Effects Of Obsolescence Research Articles

THE NEED TO CREATE AN ADDITIONAL RESERVE FUND OF ASSETS IN TIMES OF INFLATION / ՍՂԱՃԻ ՊԱՅՄԱՆՆԵՐՈՒՄ ԱԿՏԻՎՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՎԵԼՅԱԼ ՊԱՀՈՒՍՏԱՅԻՆ ՖՈՆԴԻ ՍՏԵՂԾՄԱՆ ԱՆՀՐԱԺԵՇՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ

The object of study of the article is scarcity and the replaceability of depreciable/depreciated assets with similar assets and the goal is the acquisition of new assets during the inflation conditions and the neutralization of the poverty effect of the inflation by creating an additional reserve fund of assets. In Armenia, as in every developed and developing country, the permissible rate of inflation is fixed by law, with its deviations. For example, in RA, according to Article 4 of the RA Law "On the State Budget of RA 2024" (previous years similarly) and until these last years as well, the permissible amount of inflation is 4% ± 1.5%. In UK - 2%, in the USA - from 5%-1/4 to 5%-1/2, etc. Given that price stability or the restoration of price stability does not, in fact, mean a return to a fixed price or point, but rather a state of slow and steady price growth, this raises the question of when inflation deviates from the legally defined above the permissible limit, how it relates to the context of substitutability of real sector assets. In other words, during the useful life of assets, in addition to the effects of obsolescence and physical depreciation, there is a certain difference between the current value and the amount of accumulated depreciation at the time of acquisition of a similar asset, as a result of which the acquisition of a new or modern asset requires additional expenses. In this context, the article raises the issue of replaceability of depresiable fixed assets with new ones and the creation of an additional reserve fund during inflation in the form of an expense, as a deduction from the tax base in a given year. As a scientific result, it is proposed to define the amount of the reserve fund as a deduction from the tax base, and the calculation methodology as presented in the point of scientific result.

Obsolescence effects in second language phonological networks.

Phonological networks are representations of word forms and their phonological relationships with other words in a given language lexicon. A principle underlying the growth (or evolution) of those networks is preferential attachment, or the "rich-gets-richer" mechanisms, according to which words with many phonological neighbors (or links) are the main beneficiaries of future growth opportunities. Due to their limited number of words, language lexica constitute node-constrained networks where growth cannot keep increasing in a linear way; hence, preferential attachment is likely mitigated by certain factors. The present study investigated obsolescence effects (i.e., a word's finite timespan of being active in terms of growth) in an evolving phonological network of English as a second language. It was found that phonological neighborhoods are constructed by one large initial lexical spurt, followed by sublinear growth spurts that eventually lead to very limited growth in later lexical spurts during network evolution. First-language-given neighborhood densities are rarely reached even by the most advanced language learners. An analysis of the strength of phonological relationships between phonological word forms revealed a tendency to incorporate phonetically more distant phonological neighbors at earlier acquisition stages. Overall, the findings suggest an obsolescence effect in growth that favors younger words. Implications for the second-language lexicon include leveraged learning mechanisms and learning bouts focused on a smaller range of phonological segments, and involve questions concerning lexical processing in aging networks.

Making obsolescence obsolete: Execution of digital transformation in a high-tech manufacturing SME

Digitally transformed firms show resilience against environmental volatility by regularly developing adaptive capabilities and transforming their processes to mitigate the effects of obsolescence. However, there is a lack of conceptual clarity on the obsolescence notion and means of avoiding it. This paper aims to investigate how firms’ empirical sensitivities to evolving environmental changes emerge and materialize into the ongoing management of obsolescence. We undertook an interpretive longitudinal study between 2009 and 20, capturing both the transformation journey and the habitus of a high-tech SME, which is a family business and located in the UK. In doing so, we develop an integrative framework to explain the interplay between the noncognitive dynamic capabilities, obsolescence, and digital transformation. This study has important implications to boost SMEs’ capacity to counter obsolescence. We suggest managers pay attention to the development of noncognitive dynamic capabilities. This, in turn, inadvertently leads to successful digital transformation for obsolescence trap avoidance.

Can renewable energy be used as an effective tool in the decarbonization of the Mediterranean region: fresh evidence under cross-sectional dependence

Many studies in the literature confirm the validity of the technique effect, which improves the quality of the environment by investigating whether an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between environmental pollution and economic growth. Ignoring the role of the technological obsolescence effect, which may also exert influence on an economy, these studies reach an optimistic conclusion for growth policies. By controlling renewable energy, this study examines the existence of the obsolescence effect by constructing an N-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation for the most vulnerable countries in the Mediterranean region to climate change. We conducted a battery of cross-sectional dependence tests, second-generation panel unit root, and cointegration tests in 17 selected Mediterranean countries covering 1990–2017. The results provide evidence of an N-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The study provides important policy recommendations and discusses how renewable energy can be deployed to reduce CO2 emissions.

Timbre of Trash

Late capitalist production is highly dependent upon the continuous manufacture of new goods to be brought to market. The idea of obsolescence plays a key role in this process, as more recent commodities replace older, presumably less-effective products. This process is especially prominent in the technological sector, which routinely encourages the deliberate replacement of older devices— even when still functional. Digital audio technologies fall in line with these practices, and are often produced using exploitative labor practices. A serious consideration of these effects poses a difficult question for sonic artists who use electronic and digital equipment in their practice. Specifically, how can sound practitioners begin to account for and push against their tacit contribution to the detrimental effects of obsolescence entailed by the tools of their craft? This article explores this question through the lens of new materialist discourse, which outlines modes of engaging with the physical world that reject the assumption that objects are static. Instead, they employ an understanding of objects as collective agents in constant active assemblage of shared material actions that include the presence of human bodies as part of a continuum of objects within larger systems of capital, labor, and politics. The electronic audio practices of American sonic artists who incorporate obsolete, broken, and discarded objects in their work will act as case studies for this exploration. Their work helps understand possible collaborative implementations of technological audio production that recognize the collective agency involved in their physical and aural production.

Old, small and unwanted: Post-war housing and neighbourhood socioeconomic status

Post-war neighbourhoods across the USA have declined in socioeconomic status over the past few decades. Over this same time period, the relative status of many of these neighbourhoods has dipped below that of older neighbourhoods. With the characteristics of post-war housing being arguably undesirable by current standards, extant literature claims the functional obsolescence of post-war housing is contributing to low and declining neighbourhood socioeconomic status. What remains unclear is whether the effect observed is due to housing age – post-war housing is vulnerable to physical depreciation given its age – or if there is a true post-war vintage effect influencing neighbourhood socioeconomic status beyond what age alone would predict. Using a panel model spanning 1990 to 2010, three main findings emerge. First, the presence of greater shares of post-war housing in neighbourhoods is associated with a small but significant decrease in neighbourhood status. Second, this effect varies across and within urban and suburban neighbourhoods. Third, there exists substantial heterogeneity in the effect across metropolitan areas that differ by housing supply growth and price. Together, these results imply that policymakers should consider the negative effects of functional obsolescence on top of the ills associated with ageing homes within certain spatial contexts.

A novel three-phase target channel allocation scheme for multi-user Cognitive Radio Networks

Generation and allocation of Target Channel Sequence (TCS) in relation to spectrum handoff introduces several challenges in a multi-user Cognitive Radio Network. The primary challenge is to ensure fair and unique TCS allocation to multiple Secondary Users (SUs) in order to prevent channel access conflict during concurrent handoff operations. Another challenge is to perform dynamic TCS generation to guard against channel obsolescence effects under time-varying user activities. Inclusion of real-time SUs further mandates the use of time-bound TCS generation in order to prevent call drops due to time-outs during handoff. To address these issues of fairness, uniqueness, dynamic and time-bounded TCS generation, this paper proposes a novel machine-learning enabled three-phase TCS generation and allocation scheme for multiple real-time SUs involved in Voice over IP (VoIP) communication. While proactive and periodic phases compute unique TCS in O (n log n) time, the reactive phase performs on-demand TCS generation. Generation of TCS is formulated as a fractional knapsack problem and greedy technique is applied therein to optimally select channels based on their existing conditions. A novel HMM-BiLSTM (Hidden Markov Model-Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) framework is further devised to safeguard VoIP interests through periodic channel eligibility prediction. Additionally, an analytical framework is developed which records negligible probability of channel access conflict among multiple SUs. Simulation results confirm fair and dynamic channel allocation with reduced handoff delays and call-drops and intelligent learning based decision-making operations with high accuracy in comparison to existing approaches. Finally, test-bed implementation validates practical applicability of the proposed methodology.

Obsolescence in LCA–methodological challenges and solution approaches

Obsolescence, as premature end of use, increases the overall number of products produced and consumed, and thereby can increase the environmental impact. Measures to decrease the effects of obsolescence by altering the product or service design have the potential to increase use time (defined as the realized active service life) of devices, but can themselves have (environmental) drawbacks, for example, because the amount of material required for production increases. As such, paying special attention to methodological choices when assessing such measures and strategies using life cycle assessment (LCA) needs is crucial. Open questions and key aspects of obsolescence, including the analysis of its effects and preventative measures, are discussed against the backdrop of the principles and framework for LCA given in ISO 14040/44, which includes guidance on how to define a useful functional unit and reference flow in the context of real-life use time. The open and foundational requirements of ISO 14040/14044 already form an excellent basis for analysis of the phenomenon obsolescence and its environmental impact in product comparisons. However, any analysis presumes clear definition of the goal and scope phase with special attention paid to aspects relevant to obsolescence: the target product and user group needs to be placed into context with the analysed “anti-obsolescence” measures. The reference flow needs to reflect a realized use time (and not solely a technical lifetime when not relevant for the product under study). System boundaries and types of data need to be chosen also in context of the anti-obsolescence measure to include, for example, the production of spare parts to reflect repairable design and/or manufacturer-specific yields to reflect high-quality manufacturing. Understanding the relevant obsolescence conditions for the product system under study and how these may differ across the market segment or user types is crucial for a fair and useful comparison and the evaluation of anti-obsolescence measures.

Effect of product obsolescence on wages: Role of international trade and skill levels

Trade competition generated R&D labor demand is strongest for medium life length products and is more relevant for skilled workers. Forward citation lag of patents captures product life lengths. The theoretically predicted non-monotonic relationship is observed in the empirical analysis.

Thwarting Replication Attack Against Memristor-Based Neuromorphic Computing System

Neuromorphic architectures are widely used in many applications for advanced data processing and often implement proprietary algorithms. However, in an adversarial scenario, such systems may face elaborate security attacks including learning attack. In this article, we prevent an attacker with physical access from learning the proprietary algorithm implemented by the neuromorphic hardware. For this purpose, we leverage the obsolescence effect in memristors to judiciously reduce the accuracy of outputs for any unauthorized user. For a legitimate user, we regulate the obsolescence effect, thereby maintaining the accuracy of outputs in a suitable range. We extensively examine the feasibility of our proposed method with four datasets. We experiment under different settings, such as activation functions and constraints such as process variations, and estimate the calibration overhead. The security versus cost and performance versus resistance range tradeoffs for different applications are also analyzed. We then prove that the defense is still valid even if the attacker has the prior knowledge of the defense mechanism. Overall, our methodology is compatible with mainstream classification applications, memristor devices, and security and performance constraints.

Optimal Line Design of New and Remanufactured Products: A Model for Maximum Profit and Market Share with Environmental Consideration

For original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), producing a line of new and remanufactured products can be an effective strategy for improving the sustainability of their business. The potential cannibalization of new product sales and the technological obsolescence of used products, however, can create barriers for OEMs to embrace remanufacturing. In order to address these challenges in OEM remanufacturing, this paper proposes a mixed-integer programming model for the optimal line design of new and remanufactured products. Aiming at two objectives, i.e., maximizing the total profit and maximizing the total market share, the model simultaneously optimizes a line of new and remanufactured products in terms of their (1) design specifications (including an upgrade plan for the remanufactured product), (2) selling prices, and (3) production quantities and the detailed production plan. With the simultaneous optimization, the model suggests an optimal way of differentiating the new and remanufactured products in order to overcome the cannibalization and obsolescence effects and to maximize the total profit and/or market share. The model also accounts for environmental impact, stipulating that the total environmental impact of manufacturing remains under a certain limit. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the model, a case study is presented using the example of a desktop computer.

INSIGHTS INTO BEYOND-LIFE COMPLEX SYSTEMS SUFFERING FROM OBSOLESCENCE

Supporting and maintaining complex systems in developing countries has numerous challenges, especially in systems that suffer from obsolescence and operate beyond their designed life. Existing methodologies in developing an integrated logistics support system (ILSS) in developed countries are based on resources that are readily available, while in developing countries this is not always the case, and so grounded design rules within a robust framework are required. Various methods and six case studies of high technology systems were used for this paper. Obsolescence effects are considerably wider than the retirement and obsolescence component of present frameworks.

Survival analysis of the world ship demolition market

Ship demolition is an important strategy for balancing the fleet capacity of the shipping industry. In addition to the effects of ship obsolescence, technical developments and environmental regulations on ship demolition, the state of the shipping market and operational costs are also significant influences. Using a dataset compiled from various data sources, this study analyzes individual shipowners' ship demolition decisions using survival analysis models. The empirical estimation of the Cox proportional hazards regression suggests the different demolition decision behavior under different shipping market cycles. The results also indicate the active ship demolition activities of the owners from developing countries after the financial crisis. Meanwhile, more aged and less efficient ships have been demolished after 2008 because of the high bunker consumption and the big owners cannot escape from this. Finally, the survival distribution function illustrates the impact of different factors on demolition behavior in different market situations.

Ontotecnia, ingeniería organizacional y actores emergentes

In contemporary thought there has been a certain shift from traditional ontological understanding of technology, and it is being sketched a real ontotechnics that takes charge of the forms of socionatural and techno-cultural hybridization. The forms of anticipation and repetition of this ontotechnical drift are characterized by a spectral effect of mismatch and obsolescence, but also of imaginary investment of techno-cultural actors. In this article, we explore the isomorphism between that metamorphosis of technical objects and the spectral irruption of sociopolitical actors. This survey considers the development of Community Operational Research and Free Technology, in order to explore their meanings at the present.

Nauczyciela akademickiego spojrzenie na rozwój w dobie przemian ogólnoświatowych

The author presents her reflection on the issue of personal growth in times of globalization from the perspective of her own research results. An overview of the contemporary dynamics of globalization is given, with a particular focus on its driving mechanism and two most prominent aspects – the informational and the cultural ones. The effects of technological development are discussed from the standpoint offered by Herbert Marshall McLuhan’s taxonomy, particularly the effects of elimination and obsolescence. The framework for the description is taken from the concept of information metabolism and its disorders leading to difficulties in the development of personal knowledge – resulting from both teaching and learning – conceptualized as one of the elements of personality responsible for the dynamics of development. Those disorders are viewed in the author’s own theoretical term of information stress and are linked – empirically as well – to individual correlates such as dysfunctional control. While the author recognizes the threats to development and growth stemming from globalization, she vehemently opposes technological determinism as contradictory to the subjectivity of human being characteristic to psychological approaches. The efforts to harmonize the technological and cultural avenues of development are therefore seen as an opportunity for a new quality of personal growth, especially when attached to self-reflection.

Supply Chain Control: A Theory of Vertical Integration

Abstract Improving a company’s bargaining position is often cited as a chief motivation to vertically integrate with suppliers. This paper expands on that view in building a new theory of vertical integration. In my model firms integrate to gain bargaining power against other suppliers in the production process. The cost of integration is a loss of flexibility in choosing the most suitable suppliers for a particular final product. I show that the firms who make the most specific investments in the production process have the greatest incentive to integrate. The theory provides novel insights into the understanding of numerous stylized facts such as the effect of financial development on the vertical structure of firms, the observed pattern from FDI to outsourcing in international trade, and the effect of technological obsolescence on organizations.

Effects of the Perceived Obsolescence on Product Evaluation

본 연구는 소비자가 제품을 사용하면서 지각하는 진부를 기술적 진부와 심리적 진부로 구분하고, 각 진부상태에 따라 예열되는 마음가짐에 대해 살펴보았다. 더 나아가 각 진부상태에 따라 초점을 두는 신제품의 속성유형에 대해 살펴보고, 제시되는 정보의 양의 조절적 역할에 대해 밝히고자 하였다.BR 구체적으로 기술적 진부는 기존제품의 속성들로부터 지각되기 때문에 기술적 진부를 지각한 소비자는 하위해석수준의 마음가짐이 예열되며, 기존제품이 지닌 기술적 한계를 극복하기 위해 신제품을 맥락적인 관점에서 구체적이고 수단적 가치에 초점을 맞춰 평가할 것으로 예상하였다. 따라서 기존제품과 신제품의 공유속성인 정렬 가능한 속성의 변화에 관심을 갖고 제품을 평가할 것으로 보았다. 이때, 정렬 가능한 속성에 대한 정보를 적게 제공하기보다는 많이 제공할수록 제품을 더욱 긍정적으로 평가할 것이라 판단하였다.BR 반면 심리적 진부는 기존제품에 대해 싫증, 따분함, 지루함, 무관심 등 감정적 가치의 손실로부터 지각되기 때문에 심리적 진부를 지각한 소비자는 상위해석수준의 마음가짐이 예열되며, 감정적 가치의 손실을 회복하기 위해 신제품을 탈맥락적인 관점에서 추상적이고 바람직한 가치에 초점을 맞춰 평가할 것으로 예상하였다. 따라서 심리적 진부를 지각한 소비자는 기존제품에서 경험해보지 못한 새로운 속성, 즉 정렬 불가능한 속성을 중심으로 전반적인 변화에 관심을 갖고 제품을 평가할 것으로 예상하였다. 이때, 정렬 불가능한 속성에 대한 정보를 많이 제공하기보다는 적게 제공할수록 제품을 더욱 긍정적으로 평가할 것이라 판단하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 세 차례 실험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과들을 보고하였다.BR 마지막으로 본 연구결과가 제시하는 이론적 · 실무적 시사점을 제안하고, 연구의 한계와 향후 연구방향에 대해서도 논의하였다.

As vulnerabilidades dos documentos digitais: Obsolescência tecnológica e ausência de políticas e práticas de preservação digital

Objetivo. Este trabalho procura debater os pontos teóricos referentes à obsolescência tecnológica, implementação de políticas organizacionais, estratégias de preservação e sistemas informatizados. Método. Desenvolve-se o levantamento bibliográfico de materiais previamente publicados, como livros, teses, sítios da Internet e artigos de periódicos científicos indexados no Google Scholar e Portal de periódicos da CAPES. A coleta de dados tem como base a análise qualitativa, e realiza uma revisão de literatura capaz de apresentar o estado da arte sobre a preservação e a fragilidade dos documentos digitais. Resultados. Entre os resultados pode-se considerar a obsolescência tecnológica uma consequencia da própria tecnologia motivada por uma evolução desenfreada. Desta forma, vem atingindo softwares, formatos de arquivo, sistemas operacionais e profissionais responsáveis pela preservação, e assim coloca um parte significativa da memória das sociedades contemporâneas em risco. Conclusões. Destaca-se a importância da políticas institucionais, das estratégias de preservação digital e dos sistemas informatizados. Através destes será possível planejar, monitorar e tratar os documentos digitais, minimizando os efeitos da obsolescência tecnológica com a finalidade de preservar seu conteúdo e sua fidedignidade.

R&D Investment, Planned Obsolescence, and Network Effects

We analyze a durable-goods monopolist's R&D incentive in a market with network effects. It is shown that if the network effect is strong, the monopolist underinvests in new-product R&D compared to the commitment level. This contrasts conventional wisdom that durable-goods producers exercise planned obsolescence by introducing new products too frequently. When the monopolist can additionally invest in the intensity of network benefit, it tends to underinvest in network intensity. This further reduces the investment in new-product R&D relative to the commitment level.

End‐of‐Life Inventory Problem with Phaseout Returns

We consider the service parts end‐of‐life inventory problem of a capital goods manufacturer in the final phase of its life cycle. The final phase starts as soon as the production of parts terminates and continues until the last service contract expires. Final order quantities are considered a popular tactic to sustain service fulfillment obligations and to mitigate the effect of obsolescence. In addition to the final order quantity, other sources to obtain serviceable parts are repairing returned defective items and retrieving parts from phaseout returns. Phaseout returns happen when a customer replaces an old system platform with a next‐generation one and returns the old product to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). These returns can well serve the demand for service parts of other customers still using the old generation of the product. In this study, we study the decision‐making complications as well as cost‐saving opportunities stemming from phaseout occurrence. We use a finite‐horizon Markov decision process to characterize the structure of the optimal inventory control policy. We show that the optimal policy consists of a time‐varying threshold level for item repair. Furthermore, we study the value of phaseout information by extending the results to cases with an uncertain phaseout quantity or an uncertain schedule. Numerical analysis sheds light on the advantages of the optimal policy compared to some heuristic policies.