Effect Of Omission Research Articles

Nitrogen, potassium, calcium and sulfur omission in grass Convert

Intensive use of Brazilian pastures without the maintenance of soil fertility has decreased their productivity and favoring the onset of symptoms of nutritional deficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and sulfur omission in symptomatology, growth and dry mass accumulation in grass Convert. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: full nutrient solution, nitrogen omission (N), potassium omission (K), calcium omission (-Ca) and sulfur omission (S). The variables were the number of tillers, leaf number, root size, shoot height, characterization of symptoms of deficiency and shoot and root dry mass accumulation. The data were submitted to the F test by analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey’s test (p <0.05). The omission of N, K, Ca and S limited the development of Convert grass compared to the full nutrient solution treatment, reducing the number of leaves, tillers, height, root size and dry mass production. The nutrient omission modified forage morphology, showing visual symptoms of deficiency of each nutrient evaluated. The decreasing order of onset of symptoms was N, Ca, S and K.

Upper and Lower Tight Error Bounds for Feature Omission with an Extension to Context Reduction.

In this work, fundamental analytic results in the form of error bounds are presented that quantify the effect of feature omission and selection for pattern classification in general, as well as the effect of context reduction in string classification, like automatic speech recognition, printed/handwritten character recognition, or statistical machine translation. A general simulation framework is introduced that supports discovery and proof of error bounds, which lead to the error bounds presented here. Initially derived tight lower and upper bounds for feature omission are generalized to feature selection, followed by another extension to context reduction of string class priors (aka language models) in string classification. For string classification, the quantitative effect of string class prior context reduction on symbol-level Bayes error is presented. The tightness of the original feature omission bounds seems lost in this case, as further simulations indicate. However, combining both feature omission andcontext reduction, the tightness of the bounds is retained. A central result of this work is the proof of the existence, and the amount of a statistical threshold w.r.t. the introduction of additional features in general pattern classification, or the increase of context in string classification beyond which a decrease in Bayes error is guaranteed.

Dry Matter Production and Nutritional Status of Sunflower Grown in Nutrient Solution under Macronutrient Omission

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of omission of macronutrients on dry matter production and on the nutritional status of sunflower cv. BRS 122. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in randomized blocks, with seven treatments corresponding to the Hoagland & Arnon standard solution (1950) and the individual omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, in three replicates. After 50 days of sowing, the dry matter and the nutritional status of the plants were evaluated. The omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S limited the dry mass production of sunflower cv. BRS 122 in relation to the complete solution, besides causing nutritional imbalance due to the interaction between the nutrients. The omission of the macronutrients K, Ca, and Mg caused the higher imbalances in the plants, highlighting the elevated N contents in these treatments comparing to the complete solution.

Effect of breakfast omission and consumption on energy intake and physical activity in adolescent girls: a randomised controlled trial.

It is not known if breakfast consumption is an effective intervention for altering daily energy balance in adolescents when compared with breakfast omission. This study examined the acute effect of breakfast consumption and omission on free-living energy intake (EI) and physical activity (PA) in adolescent girls. Using an acute randomised cross-over design, forty girls (age 13·3 (sd 0·8) years, BMI 21·5 (sd 5·0) kg/m2) completed two, 3-d conditions in a randomised, counter-balanced order: no breakfast (NB) and standardised (approximately 1962 kJ) breakfast (SB). Dietary intakes were assessed using food diaries combined with digital photographic records and PA was measured via accelerometry throughout each condition. Statistical analyses were completed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Post-breakfast EI was 483 (sd 1309) kJ/d higher in NB v. SB (P=0·025), but total daily EI was 1479 (sd 11311) kJ/d higher in SB v. NB (P<0·0005). Daily carbohydrate, fibre and protein intakes were higher in SB v. NB (P<0·0005), whereas daily fat intake was not different (P=0·405). Effect sizes met the minimum important difference of ≥0·20 for all significant effects. Breakfast manipulation did not affect post-breakfast macronutrient intakes (P≥0·451) or time spent sedentary or in PA (P≥0·657). In this sample of adolescent girls, breakfast omission increased post-breakfast free-living EI, but total daily EI was greater when a SB was consumed. We found no evidence that breakfast consumption induces compensatory changes in PA. Further experimental research is required to determine the effects of extended periods of breakfast manipulation in young people.

Effect of nutrient omission and pH on the biomass and concentration and content of steviol glycosides in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) under hydroponic conditions

Steviol glycosides (SGs), have recently been approved in western countries as sources of intense natural sweeteners. SGs are found in Stevia rebaudiana, mainly in the leaves, and industry prefers rebaudioside A (Reb-A) over other steviol glycosides for its superior flavour profile. Hence leaf biomass and concentration of SGs (and their product, SG content) are of primary agronomic interest. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in nutrient solution to assess the effects of nutrient deficiencies and pH on biomass production, and concentration and plant content of SGs. Total SG content was low in plants deficient in the macronutrients N, P, S, Mg or Ca because of reduced photosynthesis and because of the decreased leaf yield, even though lack of N resulted in greater concentration of stevioside in the leaves. Lack of N or P reduced the proportion of Reb-A to total SGs. Plants deficient in K had less yield than in the nutrient-complete control, but not significantly so and SG concentration in the leaves was similar to that of the control. Deficiency of the micronutrients Cu and Fe led to low SG yield, because of reduced SG concentration in leaves, and because of reduced leaf yield, respectively. Lack of other micronutrients did not influence SG content. Neutral to alkali conditions reduced plant growth and leaf yield, most likely due to deficit of P, but pH had no effect on SG concentration. Our results are indicative, but preliminary, and require confirmation in open field trials over several years.

Influences of Breakfast on Clock Gene Expression and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Individuals and Individuals With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The circadian clock regulates glucose metabolism by mediating the activity of metabolic enzymes, hormones, and transport systems. Breakfast skipping and night eating have been associated with high HbA1c and postprandial hyperglycemia after lunch and dinner. Our aim was to explore the acute effect of breakfast consumption or omission on glucose homeostasis and clock gene expression in healthy individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes. In a crossover design, 18 healthy volunteers and 18 volunteers with 14.5 ± 1.5 years diabetes, BMI 30.7 ± 1.1 kg/m2, and HbA1c 7.6 ± 0.1% (59.6 ± 0.8 mmol/mol) were randomly assigned to a test day with breakfast and lunch (YesB) and a test day with only lunch (NoB). Postprandial clock and clock-controlled gene expression, plasma glucose, insulin, intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (iGLP-1), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) plasma activity were assessed after breakfast and lunch. In healthy individuals, the expression level of Per1, Cry1, Rorα, and Sirt1 was lower (P < 0.05) but Clock was higher (P < 0.05) after breakfast. In contrast, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, Per1, Per2, and Sirt1 only slightly, but significantly, decreased and Rorα increased (P < 0.05) after breakfast. In healthy individuals, the expression level of Bmal1, Rorα, and Sirt1 was higher (P < 0.05) after lunch on YesB day, whereas the other clock genes remained unchanged. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Rev-erbα, and Ampk increased (P < 0.05) after lunch on the YesB day. Omission of breakfast altered clock and metabolic gene expression in both healthy and individuals with type 2 diabetes. Breakfast consumption acutely affects clock and clock-controlled gene expression leading to normal oscillation. Breakfast skipping adversely affects clock and clock-controlled gene expression and is correlated with increased postprandial glycemic response in both healthy individuals and individuals with diabetes.

植物によるNO_3-N利用に関する研究(第3報) : NO_3-N供給の開始または停止による植物根の硝酸還元と各種体内成分の消長について

植物によるNO_3-N利用に関する研究(第3報) : NO_3-N供給の開始または停止による植物根の硝酸還元と各種体内成分の消長について

Lime and Nutrients Effects on Jatropha curcas Cultivated on an Amazonian Soil

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient omission, and of liming, on Jatropha curcas (JC) in greenhouse study. The experimental design was a factorial combination of 2 liming treatments (nil or 4.5 t. ha−1 of dolomitic lime) x 7 combinations of fertility status, with five replications. The concentrations and uptake of nutrients by JC plants follow the order: nitrogen > potassium > calcium ≥ Magnesium > sulfur > phosphorus > iron > boron > manganese > zinc > copper (N > K > Ca ≥ Mg > S > P > Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu), but the growth of JC plants was negatively affected mainly by omission of macronutrients, in the following order: P > N = K = S, on limed soil. Phosphorus is the most critical element for development. JC is responsive to micronutrients only when applied together with macronutrients. Potassium chloride is not recommended as K+ source for JC crop. Lime is recommended to improve growth and nutritional status of JC plants.

Effects of Argument Omission in Case Marker Learning by Japanese Speaking Children: A Study Using the Artificial Case-Markers Experiment

Effects of Argument Omission in Case Marker Learning by Japanese Speaking Children: A Study Using the Artificial Case-Markers Experiment

Nutrient omission effect on growth and nutritional status of assai palm seedlings1

ABSTRACT The Amazonian assai palm has a great socioeconomic importance, but most of its commercial plantations take place in uplands and low natural fertility soils, what may hinder its development. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of nutrient omission on growth and nutritional status of assai palm seedlings (Ver-o-Peso cultivar). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 14 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments consisted of complete fertilization with liming; no fertilization and no liming (control); complete fertilization with individual omission of N, P, K, Ca, Ca with no liming, Mg, Mg with no liming, S, B, Cu and Zn. Plant height, stem diameter and dry mass, leaf and total shoot dry mass, and leaf nutrients content and accumulation were evaluated. The initial growth of the assai palm plants was limited by the omission of P, N, K, Ca, Mg and Cu. The production of leaf dry mass was decreasingly affected by the omission of P &gt; Cu &gt; N &gt; K &gt; Mg, while leaf area was limited by the individual omissions of Ca &gt; N &gt; P &gt; K &gt; Mg &gt; Zn. Plant development, measured by relative growth of shoots, was affected by lack of Ca &gt; P &gt; N &gt; Mg &gt; Cu &gt; K, with an average reduction of 31 %. The nutrients most needed by the assai palm plants, as evidenced by nutrients contents and accumulation in the leaf dry mass, are: N &gt; K &gt; S &gt; Ca &gt; Mg &gt; P &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; B &gt; Cu.

A randomized controlled trial of the effect of prednisone omission from a multidrug chemotherapy protocol on treatment outcome in dogs with peripheral nodal lymphomas.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of prednisone omission from a multidrug chemotherapy protocol on outcome in dogs with peripheral nodal lymphomas. DESIGN Single-center, nonblinded, parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial. ANIMALS 40 client-owned dogs with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of peripheral nodal lymphoma and an expected survival time of > 4 weeks with treatment. PROCEDURES Treatment consisted of a combination of L-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (L-CHOP) or an identical protocol except for the omission of prednisone (L-CHO). The primary outcome of interest was progression-free survival time. Veterinary caregivers and assessors of outcome were not blinded to treatment assignment. Treatment assignment was concealed from the owners of study dogs prior to enrollment, but was revealed after written informed consent was provided. RESULTS The trial was terminated early because of slow enrollment. The 40 dogs successfully enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to the L-CHOP (n = 18) or L-CHO (22) group; results for all 40 dogs were analyzed with respect to the primary outcome. Median progression-free survival time was 142.5 days for dogs receiving L-CHO and 292 days for dogs receiving L-CHOP (hazard ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 3.75). Serious adverse events were more common among dogs receiving L-CHO. However, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The exclusion of prednisone from the L-CHOP protocol did not appear to result in improved progression-free survival time for dogs with peripheral nodal lymphomas. However, the present trial was likely underpowered to detect a clinically meaningful difference in progression-free survival time between groups.

Determination of customer perceived reliability indices for active distribution systems including omission of tolerable interruption durations employing bootstrapping

This study presents a novel methodology for evaluating customer and energy based reliability indices for distribution systems in the presence of distributed generations, considering the effect of omission of random tolerable interruption durations at load points. Bootstrapping technique along with Monte Carlo simulation has been employed to evaluate the impact of omission of random interruption durations on the customer and energy based indices. These indices have been evaluated with and without omission of interruption durations. Results have been obtained for a standard RBTS distribution system.

Macronutrient omission and the development and nutritional status of basil in nutritive solution

ABSTRACTThe correct nutrition of basil (Ocinum basilicum L.) is important to increase its production and quality; however, few papers have deal with this subject. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of omission of individual macronutrients on the growth and nutritional status of basil cultivated in nutritive solution. The treatments consisted of nutrient solutions with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium or sulfur (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, or S) omissions and a complete solution treatment. The plants were cultivated in 8 L plant pots. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative chlorophyll index, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, plant dry matter, concentration levels of macronutrients in the aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were all evaluated. Nutrient omission was a limiting factor for plant development, substantially reducing its growth. There was also a considerable decrease in nutrient accumulation when compared to the control treatment.

Deficiência Induzida de Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio em Mudas de Lulo

Lulo ( Solanum quitoense ), species used in food and natural medicine, has potential for expansion in Brazilian climatic conditions. However, more research should be conducted in order to provide informations to producers for the best crop management. In this sense, it is aimed to evaluate the effect of nutrients omission N, P and K on the growth, development and nutritional status of Lulo seedlings aimed the nutritional management of seedlings. The seedlings grown from seeds in plastic bags in greenhouse, at Federal University of Vicosa. After four months were transferred to complete nutrient solution and solutions prepared with the removal of N, P and K. The design was completely randomized, with four replications and two plants per plot. The solutions were renewed every two weeks and the volume completed daily with deionized water, with pH maintained around 5.5 ± 0.5. The contents of N, P and K in the shoot at complete treatment and nutrient omission were, respectively, N = 32.20 and 18.24; P = 3.27 and 1.05; K = 56.88 and 16.91 g kg -1 . The initial plant growth was affected by the omission of all nutrients, and symptoms consistent with the pattern shown by most cultures. The most intense and immediate damages were observed in the absence of N, causing also causing deterioration of secondary roots and paralysis the issue of new roots.

Deficiência induzida de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em mudas de lulo

Lulo ( Solanum quitoense ), species used in food and natural medicine, has potential for expansion in Brazilian climatic conditions. However, more research should be conducted in order to provide informations to producers for the best crop management. In this sense, it is aimed to evaluate the effect of nutrients omission N, P and K on the growth, development and nutritional status of Lulo seedlings aimed the nutritional management of seedlings. The seedlings grown from seeds in plastic bags in greenhouse, at Federal University of Vicosa. After four months were transferred to complete nutrient solution and solutions prepared with the removal of N, P and K. The design was completely randomized, with four replications and two plants per plot. The solutions were renewed every two weeks and the volume completed daily with deionized water, with pH maintained around 5.5 ± 0.5. The contents of N, P and K in the shoot at complete treatment and nutrient omission were, respectively, N = 32.20 and 18.24; P = 3.27 and 1.05; K = 56.88 and 16.91 g kg -1 . The initial plant growth was affected by the omission of all nutrients, and symptoms consistent with the pattern shown by most cultures. The most intense and immediate damages were observed in the absence of N, causing also causing deterioration of secondary roots and paralysis the issue of new roots.

Morfologia radicular de Zantedeschia influenciada pela deficiência múltipla de nitrogênio e fósforo

The knowledge of the phenomena that occur in root systems developed under nutritional deficiency is still limited. Among the factors that may raise doubt in the identification of nutritional state, multiple deficiencies stand out. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multiple and single omission of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient solution on roots development in Zantedeschia aethiopica. For that, plants were cultivated over a period of eight months in treatments with complete Hoagland and Arnon solution (1950), with the omission of N (Nitrogen), omission of P (Phosphorus), omission of NP and nutrient solution with NP at concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%, totaling seven treatments with four replications, in a completely randomized design. At the end of the experiment period, length, root volume, root dry mass and density were evaluated. Plants grown in solution with omission of P and with 25NP were those that most exploited space with their roots. The diameter of roots was influenced by multiple deficiencies of macronutrients. The mineral composition of the plant roots is influenced by multiple deficiencies of N and P.

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise

ObjectivesBreakfast omission induces compensatory eating behaviour at lunch, but often reduces daily energy intake. This study investigated the effect of breakfast omission on within-day subjective appetite, energy expenditure, substrate utilisation, and appetite hormone profiles, in response to standardised feeding and exercise. MethodsEight male, habitual breakfast eaters completed two randomised trials. Subjects arrived overnight fasted (0 h), and either consumed (BC) or omitted (BO) a standardized breakfast (mean standard deviation [SD]) (3085 [217] kJ). Lunch (4162 [510] kJ) and dinner (4914 [345] kJ) were provided at 4.5 and 10 h, respectively and subjects performed 60 min fixed-intensity cycling (50% VO2 peak) at 8 h. Blood samples were collected at 0, 4.5, 6, and 8 h, with expired air and subjective appetite sensations (hunger, fullness, desire to eat (DTE), and prospective food consumption [PFC]) collected throughout. Heart rate and perceived exertion were measured during exercise. ResultsHunger, DTE and PFC were greater and fullness lower during BO (P < 0.05) between breakfast and lunch, with no differences after lunch (P > 0.193). Resting energy expenditure was greater at 2.5 h during BC (P < 0.05) with no other differences between trials (P > 0.156). Active glucogon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17-36) was greater (P < 0.05) and acylated ghrelin tended to be greater (P = 0.078) at 4.5 h during BC. Heart rate was greater on BO (P < 0.05) during exercise. ConclusionsThe results of this laboratory-controlled study suggest that the effects of breakfast omission are transient and do not extend beyond lunch, even when the negative energy balance created by breakfast omission is sustained via standardised feeding and exercise.

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and active GLP-1

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and active GLP-1

Effects of total table salt restriction on blood pressure

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total omission of dietary salt intake on BP. Material and methods The effects of total omission on the consumption of dietary salt over the BP, were evaluated for this study in a group of 30 hypertensive patients between 40-60 years old, uncontrolled, with monotherapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. BP was recorded over three days at the same time, according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association for correct BP measurement in humans. The average of the three registers measurement was taken as baseline for comparison of the data. The only intervention was the total restriction of table salt and sauces with salt. The patients were followed monthly during the first five months recording BP under the same conditions that basal measurement, after this, were indicated to all the patients the consumption of salt 5g/day (provided by the researchers) and were followed for another five months in the same measurement conditions above. Results

Examining the Third-Person Effect of Baseline Omission in Numerical Comparison: The Role of Consumer Persuasion Knowledge

Marketers often use numerical comparisons in promotional claims to signal superior product offerings. A potentially misleading practice involves omitting the reference point deliberately in order to make the focal claim more appealing—a persuasion tactic referred to as “baseline omission” in the present research. In two experiments, this research demonstrates that consumers tend to perceive this tactic as more effective on others than on themselves. The self-others difference is more salient among consumers with more persuasion knowledge. Consumers’ concerns about its effectiveness on themselves, rather than on others, better predict their supportiveness to regulate the use of baseline omission.