánicas y magnéticas en vidrios metálicos a granel Fe48Mo14Cr15-xCoxB6P8Si7Y2

Fe-based BMGs are well known for its attractive combination of structural, magnetic and corrosion properties. These alloys are widely used in industry because of low price and good glass forming ability (GFA). In this paper, the effect of partial substitution of Cr with Co on GFA, mechanical and magnetic properties of Fe48Mo14Cr15-xCoxB6P8Si7Y2 bulk metallic glasses was studied. The samples were prepared by copper mold casting technique in rod form. The elaborated alloys were structurally investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the mechanical properties were investigated by compressive and nanoindentation tests. Also, the magnetic properties were investigated. The GFA was estimated by several criterion or parameters (reduced transition temperature Trg, ΔTx, α, β, γ and δ parameters). It was found that the addition of Co instead of Cr leads to a slight increase of the glass forming ability of Fe-Mo-Cr-B-P-Si-Y family. Also, an increase in magnetic properties, hardness, elastic modulus and compressive strength has been noted.

Partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal supplemented with inulin and oligofructose in the diet of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca): Effect on growth and health status

The present study investigated the effect of partial substitution of soybean meal (SM) for fish meal (FM) with or without addition of inulin and oligofructose in pikeperch feed. A diet containing FM was considered as the basal diet, and then three other diets were prepared by: 1) replacing 50% of FM with SM (SM50), 2) replacing 50% of FM with SM and supplementation of 2% inulin (SMI50), and 3) replacing 50% of FM with SM and supplementation of 2% oligofructose (SMO50). Each diet was fed twice daily to triplicate groups of fish (36.68 ± 0.36 g) for eight weeks. The group fed SMO50 showed the highest weight gain (WG; 85.85 ± 4.46%) among the groups fed SM, with no significant difference from the FM group (79.74 ± 2.04%; p &amp;gt; 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant differences among fish fed SMI50 (0.81 ± 0.07%), SMO50 (1.01 ± 0.09%) and FM (1.05 ± 0.02%). However, a lower SGR (0.69 ± 0.09%) was observed in the SM50 group without the supplementation of 2% inulin or oligofructose compared to the group fed FM (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The groups fed SMI50 and SMO50 showed no significant difference in FCR (1.23 ± 0.10; 0.91 ± 0.05, respectively) compared to the group fed FM (0.97 ± 0.04). While, a significant difference in FCR was found between the SM50-fed group without supplementation of inulin or oligofructose (1.50 ± 0.13) and the group fed FM (0.97 ± 0.04). Survival rate and whole-body composition showed no significant difference among all groups (p &amp;gt; 0.05). A significant decrease in serum total cholesterol concentration was observed in the SMO50 group (2.10 ± 0.29 mmole L-1) compared to the FM-fed group (3.33 ± 0.33 mmole L-1). Serum triglyceride showed a significant decrease in the groups fed SMI50 (0.98 ± 0.17 mmole L-1) compared to the group fed SMO50 (1.93 ± 0.24 mmole L-1). The concentrations of other serum biochemical parameters (total protein, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Among all innate immunity and antioxidant parameters, only the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of SM50-fed fish (4.25 ± 0.7 nmole mL−1) was significantly lower than in the FM-fed group (with the highest MDA concentration; 25.17 ± 3.13 nmole mL−1). Serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were not significantly affected by the feeding (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Serum D-lactate concentration was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (p &amp;gt; 0.05). No significant differences were found in the relative expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, GHR genes among the studied groups (p&amp;gt; 0.05). The results of the present study show that 50% replacement of FM with SM supplemented with a small amount of oligofructose (2% of dry matter) does not compromise the growth performance or the immune system of pikeperch. This substitution is feasible and provides a reference for cost-optimized design of feed formulation for pikeperch.

Effects of partial substitution of Co by Ni on structural and transport properties of TiCoSb-based half-Heusler compound

Correlation amid structural and transport properties of TiCo(1−x)Ni x Sb, (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) alloy have been investigated. Samples have been synthesized by solid state reaction method, followed by arc-melting. Minute amount of CoTi embedded phase has been revealed by in-depth structural characterization using Rietveld refinement. Unit cell volume decreases with increasing Ni in TiCo(1−x)Ni x Sb, indicate sucessful substitution. Lattice strain, crystalline size and dislocation density have been estimated from x-ray diffraction data. Temperature dependent resistivity (ρ(T)) measurements have been carried out down to 10 K. Transition from metallic to semiconducting behavior is observed in ρ(T) data for x=0.00, 0.02. ρ(T) for x=0.04 and 0.06 show metallic nature. Plausible explanation have been provided on the basis of position of Fermi surface and embedded phases.

Nutritional, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and oxidative stability properties of turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) supplemented muffins

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a well-consumed tropical spice with many biological roles in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution (2.5%, 5% and 10%) of wheat flour with turmeric flour (TF) on the nutritional, antioxidant, antidiabetic and oxidative stability of the muffins. The substitution led to significant (p < 0.05) increases in the bioactive components, antioxidant and inhibitory properties of the muffins against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Also, there was significant (p < 0.05) increase in the ash content from 3.18 to 5.87 g/100g and fibre content from 2.11 to 2.48 g/100g of the TF-substituted muffins. There was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in estimated glycemic index from 51.68 to 46.30 and in vitro starch digestibility from 55.60 to 49.07 of the muffins which was corresponding to the amount of TF inclusion. Oxidative stability was also enhanced in muffins produced from wheat-turmeric flour blends. Therefore, turmeric flour could serve as functional and preservative ingredients in baking of muffins for the people suffering from diabetes mellitus.

Effects of partial substitution of calcium alumino-titanate on the properties and microstructure of mullite–cordierite composites

In order to realize the recycling of calcium alumino-titanate (CAT, a solid waste), the effect of small amounts (3–9% weight ratio) of CAT on the sintering properties of the mullite–cordierite system was investigated. The thermal-shock stability, volume stability, and mechanical properties of samples with different amounts of CAT were characterized and tested. The influence of CAT on the phase composition and microstructure of the mullite–cordierite system was also deduced from thermodynamic calculations. Experimental results, which agreed with the calculations, demonstrate that CAT could promote the close combination and aggregation of matrix materials, thus strengthening the consolidation process and enhancing desirable properties.

Improved offspring performance of broiler breeder hens fed amino acid complexed trace minerals

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of inorganic trace minerals ( ITM ) by amino acid complexed minerals ( AACM ) on broiler breeder hens’ performance and offspring. A total of 640 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens, 22 wk of age, were allocated to four dietary treatments: T1- (Control) contained ITM forms of Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe and Se at 100, 100, 10, 50 and 0.30 ppm, respectively; T2- (Partial replacement) of Control by AACM Zn, Mn, Cu, and Se at 60, 60, 3, and 0.15 ppm of ITM, and 40, 40, 7, and 0.15 ppm of AACM, respectively.; T3- (Partial replacement) of Control, same as T2 but with Fe at 10 and 40 ppm of ITM and AACM, respectively; T4- (On Top) supplementation of Zn, Mn, Cu, Se and Fe (T1+T3). Laying production was evaluated from 26 to 66 wk, whereas egg quality was evaluated at 35, 45, 55, and 65 wk of age. At each period, eggs were incubated and evaluated for hatchability parameters and chick quality. At 66 wk of age, eggs were incubated to obtain 800-day-old male chicks for the progeny performance trial. Total and settable egg production and incubation parameters were not affected by supplementation treatments (P > 0.05). Eggshell breaking strength significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the On Top supplementation group compared to the Control. The offspring from hens fed partially Zn, Mn, Cu, Se and Fe AACM had higher body weight gain ( BWG ) in the first week (P < 0.05) and maintained a smaller feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) from 1 to 35 d compared to the offspring of Control ITM group (P < 0.05). Maternal AACM supplementation increased offspring BWG and FCR from 1 to 7 d and 1 to 35 d, respectively.

Effects of partial substitution of Cu by Mn and Co in LaCu0.5Ni0.5O3 catalyst synthesized by mechanochemical method in the total oxidation of methane

Effects of partial substitution of Cu by Mn and Co in LaCu0.5Ni0.5O3 catalyst synthesized by mechanochemical method in the total oxidation of methane

Effect of Partial Substitution of Flour with Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder on Dough and Biscuit Properties.

Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a type of edible insect rich in protein that has become popular as a protein-alternative ingredient in flour-based products to improve the nutritional properties of baking products. The mealworm powder substitution affected the pasting, farinograph, extensograph properties of wheat flour and the texture, nutritional, and sensory properties of the resulting soda biscuit. The pasting parameters (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity) and the water absorption decreased with the increased mealworm powder substitution level, which was ascribed to the dilution effect of mealworm powder. The farinograph parameters remained similar up to 15% substitution level. The extensograph results showed that mealworm powder substitution decreased the elastic properties of wheat dough as indicated by the consistently decreased extensibility, stretching energy, and stretching resistance, resulting in a significantly decreased baking expansion ratio of the soda biscuit. The protein, lipid, and dietary fiber content of the biscuits increased accordingly with the increased mealworm powder substitution level. The protein content of the soda biscuit was gradually increased from 9.13/100 g for the control (M0) to 16.0/100 g for that supplemented with 20% mealworm powder (M20), accompanied with the significantly increased essential amino acid content. Meanwhile, the fat and dietary fiber content of M20 exhibited 20.5 and 21.7% increase compared to those of M0. The score of the sensory attributes showed no significant difference up to 15% substitution level. The results demonstrated the 15% mealworm powder substitution level would not significantly affect the farinograph property, microstructure of wheat dough, and sensory acceptability.

The Effect of Partial Substitution of Beef Tallow on Selected Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and PAH Content of Grilled Beef Burgers.

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of partial replacement of beef tallow with sunflower, canola, linseed, olive oil and milk fat on physical properties, oxidation stability, fatty acid profile and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) content of beef burgers. Studies have shown a strong relationship between the fatty acid profile and the PAH content (especially of the heavy PAHs). The partial replacement of beef tallow with oils and milk fat (MF) contributed to a change in the fatty acid profile and a reduction in the hardness of the burgers. The highest PAH content was found in samples with canola oil (CO), which had the highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and in the control group (CON) without fat substitution, which had the highest levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans conformations. Substitution of animal fat with vegetable oils contributed to a change in the color of the burgers’ surface, as there was a statistically significant increase in the L* color component and a decrease in the a* component. The burgers with canola oil (CO) and linseed oil (LO) were the most susceptible to oxidation, whereas the burgers with reduced fat content (CON_LOW FAT) were the most stable in terms of oxidation, where the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 32.8% lower compared with the control group (CON). The studies confirm that partial replacement of beef tallow with vegetable oils and milk fat and reduction in fat content in burgers to be grilled can be an effective way to change their fatty acid profile and reduce the cyclization reaction of organic compounds leading to the formation of PAH. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that there is a relationship between fatty acid profile and the presence of selected PAHs in grilled beef burgers. The results of this study indicate that replacing beef tallow with vegetable oils is a promising approach in designing meat products with controlled PAH content.

Insight into the driving force of environmental performance improvement: Environmental regulation or media coverage

The 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) reached a package of agreements, announcing the start of a new journey in the global response to climate change. China has always been determined to implement its climate goals and has placed environmental issues in a prominent position of national governance. The promulgation of the 14th Five-Year Pla n has put forward further requirements for China's ecological civilization construction. Using the data of listed companies from 2013 to 2017, this article explores the impact mechanism of environmental regulations and media coverage on corporate environmental performance from the perspective of formal and informal institutions. The results demonstrate that command-based environmental regulations have a positive impact on corporate environmental performance, while the impact of market-based environmental regulations is relatively weak. The media coverage has broad and deep effects on corporate environmental practices, regardless of the medium or tone. In addition, it is proven that media coverage and environmental regulations have a partial substitution effect. These findings indicate that the joint efforts of the government, media and enterprises are indispensable. It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of environmental regulations, give full play to the media and enhance the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in environmental protection. • The link between command-based environmental regulation and corporate environmental performance is linear and positive. • The media coverage has broad and deep effects on corporate environmental practices, regardless of the medium or tone. • Identify the interaction effect between environmental regulation and media coverage.

Effect of partial substitution of cement with Dolomite powder on Glass-Fiber-Reinforced mortar

Glass fibers are susceptible to corrosion in alkaline environments, which reduces the strength and durability of Glass-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (GFRCs) and limits their application. In this study, the possibility of recycling waste dolomite powder (DP) and improving the mechanical properties and durability of glass-fiber-reinforced mortar (GFRM) by substituting a certain amount of cement with DP was investigated. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the DP content (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the fluidity, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption rate, drying shrinkage, and microstructure of GFRM. The results showed that adding DP in GFRM improved fluidity, the long-term strength and durability of GFRM, and reduced the chloride ion electric flux, the alkalinity of the pore solution and drying shrinkage of GFRM, and protected the glass fibers against corrosion by calcium hydroxide solution. The optimal DP content was 10%. Incorporating DP in GFRCs is conducive to improving the performance of GFRCs, recycling waste DP and environmental friendliness by reducing cement consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.

Effect of partial substitution of wheat flour by quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) flours on dough and bread quality.

Bread is the main important food product worldwide. In this study, eleven bread formulations were developed by partial substitution of wheat flour with quinoa and tarwi flours, to evaluate the effect on the rheological and pasting properties of mixtures, as well as on the physicochemical and textural properties of the final product. Partial substitution with quinoa flour generated similar thermomechanical and textural properties in the dough, and similar bread technological characteristics related to the control bread (100% wheat). In the case of tarwi, the increase in the concentration of this legume showed a negative effect on the bread quality parameters (specific volume, crumb porosity, textural properties, etc.). A negative technological impact of high percentages of wheat flour substitution by the mixture of both Andean flours was found, but it was contrasted with a positive effect on nutritional quality, particularly evidenced by a high content of proteins and dietary fiber. An optimal formulation considering technological and nutritional quality was obtained, presenting the maximum analyzed substitution level (13.35% quinoa flour and 6.65% tarwi flour). This study showed that these Andean grains are suitable for developing bread of good technological quality and improved nutritional profile, adding value to these underused ancestral flours.

Effect of partial substitution with precooked rice and amaranth flours on the technological and nutritional characteristics of bread.

Developing innovative products by rescuing ancestral raw materials with high nutritional value is a challenge for researchers; the objective of this research was to develop breads with high nutritional quality by partially substituting wheat flour with precooked amaranth and brown rice flour. To establish the formulations, the Design Expert Ver 8.0 software was used; the substitution levels cover a range from 5% to 30%; the sponge method was used because it offers better crumb quality. Bread quality was analyzed in terms of chemical composition, specific bread volume, width/height ratio of the central slice, crumb structure and firmness, and sensory analysis. Starch thermal properties were studied in terms of starch hydration properties. The incorporation of the flour blend increased protein, lipid, fiber, ash and myoinositol phosphate contents. The best mixture contains 20% amaranth and 10% brown rice, the bread obtained has a soluble/insoluble fiber ratio close to 1:2, which presents the most effective physiological action and has a protein content that could cover the protein requirement in adults.

Effect of MnO content on the crystallization, physicochemical and dielectric properties of mica glass-ceramics

This paper has concentrated on the effect of partial substitution of MnO for MgO on the crystallization, physicochemical and dielectric properties of mica glass-ceramics. The results showed that MnO acted as a network modifier to diminish the network integrity. Fluorphlogopite (KMg3(Si3AlO10) F2) phase, as the dominant crystal phase, suggested that Mn2+ ions did not participate in forming the mica phase. The crystallinity achieved the maximum (67.96%) at a MnO doping of 4 mol%. From SEM images, the conclusion that appropriate MnO doping could promote the formation of nuclei and refine the grains can be obtained. When the doping of MnO was 4 mol%, the Vickers hardness (4.59 GPa) of mica glass-ceramics was the lowest, while the bending strength (136.84 MPa) and chemical stability reached the best. The dielectric constant was about 7–8 at 1 MHz, and the dielectric loss remained relatively low.

Behavior of reactive powder concrete containing recycled glass powder reinforced by steel fiber

AbstractEnvironmental sustainability is described as one that avoids the depletion or deterioration of natural resources, while also allowing for the preservation of long-term environmental quality. By practicing environmental sustainability, we may assist to guarantee that the requirements of today’s population are satisfied without risking the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs in the future. Engineers in the field of concrete production are becoming increasingly interested in sustainable development, which includes the utilization of the locally available materials in addition to using the agricultural and industrial waste in construction industry as one of the possible solutions to the environmental and economic issues. This study investigated the effect of partial substitution of cement with recycled glass powder (0, 15, 20, and 25%) by weight of cement at various ages (on compressive strength) after determining the optimal ratio of replacement. This optimal ratio is used to study its effect on some mechanical properties (such as flexural strength, absorption, and dry density) of reactive powder concrete containing 1% micro steel fiber (SRPC), and furthermore, utilizing steam curing for 5 h at 90°C after hardening the sample directly. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) has been designed with the use of the local cement, silica fume, and super plasticizer with a water/cement ratio of 0.20 in order to achieve a compressive strength of 137.09 MPa at the age of 28 days. When recycled glass powder replacement (20%) was utilized, the findings revealed that the compressive strength of RPC improved by 4.2%, the flexural strength increased by 15.3%, the dry density increased by 0.61%, and the absorption was reduced by 32% at 28 days after the test results were compared to the reference mix.

Two-Step Thermochemical CO2 Splitting Using Partially-Substituted Perovskite Oxides of La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.9X0.1O3 for Solar Fuel Production

We investigated, herein, the redox activity of partial substitution of the B-site in a series of lanthanum/strontium-manganese-based (LSM) perovskite oxide, La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.9X0.1O3 for solar two-step thermochemical fuel production using concentrated solar radiation as an energy source. We systematically investigated the effects of partial substitution in LaSrMnO3 in terms of their kinetics behavior, oxygen/CO productivity, thermal reduction/oxidation temperatures. Furthermore, repeatability was evaluated and compared among the samples prepared using the same procedure and studied using the same test method. We observed and evaluated the long-term thermal stability of the redox activity and valence variation of the constituting ionic species of the perovskite in the two-step thermochemical CO2 splitting. From the perspectives of superior activity and long-term repeatability, Ni-, Co-, and Mg-substituted LSM perovskites are promising for thermochemical two-step CO2/H2O splitting to produce synthetic gas.

The effect of partial substitution of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the relative growth performance and incidence of scours in piglets

The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as a scour prophylaxis and on growth parameters of piglets was evaluated. A total of 168 piglets from 15 litters were cross fostered and randomly assigned to three dietary treatments; 0% MOLM (control diet), 4.5% MOLM and 8% MOLM inclusion test diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) and faecal viscosity (FV) were measured. The effect of MOLM inclusion level on FCR, ADG, BW, ADFI and FV was analysed using PROC GLM of SAS. Dietary inclusion of 4.5% MOLM significantly reduced the ADFI of piglets when compared to 0% MOLM, however 8% MOLM had higher ADFI than either 0% or 4.5% MOLM inclusion. There was no effect of MOLM dietary inclusion on ADG; however 8% MOLM dietary inclusion had a higher FCR when compared to 0% or 4.5% MOLM. Piglets in control treatment (0% MOLM) had more incidence of scours than 8% MOLM diet and did not differ from 4.5% MOLM. There was no effect in faecal viscosity between 4.5% and 8% MOLM diets. MOLM dietary inclusion significantly reduced the cost per kilogram weight gain. It was concluded that MOLM can replace soya bean meal up to 4.5% in piglet creep diets.