Effect Of Partial Substitution Research Articles

Effects of Fungus (Aspergillus niger) Treated Castor seed Cake on the Performance and Egg Quality of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Castor seed cake (CSC) has been recognized as a potential protein source for livestock due to its high Protein and amino acids profile. However, the cake contains some anti-nutrients and toxic compounds that may prevent its full utilization in Livestock feed. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of partial substitution of Groundnut cake with Fungus (Aspergillus niger) treated Castor seed cake (FCSC) on performance characteristics, egg quality and biochemical blood parameters of Japanese quail. Seventy-two quail chicks used for this experiment were subjected to three dietary treatments: Control diet (A, 0% FCSC), B (30% FCSC) and C (60% FCSC).

Masterly substitution of plant proteins can achieve acceptable sensory and nutritional attributes in meat-reduced surimi gel

Mixing surimi/plant proteins to reduce animal proteins is considered as an effective way to improve the sustainable production of surimi-based products. The effect of partial substitution (10%∼50%, plant proteins/surimi proteins ratio) of surimi proteins by plant proteins (wheat protein, soybean protein, rice protein, and pea protein) on the properties of the composite gels were investigated. The replacement caused the reductions in gel strength and whiteness. There was a slight increase in water holding capacity (WHC) of mixed gels made from soy or pea protein, but decrease in the cereal protein group. E-nose investigations revealed that the reactions to the W5S and W1W sensors caused the scent profiles to shift dramatically as the replacement amount increased. Organoleptic inspection revealed the substitution ratios of wheat protein, soy protein, rice protein, and pea protein to achieve the sensorial rejection were 30%, 40%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. LF-NMR and MRI showed the cereal proteins increased the T22 relaxation time, while the legume proteins caused a reduction. The mixed gels contained all the essential amino acid, and the digestibility in the wheat protein groups was the highest. These results proved an elaborate formulation can achieve balanced sensory and nutritional attributes in surimi gelled foods.

Kajian Setting Time dan Permeabilitas pada Beton Variasi Limbah Granit Sebagai Subtitusi Parsial Agregat Kasar

Currently, infrastructure development is a priority of the Indonesian government which aims to improve the quality of life of the community and equitable distribution of infrastructure development. The need for concrete material as a construction material also increases in line with the increase in infrastructure development. The use of recycled aggregate materials, especially granite waste, is a promising option in sustainable infrastructure development. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of partial substitution of coarse aggregates using granite waste variations on the binding time and permeability of concrete. Experimental method was chosen in this research. The levels of granite waste used were 0%; 15%; 30%; and 45% by weight of coarse aggregate or gravel. The test specimens used for the concrete bond time study were fresh concrete poured into cube molds measuring 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm with a minimum height of 15 cm. Testing concrete bond time using a penetrometer tool. The test specimen for concrete permeability is a cube measuring 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm, totaling 12 pieces and tested with a Permeability Test Apparatus (Water Permeabilty Apparatus).The results showed that partial substitution of coarse aggregate with granite waste variation did not affect the setting time of concrete up to a certain level. Based on the results of the research conducted, the initial setting time and final setting time values of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% granite content variations fluctuate and the coefficient of determination (R2) value in linear regression is only 0.5 and 0.3. Partial replacement of coarse aggregate with granite waste has an effect on the impermeability of concrete which meets the requirements for medium aggressive impermeable concrete. Water pressure of 5 kg/cm2 for 72 hours applied to the concrete partial replacement of coarse aggregate with granite waste variation resulted in permeability coefficient values of 4.11 x 10-12 cm/s; 3.48 x 10-12 cm/s; 2.17 x 10-12 cm/s; and 3.25 x 10-12 cm/s. The minimum coefficient value of concrete with partial substitution of coarse aggregate with granite waste is obtained at 30% by weight of coarse aggregate. Granite, whose specific gravity is greater than gravel, produces denser and more water-resistant concrete.

Nutritional Evaluation of Short-horned Grasshopper (Oxya hyla hyla Serville) as a Substitute for Soybean Meal in Compound Diets of Rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton)

The growth effects of partial substitution of soybean meal for grasshopper meal (Oxya hyla hyla) in compound diets of Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) were evaluated for 75 days at the aquaculture research center in IAAS, Paklihawa Campus with 16 meshed cages of 1 m3 size, stocked with 12 fingerlings. Completely Randomized Design was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments included the incremental substitution of Soybean meal (SM) for Grasshopper meal (GM) as 0% GM, 10% GM, 20% GM and 30% GM. Feeding rates were adjusted every month based on observed body weight. Fish parameters were observed at 16, 27, 45, 60 and 75 days after stocking, whereas, the physical water parameters were observed daily. During the study period, the recorded mean water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and survivorship were 19°C, 8.2, 6.4 mg/L and 64.6% respectively. Average growth rate, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, daily weight gain and protein efficiency ratio showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among the treatments. The Feed Conversion Ratio of 20% GM and 30% GM were statistically similar and superior to 0% GM and 10% GM as well. To sum up, we did not have enough evidence to prove the superiority of grasshopper meal incorporated diet on rohu, perhaps because of a lower feed efficiency.

Effect of Partial Substitution of the Crude Protein of the Concentrated Feed Mixture with Moringa oleifera Leaves on Growth Performance and Some Blood Constituents of Growing Lambs

Effect of Partial Substitution of the Crude Protein of the Concentrated Feed Mixture with Moringa oleifera Leaves on Growth Performance and Some Blood Constituents of Growing Lambs

K-Doping Suppresses Oxygen Redox in P2-Na0.67Ni0.11Cu0.22Mn0.67O2 Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

In P2-type layered oxide cathodes, Na site-regulation strategies are proposed to modulate the Na+ distribution and structural stability. However, their impact on the oxygen redox reactions remains poorly understood. Herein, the incorporation of K+ in the Na layer of Na0.67Ni0.11Cu0.22Mn0.67O2 is successfully applied. The effects of partial substitution of Na+ with K+ on electrochemical properties, structural stability, and oxygen redox reactions have been extensively studied. Improved Na+ diffusion kinetics of the cathode is observed from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and rate performance. The valence states and local structural environment of the transition metals (TMs) are elucidated via operando synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). It is revealed that the TMO2 slabs tend to be strengthened by K-doping, which efficiently facilitates reversible local structural change. Operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) further confirms more reversible phase changes during the charge/discharge for the cathode after K-doping. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that oxygen redox reaction in Na0.62K0.03Ni0.11Cu0.22Mn0.67O2 cathode has been remarkably suppressed as the nonbonding O 2p states shift down in the energy. This is further corroborated experimentally by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy, ultimately proving the role of K+ incorporated in the Na layer.

Effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with freeze-dried olive pomace on the technological, nutritional, and sensory properties of bread

In the last years, olive pomace, a by-product of olive oil extraction, has shown great interest. The work aims to valorize the olive pomace of two Sardinian olive cultivars, Bosana and Semidana, by incorporating them into the formulation of functional baked products to improve their nutritional value. The freeze-dried pomace of the two varieties has been used to substitute the type 00 flour in percentages of 1, 2, and 3% (w/w). The olive pomace was characterized by macro-composition analysis, while the bread samples were characterized for their proximate, physical, technological, sensory characteristics and shelf life. The specific volume of fortified samples decreased significantly compared to the control, while antioxidant activity, and nutritional parameters were significantly improved using olive pomace. Moreover, fortified samples showed a reduction of browning and whiteness indices with respect to control. Textural profile analysis showed a firmer product, compared to the control, with higher levels of olive pomace which also positively affected the cell size distribution in the crumb. Sensorially, consumers were mostly appealed by the 1% levels of substitution of olive pomace, in particular that of the Bosana. Hardness of all samples increased significantly along 7 days of storage thus resulting in a shelf life of less than 3 days. Therefore, it can be concluded that the incorporation of olive pomace, especially at low levels (1%), into white bread significantly improves the nutritional and sensorial quality of bread without significantly affecting its technological properties.

Investigation of BSCCO Superconductors with Ga Substitution by Solid State Method

Samples of (Bi2-xGax)Sr2CaCu2O2 superconductors with varying Ga substitution levels (x=0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.20) were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. The effects of partial substitution of bismuth and gallium elements on the BSCCO structure were investigated in terms of their electrical, magnetic, structural, and mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the crystalline phases, and samples A and B exhibited sharp peaks, indicating well-crystallized material with no Ga2O3 phase. SEM images were used to obtain microscopic views of all samples, and the elemental compositions of each element were determined from EDX spectra. The critical temperature was calculated from R-t measurements, and Sample A exhibited the highest Tc at 96K. Magnetic properties were investigated for all samples, including magnetic hysteresis behavior and magnetic moment. The critical current density (Jc) values were calculated using the Bean model by utilizing magnetic hysteresis.

Optimizing doping thresholds for enhanced scintillation in 2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites

Two-dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (2D-HOIP) crystals, in particular lead-bromide perovskites, exhibit great promise as scintillators due to their superior environmental stability compared to their 3D counterparts, offering high light yields and rapid decay times. These cost-effective, solution-processable materials demonstrate potential for efficient wide-energy radiation detection. In this paper we focus on investigating the effect of partial substitution of n-butylammonium (BA) cation with tert-butylammonium (t-Bu) cation within the butylammonium lead bromide (BA2-xtBuxPbBr4) structure and its impact on luminescence and scintillation properties. We observe that inclusion up to 5 % of t-Bu (x = 0.1) within the structure leads to a narrowing of the bandgap, leading also to an improvement of the light yield by 10 % and lowering of the energy resolution, compared to pristine BA2PbBr4. The bandgap widens, compared to pristine BA2PbBr4, with higher concentrations above 5 %, resulting in effects for the scintillating properties of the 2D-HOIP at room temperature at t-Bu concentrations above 5 %, with reduced light yield and broadened energy resolution. Higher t-Bu concentration (x = 0.4) show very poor room temperature scintillation but increased efficiency at cryogenic temperatures below 50 K. The results shown in this paper demonstrate the fundamental limitation of organic cation mixing levels for scintillation efficiency enhancement.

Effect of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl on aggregation behavior and gel properties of beef myosin

Based on the three typical gels under KCl substitution groups, the effect of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl (groups: T 1:0.6 M NaCl; T 2: 0.3 M NaCl +0.3 M KCl; T 3: 0.2 M NaCl +0.4 M KCl; T 4:0.6 M KCl) on the aggregation behavior and gel characteristics of myosin was evaluated. The significant changes in hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content (P < 0.05) indicate KCl substitution enhances myosin aggregation through hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds. According to Ca2+-ATP, scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and the rheological results, T2 had a smoother network structure at about 75 °C. Noticeably, T3 had high water holding capacity (WHC), but its gel had some visible cavities. T4 had a gel structure with several irregular aggregates due to a greater aggregation rate. Thus, appropriate partial substitution of NaCl by KCl could enhance beef myosin gel properties and heat-induced aggregation behavior

Impact of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Cottonseed Meal with Iron Sulfate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diet

Aquatic meals participate in food security and nutrition. The economic dimension greatly influences the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with ferrous sulfate (FS) on the growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. One hundred and fifty Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were split equally into five group (triplicated). Each group was fed one of the following isonitrogenous isolipid diet; diet1 (0% CSM), diet2 (20% CSM), Diets3 (20% CSM with 580 mg/kg (FS), diet4 (50% CSM), and diet5 (50% CSM with 580 mg/kg FS) of total protein for two months. In comparison to the control group, Statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) improvements in growth performance, hemogram, and leukogram, as well as, the levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, MDA, and GSH-px were observed in the third treatment . Histopathologically, it showed the highest values of villus height, width, and surface absorption area with normal architecture and cellular details. On the other hand, fish fed diet4 had the lowest growth rat with microcytic normochromic anemia and decreased villus height and width. The groups that fed CSM showed lower cholesterol levels. In conclusion, CSM inclusion with FS supplementation enhanced growth and health parameters.

Effect of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Fertilizers on N2O and NO Emissions from a Peach Orchard

Organic fertilizer substitution has been promoted as a weight loss, efficient, and diversified fertilizer substitution technology in agricultural production. However, there is a lack of comprehensive assessment of the impact of organic fertilizers on N2O and NO emissions from orchards. In this study, N2O and NO emissions from peach orchards were observed annually using static dark box-gas chromatography to compare the effects of chemical fertilizer application alone and partial replacement of chemical fertilizer treatment on NO emissions from peach orchards. The results showed that the partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers reduced the total N2O and NO emissions from peach orchards by 15.0 % and 9.4 %, respectively. The N2O and NO emission factors were reduced by 21.3 % and 21.1 %. The mineral N content of the soil in the organic fertilizer treatment was lower than that in the chemical fertilizer treatment alone. The organic fertilizer treatment increased the contribution of AOA to nitrification and decreased the contribution of AOB, thus reducing N2O and NO from nitrification. In addition, the results of the dual isotope mixing model[δ18O(N2O/H2O) vs. δ15NSP] indicated that the bacterial denitrification/nitrifying bacterial denitrification (bD/nD) process served as the primary pathway for N2O emissions in peach orchards. Partial substitution with organic fertilizers enhanced soil denitrification, resulting in larger reductions in the amounts of N2O and NO. Therefore, partial substitution of organic fertilizer is a viable measure to mitigate nitrogen oxide emissions from orchards and to achieve green and low-carbon development in agriculture.

Effect of partial substitution of K2O by MgO on the structure, and thermal, physical, optical properties and crystallization behaviour of K2O–MgO–B2O3–P2O5 glasses

In this work, a series of K2O–MgO–B2O3–P2O5 (KMBP) glasses were prepared by the melt-quenching method and the glass-ceramics were prepared by the one-step heat treatment. The thermal, structural, physical and optical properties, as well as the crystallization behaviour of the KMBP system, were investigated in detail using characterization techniques such as DSC, XRD, SEM, FTIR, transmittance spectroscopy and microhardness. As indicated by DSC, the thermostability and glass-forming ability were gradually enhanced through the partial substitution of K2O by MgO. XRD showed that the main crystalline phases of the glass-ceramics (GC) were gradually converted from the P–Mg–K–O based crystalline phases to the P–Mg–O based and the P–Al–O based crystalline phases. The SEM results indicated that tiny grain-like crystals were successfully precipitated from the parent glasses after heat treatment. The deconvoluted FTIR spectra results showed a gradual conversion of the [BO3] and [PO3] units towards the [BO4] and [PO4] units with the increase of the MgO contents. The increase in the degree of glass network polymerization was the essential reason for the increment in the microhardness of the parent glasses. The microhardness of GC featured a trend concordant with the crystallinity of the crystalline phases. The values of metallization criteria (MC) between 0.34 and 0.45, as well as the higher values of third-order nonlinear polarizability (χ(3)) and nonlinear refractive index (nnl) are indicative of the good suitability of the KMBP glasses for the nonlinear optical applications.

Performance of concrete containing waste demolished concrete powder as a partial substitute for cement

PurposePresent work deals with the partial substitution of cement by waste demolished concrete powder (WDP) for reducing the carbon footprints of concrete.Design/methodology/approachControl specimens and the specimens with 20% WDP as fractional substitute of cement were prepared. The waste powder was thermally activated at 825 °C prior to its use in the mix. The prepared specimens were evaluated in terms of density, workability, mechanical strength, Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer (RH).FindingsThe results showed that with the substitution, the workability of the mix increased, while the density decreased. A decrement within a 20% limit was found in compressive strength. The UPV and RH results were closely linked to the other results as mentioned above.Research limitations/implicationsThe study deals with only M15 concrete and the substitution level of only 20% as a baseline.Practical implicationsThe concrete containing 20% WDP is lightweight and more workable. Moreover, its strength at 28 days is 14 MPa, only 1 MPa lesser than the characteristic strength.Social implicationsThe WDP can be recycled and the dumping in landfills can be reduced. This is an important effort towards the decarbonation of concrete.Originality/valuePrevious literature indicates that the WDP has been frequently used as a partial replacement of aggregates. However, some traces of secondary hydration were also reported. This work considers the effect of partial substitution of cement by the WDP.

Sustainable self-Compacting concrete with marble slurry and fly ash: Statistical modeling, microstructural investigations, and rheological characterization

The escalating generation of marble waste and the substantial carbon footprint associated with cement production pose significant environmental challenges. Thus, by substituting fly ash for supplementary cementitious material and using leftover marble waste for fine aggregate in concrete can reduce cost and carbon emissions that may lead to sustainable development. The presented paper aims to study the effect of partial substitution of marble slurry with natural fine aggregates and fly ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) based superplasticizer (SP) was added in the concrete mix, to decrease the demand of higher water to binder (w/b) ratio. After developing SCC, fresh state properties and compressive strength (CS) at the curing age of 7 and 28 days were evaluated. To maximize the utilization of marble slurry and fly ash, mixture optimization was performed using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), a robust technique within the response surface methodology (RSM) framework. Rheological analysis was performed to analyse the fresh state behaviour of the SCC with the help of the Bingham and Modified Bingham (MB) models. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were also carried out to study the behaviour of the marble slurry and fly ash in the concrete. Carbon emission and cost analysis of SCC was evaluated at different replacement level of the marble slurry and fly ash. It was inferred that marble slurry and fly ash can be used in the certain percentages without compromising any strengthen and flowability properties of the SCC. The rheological behaviour also confirmed that linear and nonlinear behaviour of SCC in the certain mix proportion may results in the formation of the stable SCC. The analysis of cost and carbon emission confirmed that sustainable SCC mixture achieved substantial reductions of 21.44 % in cost and a remarkable 47.71 % decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to conventional concrete.

Effect of Partial Substitution of Zr for Ti Solvent on Young's Modulus, Strength, and Biocompatibility in Beta Ti Alloy.

In orthopedics and dentistry, there is an urgent need to obtain low-stiffness implants that suppress the stress shielding caused by the use of metallic implants. In this study, we aimed to fabricate alloys that can reduce the stiffness by increasing the strength while maintaining a low Young's modulus based on the metastable β-Ti alloy. We designed alloys in which Ti was partially replaced by Zr based on the ISO-approved metastable β-Ti alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al. All alloys prepared by arc melting and subsequent solution treatment showed a single β-phase solid solution, with no formation of the ω-phase. The alloys exhibited a low Young's modulus equivalent to that of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al and a high strength superior to that of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al and Ti-6Al-4V. This strengthening was presumed to be due to solid-solution strengthening. The biocompatibility of the alloys was as good as or better than that of Ti-6Al-4V. These alloys have potential as metallic materials suitable for biomedical applications.

Effect of partial substitution of complex phosphates with sodium bicarbonate on aggregation, conformation and gel properties of beef-pork-chicken complex myofibrillar proteins.

Complex phosphates (CP) can improve the physicochemical properties and gelation properties of myofibrillar fibrous protein (MP) in mixed meat products, but an excessive intake of phosphates over a long period of time is harmful to health. The present study investigated the effects of partial or complete substitution of CP with sodium bicarbonate (SB) on the physicochemical properties and gel properties of beef-pork-chicken mixed myofibrillar protein (BPC-MP), aiming to evaluate the feasibility of this method in reducing the amount of phosphate in mixed meat products. Under the optimal substitution conditions, the turbidity of BPC-MP was reduced by 37.8%, the net negative potential was increased by 28.9% and the modulus of elasticity (G') was increased. The tertiary structure indexes of protein (including fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity and active thiol content) were significantly changed, whereas the α-helix and β-turn angle contents in the secondary structure of protein were significantly increased. In addition, the water retention ability and strength of gel were also improved, which were increased by 20.7% and 42.6%, respectively. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the SB substitution group had a more compact and ordered microstructure. The results showed that partial substitution of CP with SB reduced the amount of phosphate added to BPC-MP and had a positive effect on the physicochemical and gel properties of BPC-MP. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Partial Substitution on Physical, Functional and Chemical Properties of Cookies Made from Mixture of Wheat and Coconut

Background: Since the closure of the wheat development company in Cameroon, all wheat is imported, but over the past year, the wheat prices have steadily increased in most of the countries' markets. The cost of a kilo, monitored by Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), fell from XAF 500 to XAF 600. With the use of composite flour, this will help to reduce the huge amount of money spent and lessen total dependence on imported wheat flour. Aim: The objective of this study was to produce cookies from composite flour made from coconut and wheat, and determine its nutritional properties and acceptability. Material and methods: Coconut flour was produced from fresh coconut using oven drying at standard conditions. The composite flour was formulated using the mixing plan design in Minitab 18.0. The functional properties of the flour and nutritional properties of the cookie samples were determined. Results: Results of functional properties show that the bulk density of CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4, and CF5 was 0.58, 0.50, 0.50, 0.46 and 0.47 g/L respectively; the pH was 6.42, 6.32, 6.37, 6.40, 6.46 respectively; swelling capacity was 49.10%, 44.07%, 42.02%, 46.23%, 47.09% respectively; water absorption capacity was 12%, 9%, 10.3%, 10.4%, 10% respectively; From this, the swelling capacity, water absorption and oil absorption capacity increased significantly with substitution (p &lt; 0.05). The result of nutritional properties showed that the moisture was not affected by substitution in contrast to lipid, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, starch, amylose and amylopectin. The moisture, carbohydrate, starch and amylose decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with the substitution while ash, fat, protein and fiber increased. Results of the sensory analysis showed that the 85% wheat biscuits (CF3) had the highest scores in all the parameters evaluated and were better accepted than the other samples. Conclusion: These findings indicate that supplementation of cookies with coconut flour will improve the nutritional value of cookies and acceptability.

Wholegrain triticale sourdough: Effects of triticale:Wheat flour ratio and hydration level on bread quality.

Triticale (×Triticosecale) is a hybrid between wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale), producing higher grain yields than wheat in challenging environments. Triticale grain is also highly nutritious. Thus, the potential of triticale grain for an expanded range of food applications should be explored. Sourdough bread has unique functional and nutritional properties, but understanding the effects of partial substitution of triticale for wheat flour and varying levels of dough moisture content on sourdough quality requires further research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wholegrain flour of contrasting triticale cultivars in comparison to that of a common wheat cultivar in commercial sourdough breadmaking. Two triticale cultivars (Goanna and Hawkeye, selected from a panel of Australian genotypes) and one wheat cultivar (Scout) were grown in a field trial in northern NSW, Australia. Differences in quantitative texture and color parameters of the dough and sourdough bread resulting from (1) substitution of commercial wholemeal wheat flour with different proportions of wholegrain triticale or wholegrain wheat (Scout) flour (0%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) and (2) varying the amount of water included in the dough preparation (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100 g water/100 g flour) were determined. Replacement of wholemeal wheat flour with 60% wholegrain Goanna flour (protein content 12.76%; c.f. 11.50% for Hawkeye, 12.40% for Scout), and addition of 100 g water/100 g flour in the dough preparation gave the highest quality sourdough bread based on specific volume, texture, and color parameters and had similar properties to the control made from wheat alone.

Physical Properties Study of Sodium Doped Boro-Tellurite (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O: TeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-ZnO) Glasses

Five boro-tellurite glasses with chemical formula 55TeO2-(12-x)B2O3-32ZnO-(1+x)Na2O (TZBN), (x= 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; mole%) were successfully synthesized by conventional melt-quenching technique. The physical properties of the glass was studied to understand effect of partial substitution between B2O3 and Na2O. The density was measured using pycnometer based on Archimedes law. The other physical properties can be obtained by assisted some mathematical equation. Refer to the measurement, the density was found decreased by 4.905 to 4.590 gr/cm3 because the molecular weight difference between B2O3 and Na2O. Meanwhile the molar volume increased by 25.05 to 27.11 cm3/mole due to higher atomic radii of Na rather than B which raise NBO inside the glass network. Meanwhile, OPD, Vo, polaron radius, inter-ionic distance, packing density,and number of bond per unit volume consequently have been decreased. While the Field strength has increase due to stronger Na-O bonds. Reflects from the results the TZBN glasses could be used as active material for laser.