Effect Of Packing Materials Research Articles

Effect of packing material and seed treatment chemicals on seed storability in greengram

Effect of packing material and seed treatment chemicals on seed storability in greengram

The possibility of manufacturing a biocidal of Bacillus spp. and their growth on different fermented media

The study was conducted in the Molecular Biology Laboratory - Department of Plant Protection - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa during 2020-2021 to evaluate the possibility of producing a biocide from Bacillus spp. B. firmus, B. cereus. and B. simplex. The results of manufacturing bionematicide from these bacteria showed that the three species did not differ in their growth on the same compost medium (palm fronds, rice residues, wheat residues), while the growth of each Bacillus spp. differed from other species on different culture media. The palm frond medium, regardless of the type of bacteria, was the least favorable and did not support many bacterial populations, and allowed no more than 83*108 CFU. Whereas the bacterial colonies ranged from 219*108 CFU to 254*108 CFU on fermented wheat residues, with a slight difference from rice residues, which led to bacterial colonies of 198*108 CFU to 214*108 CFU. In the case of carriers used for the biocide, preparation using sand was always better than with calcium sulfate. The effect of packing materials (plastic bags, paper bags, or plastic containers) on the efficiency and vitality of bacteria in the biocide content was also evaluated. It is noted that the highest bacterial colonies, which ranged from 267 to 253 *108 CFU, in the case of using plastic containers significantly differed from storing in paper bags (233-230*108 CFU) and plastic bags (235 -216 *108 CFU), after 15 days of storage in laboratory conditions. However, the viability and effectiveness of the prepared biocide decreased with the increase of storage periods to 30, 60, and 90 days, regardless of the type of bacteria.

Experimental Studies of Gasification of Glycerol for The Production of Hydrogen

In this study, pure glycerol and crude glycerol conversion to hydrogen gas were investigated using a fixed-bed reactor. The gasifying agent utilised for this research is steam. The efficiency of the reaction was based on the results data of the H2 yield obtained. The reaction wasconducted using two different packing materials, which were silicon carbide and quartz. The effect of packing material was investigated. Next, steam-to-glycerol ratios were varied in the range of 0:0, 10:90, 25:75 and 50:50 to study the influence of the ratios on the producthydrogen gas. The effect of the catalyst and the amount of catalyst loading was investigated using a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The effect of temperature on the yield of product was studied in the range of 650 - 800◦C. Product gasses H2, CO2, CO and CH4 were analysed using TCD and NDIR analysis. The highest purity of H2 was 65 mol% at the optimised condition of 25:75 steam to glycerol ratio and 800◦C.Keywords: glycerol, crude, hydrogen, gasifying, fixed bed reactor pyrolysis

Non‐Oxidative Coupling of Methane Driven by Non‐Thermal Plasma: Effect of Packing Materials on Micro‐Electric Field

AbstractNon‐oxidative coupling of methane (CH4) by plasma has received particular attention due to the achievement of high methane conversion and product selectivity at a low temperature. In this work, experimental results suggest that the packing materials directly affect the electric field, which in turn determines the plasma discharge and, subsequently, the conversion of CH4 and the products selectivity. High selectivity to ethylene was obtained by BaTiO3 packing, which can be ascribed to the moderate electric field generated with special physiochemical properties. Furthermore, in the cases of packing by ZSM‐5, γ‐Al2O3 or SiO2 granules, small size of granules contributed to generate a stronger electric field, which improves CH4 conversion. However, reverse trend has been found in the case of packing by BaTiO3. Finally, the specific indicator of micro‐electric field was developed to illustrate the relationship between reaction performance and packing materials.

Non-thermal plasma assisted CO2 conversion to CO: Influence of non-catalytic glass packing materials

The current research is focused on the decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2) in a non-thermal plasma reactor using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at ambient conditions. Pure CO2 was injected into the DBD reactor at a flow rate of 30 mL min-1, and the voltage was varied between 16 kV to 22 kV. The filamentary micro discharges generated during plasma has a significant effect on CO2 conversion. The effect of packing materials on CO2 conversion was investigated by packing non-catalytic materials such as quartz wool, glass capillary, glass wool, and glass beads in the discharge zone of the DBD reactor. Among the studied packing materials, quartz wool exhibited a maximum CO2 conversion of 9.3 % at a discharge power of 2.0 W and specific energy input (SEI) of 4.0 J mL-1. However, glass capillary exhibited the highest energy efficiency of 1.2 mmol kJ-1 at an SEI of 3.5 J mL-1.

Experimental study on the performance of wet cooling towers using different packing materials

This work is related to the study of wet cooling tower where two types of packing materials (fills) are used. The commercially used PVC based fills are compared with the paper-based fills. Both these fills have the identical honeycomb structure. Counterflow type cooling tower is used in this case. The parameters affecting the performance of wet cooling tower are studied in detail. A comparative study of wet cooling tower is presented using range and efficiency of cooling tower, as performance parameters. The fills used in wet cooling towers and the effect of packing materials on the performance is explored. Also, the paper-based fills are studied which can be substituted for the commercially used PVC materials. The tower performance increased considerably when the mass flow rate of air is increased and mass flow rate of water is decreased. The paper-based packing material is more effective than commercially available PVC material.

Plasma-enhanced N2 fixation in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: effect of packing materials

The effect of Al2O3 and BaTiO3 packing on the plasma-enhanced NO x synthesis from air was investigated in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The discharge characteristics are significantly influenced by packing different materials into the discharge gap. Compared with the DBD without packing, the presence of Al2O3 or BaTiO3 beads in the discharge effectively enhanced the charge accumulation, average electric field, and mean electron energy, all of which contribute to the enhanced production of NO x . The lowest energy consumption of 15.9 MJ mol−1 for NO x production was achieved when placing BaTiO3 beads in the DBD, which can be attributed to the increased mean electron energy using the BaTiO3 packing, facilitating the formation of more N2 excited species in the reaction. These results suggest that choosing proper packing materials can effectively reduce the energy cost for plasma NO x synthesis using DBD.

Ammonia synthesis over γ-Al2O3 pellets in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

In this work, ammonia (NH3) synthesis from N2 and H2 was carried out in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, while three kinds of commercial packing materials including acidic γ-Al2O3, alkaline γ-Al2O3 and neutral alumina pellets were employed. The effect of packing materials on plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis was investigated and compared with an unpacked DBD reactor. The results show that the presence of packing materials enhanced the plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis by 15.6% to 44.4% compared to the plasma reaction without a packing. The highest NH3 concentration of 1565.5 ppm was obtained over the alkaline γ-Al2O3 packed plasma reactor. The improvement of packing materials on plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis followed the order of alkaline γ-Al2O3 > neutral γ-Al2O3 > acidic γ-Al2O3 > blank tube only. A series of characterizations were performed to illustrate the structure-performance relationships between plasma-induced NH3 synthesis process and packing materials. The results showed that the basicity of the packing materials played an important role in the plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis process. The reaction mechanisms of NH3 synthesis in the packed-bed DBD reactor were also discussed.

Effects of packing materials and ethanol concentrations on removal of astringency of 'Rojo Brillante' at room temperature.

Most of the persimmons grown in Afghanistan are astringent and hence their fruits require de-astringency treatments in order to become edible at harvest time. CO2 with or without ethanol treatment provides an optimal method for the rapid removal of the persimmon astringency, but it is a bit sophisticated and currently not feasible for most of farmers. The present study is therefore carried out to assess a simple and suitable technique for de-astringency of the persimmons at farmer level. The fruits of ‘Rojo Brillante’, a Pollination Variant Astringent (PVA) Spanish cultivar which is astringent, were harvested in yellow-orange color and then quickly dipped in 0, 10, 20, and 40% ethanol concentrations. The treated fruits were packed and sealed in the paper cartons, plastic bags or left open in the room temperature. Firmness, total soluble solids and astringency level of fruits were measured each three days. The astringency of ‘Rojo Brillante’ was removed when fruits treated with 20% or 40% ethanol and packed in the plastic bags for 9 days. Total soluble solids content was not affected by any of the treatments, while commercial firmness (1.5-2.5 kg) obtained by packing the fruits in the plastic bags or paper cartons alone.

Preservation of sweet red pepper paste quality: effect of packing material, ozone gas and protective agent use

Abstract Unlike conventional methods, sweet red pepper paste was produced by various techniques in assistance of various starter cultures. Products were stored at 37 °C for 60 days. Salinity, acidity, color change, invert sugar, brown pigment formation parameters were determined during storage period. Microbiological, statistical and sensory evaluation methods were also applied and the effects of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP) at different filling temperatures with and without protective agents were investigated. E. coli was not detected at any production stage. Samples treated with protective agents at higher temperature was found to be best with respect to panelists’ flavor and color quality scores in PP support as a result of deterioration has occurred in samples with PET material. The results provide a basis for increasing active components and functional activity in pepper paste production by controlling packing material and ozone gas release considering chemical and sensory properties.

Effect of packing material on organic matter removal efficiency in an anaerobic–aerobic baffled bioreactor

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work was to study the effect of packing material on the organic matter removal efficiency (OMRE) in an anaerobic–aerobic baffled bioreactor (AAB). For this purpose, two different experiments were conducted with two types of packing material: activated carbon (AC) particles and polyurethane foam (PF). The system consisted of two treatments; the first one was anaerobic, where hydrolysis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis took place. In anaerobic chambers, there were no packing materials and the operating conditions were the same in both experiments. The second treatment was aerobic and both materials were placed at different times as a bedding. The parameters measured were chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODd), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate concentration (NO3–), ammonium concentration (NH4+), electric conductivity (σ), alkalinity (Alky) and hydrogen potential (pH). Paired t-Student test showed that there was no significant difference in the OMRE in anaerobic treatment, whereas there was in aerobic treatment, due to the effect of packing material. NH4+ and NO3– showed a negative Pearson correlation in both experiments, indicating the presence of the nitrification process in the aerobic chamber. AAB packed with PF had better performance at obtaining an OMRE of around 63%, whereas AAB packed with AC presented an OMRE of around 51%.

Sorption Enhanced Steam Reforming of Glycerol: Use of La-Modified Ni/Al2O3 as Catalyst

Glycerol is being produced on a massive scale as a byproduct of biodiesel. In this work, glycerol steam reforming was improved by CO2 abatement to obtain high-value gases. CaO and activated dolomite were used as sorbents, and these results were compared to reactions using Al2O3 and MgO. The effect of packing material was evaluated at 600, 700, 800, and 850 °C. Hydrogen production was promoted either in the presence of a sorbent at 600 °C or at higher temperatures with any of the packing material. Sorbents also affected the water gas shift reaction, decreasing the CO concentration. Simultaneous use of Ni/La2O3/Al2O3 and CaO improved gas production and hydrogen selectivity. The H2 percentage in the produced gas was close to 70% and around 5 mol of H2 was produced per mole of glycerol. Catalyst and sorbent were used for several reaction cycles.

Effects of packing materials on the sensitivity of RadFET with HfO2 gate dielectric for electron and photon sources

The radiation sensing field effect transistor (RadFET) with SiO2 gate oxide has been commonly used as a device component or dosimetry system in the radiation applications such as space research, radiotherapy, and high-energy physics experiments. However, alternative gate oxides and more suitable packaging materials are still demanded for these dosimeters. HfO2 is one of the most attractive gate oxide materials that are currently under investigation by many researchers. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations of the average deposited energy in RadFET dosimetry systems with different package lid materials for point electron and photon sources were performed with the aim of evaluating the effects of package lids on the sensitivity of the RadFET by using HfO2 as a gate dielectric material. The RadFET geometry was defined in a PENGEOM package and electron–photon transport was simulated by a PENELOPE code. The relatively higher average deposited energies in the sensitive region (HfO2 layer) for electron energies of 250 keV–20 MeV were obtained from the RadFET with the Al2O3 package lid despite of some deviations from the general tendency. For the photon energies of 20–100 keV, the average amount of energy deposited in RadFET with Al2O3 package was higher compared with the other capped devices. The average deposited energy in the sensitive region was quite close to each other at 200 keV for both capped and uncapped devices. The difference in the average deposited energy of the RadFET with different package lid materials was not high for photon energies of 200–1200 keV. The increase in the average deposited energy in the HfO2 layer of the RadFET with Ta package lid was higher compared with the other device configurations above 3 MeV.

How functional foods endure throughout the shelf storage? Effects of packing materials and formulation on the quality parameters and bioactivity of smoothies

Smoothies are blended beverages that could contain fruit pulp, fruit juice, vegetables, yoghurt, milk, or honey. These beverages are typical examples of the food industry reply to the increase awareness of consumers for healthier foods with simple ingredients and clean labels. As emerging products, different profiling studies are needed to ensure their claimed properties. Accordingly, different physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds, as well as the antioxidant activity, were assessed in commercial smoothies along different shelf storage periods. ANOVA, HCA and LDA statistical tools were used to allow a suitable comprehension of the obtained results. Some significant differences were found at initial time, which might be associated to smoothies’ composition. On the other hand, the physicochemical and chromatic parameters were stable during the shelf storage, while the content in bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity indicators were significantly affected (independently of the applied thermal treatment). Nevertheless, none of the assayed formulations or packing types showed to be more susceptible to undergone specifically relevant changes during shelf storage. Overall, the results advice in favor of an earlier consumption of these products (far from the expiring date) in order to obtain the desired health effects.

Effect of packing material on methane activation in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor

The conversion of methane is measured in a planar-type dielectric barrier discharge reactor using γ-Al2O3 (sphere), α-Al2O3 (sphere), and γ-Al2O3 (16–20 mesh). Investigations on the surface properties and shape of the three packing materials clearly indicate that methane activation is considerably affected by the material used. Capacitances inside the discharge gap are estimated from charge–voltage plots, and a comparison of the generated and transferred charges for different packing conditions show that the difference in surface properties between γ- and α-phase Al2O3 affects the discharge characteristics. Moreover, all packing conditions show different charge characteristics that are related to the electron density. Finally, the packing material's shape affects the local electron temperature, which is strongly related to methane conversion. The combined results indicate that both microscale and macroscale variations in a packing material affect the discharge characteristics, and a packing material should be considered carefully for effective methane activation.

Effect of packing materials on the decomposition of tetrafluoroethane in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

The performance of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or HFC-134a decomposition and the formation of byproducts in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor were studied with different packing systems such as α-Al2O3 (porous and nonporous), γ-Al2O3 (porous) and ZrO2 (nonporous). Experimental variables such as reactor temperature, initial HFC-134a concentration and oxygen levels were chosen for the performance analysis. Among the packing systems, the porous γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 decomposed HFC-134a much more effectively than the nonporous α-Al2O3 and ZrO2. The combination of the plasma with the porous γ-Al2O3 was found to cover a wide range of initial concentration. The decomposition efficiency tended to increase with the addition of oxygen up to 2 %, but further increase in the oxygen led to a decrease. As well as carbon oxides (CO2 and CO), significant amounts of unwanted byproducts such as COF2 and CF4 were also identified in the effluent gas with the nonporous α-Al2O3 and ZrO2. On the contrary, with the porous γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3, such unwanted byproducts were considerably suppressed, enhancing the formation of CO2 and CO.

Experimental study of acetone removal by packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

In this study, a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was developed for acetone removal. The effects of packing materials were investigated in terms of discharge characteristics, removal efficiency and byproducts formation. The identification of organic byproducts was conducted. The results indicated the presence of packing materials enhanced the energy density and exhibited a positive effect on acetone removal, while high oxygen concentration inhibited the removal of acetone. The formations of byproducts were significantly reduced in the presence of packing materials. The degradation pathways and mechanisms were discussed, showing CH3 radicals played a crucial role in the acetone degradation process.

The influence of long-term storage, temperature and type of packaging materials on the lipid oxidation and flesh color of frozen Atlantic herring fillets (Clupea harengus)

The oxidation and color characteristics of Atlantic herring fillets were examined during the long-term frozen storage at −25 and −45 °C. The effects of packing materials with low and medium oxygen barriers were studied as well. At the temperature of −45 °C, the peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation were significantly inhibited. The same desirable effect was detected for packaging material with a medium oxygen barrier at −25 °C. A regression model of the herring fillets' oxidation was verified. The storage time, temperature and packaging materials affected the color alteration. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of herring oil revealed a melting between −60.67 °C and 21.40 °C. The liquid fraction in the fish oil was determined. It was high for all the storage temperatures, thus the oxygen concentration in the package was considered to be the dominating factor for the herring's oxidation during frozen storing.

Effect of the Packing Material and Temperature on the Quality Characteristics of Dehydrated Carrot during Storage

In order to maintain quality of dehydrated carrot during storage, the effect of storage temperature and packing material on dehydrated carrot was studied. Quality changing of dehydrated carrot packed in aluminum foil bag (AF) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at low temperature or room temperature were evaluated during storage. The results showed that the quality of samples in four packing methods had a reduction. The samples in AF underwent the least reduction in quality. The thermal degradation kinetics of carotenoids in dehydrated carrot was followed the first order thermal degradation kinetics reaction. The retention of carotenoids in AF was higher than that in HDPE. The k was the least. The value of non-enzymatic browning (NEB) increased. Samples in HDPE had lower quality than the samples in AF.

Study on Packing Materials for High-Temperature Compost of Livestock Manure

Packing materials made of organic or inorganic substances can improve the composting speed or increase the compost quality. Pilot experiments on outdoor composting were carried out to investigate the effect of packing materials on nitrogen losses and compost quality. The results showed that both furfural dreg and mushroom dreg can be used as packing materials in composting chicken manure. Compared with maize straw, furfural dreg and mushroom dreg were more suitable for the industrial-scale production of organic fertilizers. Packing materials can optimize the composting conditions, improve microbial activity, accelerate the composting process, reduce nitrogen losses, and maintain nutrients, thereby improving the compost quality.