Nonlinear Distortion Effects Research Articles

Insights on the non-linear solution of Munk's ocean circulation theory from a rotating tank experiment

Abstract At age 101, Walter Munk passed away in 2019. His groundbreaking discoveries will still guide and amaze oceanography students for years to come. Here, we perceive patterns in rotating tank with Munk's circulation theory aided by a Lagrangian particles tracking algorithm and numerical modeling. From information captured by video, we track the trajectories of drifters, and then objectively mapped the streamfunction to obtain the mean circulation pattern. We were able to reproduce the wind-forced anticyclonic and asymmetric gyre, including the western boundary intensification and its retroflection. The latter phenomenon was predicted by the non-linear version of Munk's model and observed in real subtropical gyres as small recirculation regions. We have configured two numerical model simulations mimicking the physical experiment, with linear and non-linear terms. The comparison between the numerical and physical experiments confirmed the effect of non-linear distortion of the gyre. Geophysical fluid dynamics is often hard to visualize, and counter-intuitive in a rotating system. We present this set of experiments as a tool for oceanography teaching. Besides studying general ocean circulation theories and observations through practical examples, this experiment provides an opportunity to develop basic image processing and geophysical modelling skills.

Multitrack Detection With a Two-Dimensional Soft-Transition Assisted Multitask Neural Network for Heat-Assisted Interlaced Magnetic Recording

Heat-assisted interlaced magnetic recording (HIMR) further increases recording density compared to heat-assisted magnetic recording due to the interlaced track layout. However, the smaller circular thermal profile of the top low-temperature-written tracks results in severe transition curvatures, which causes nonlinear distortions of the readback signal and degrades the bit error rate (BER) performance. Moreover, the increased recording density causes severe two-dimensional (2-D) intersymbol interference (ISI) along both down track and cross track directions. To mitigate the effect of nonlinear distortion and 2-D ISI in an HIMR system, we model a 2-D soft-transition, information-assisted, multitask neural network and modified Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) detector (2DST-MTNN-MB) algorithm to detect three tracks simultaneously. The readback signal and 2-D soft-transition information are fed into the multitask neural network to obtain equalized signals and soft bit estimates of three tracks simultaneously. Then, the signal of the current track and soft estimates of the side tracks are embedded into the branch metrics of the modified BCJR detector for data detection, and the low-density parity check decoder is cascaded for error correction. The simulation results show that the 2DST-MTNN-MB algorithm provides 5.0 dB signal-to-noise ratio gains with reduced computation complexity compared with a single-track, single-task neural network and one-dimensional BCJR detector algorithm for the low-temperature-written track at channel bit density of 3.51 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , thereby narrowing the gap of BER performance between high- and low-temperature-written tracks.

A Novel Highly-Efficient Amplification Scheme for Wireless Communications in a CathLab Environment

Wireless communication systems are being considered for medical applications to facilitate the doctors' operation and the quality of the medical procedures. A demonstrative example of this is the catheterization laboratory (CathLab), where it is desirable to replace the existent wired connections by wireless alternatives. However, there are some challenging requirements that need to be fulfilled by the wireless link, especially for intra-vascular ultra-sound (IVUS) systems, since the images acquired by the catheter should be transmitted with very high data rate and low latency, together with the highest possible amplification efficiency, to increase the battery life. The communication requirements can be achieved with latest the Wi-Fi standard IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6). However, since Wi-Fi is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms, the transmitted signals present high envelope fluctuations, leading to amplification difficulties due to the nonlinear distortion effects and low energy efficiency. In this paper, we present an innovative amplification scheme named quantized digital amplification (QDA). It is shown that the QDA allows a quasi-linear amplification of IEEE 802.11ax signals while maintaining a very high energy efficiency. To demonstrate this, a QDA prototype and a set of performance results, regarding both the linearity of the transmitted signals and the energy efficiency, are presented.

A Comprehensive Study of Adaptive LNA Nonlinearity Compensation Methods in Direct RF Sampling Receivers

This paper studies the effects of nonlinear distortion of Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for the multichannel direct-RF sampling receiver (DRF). The main focus of our work is to study and compare the effectiveness of the different adaptive compensation algorithms, including the inverse-based and subtract-based Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm with a fixed and variable step size. The models for the compensation circuits have been analytically derived. As the major improvements, the effectiveness of the compensation circuits under the ADC quantization noise effect is evaluated. The bit-error-rates (BER) in dynamic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios are calculated. We have proposed the use of variable step-size LMS (VLMS) to shorten the convergence time and to improve the compensation effect in general.&#x0D; To evaluate and compare different compensation methods, a complex Matlab model of the Ultra high frequency (UHF) DRF with 4-QPSK channels was implemented. The simulation results show that all compensation methods significantly improve the receiver performance, with the convergence time of the VLMS algorithm does not exceed 5.104 samples, the adjacent channel power ratios (ACPR) are reduced more than 30 dBc, and the BERs decrease by 2­–3 orders of magnitude, compared with the non-compensated results. The simulation results also indicate that the subtraction method in general has better performance than the inversion method.

Nonlinear redshift-space distortions in the harmonic-space galaxy power spectrum

Future high spectroscopic resolution galaxy surveys will observe galaxies with nearly full-sky footprints. Modeling the galaxy clustering for these surveys, therefore, must include the wide-angle effect with narrow redshift binning. In particular, when the redshift-bin size is comparable to the typical peculiar velocity field, the nonlinear redshift-space distortion (RSD) effect becomes important. A naive projection of the Fourier-space RSD model to spherical harmonic space leads to diverging expressions. In this paper we present a general formalism of projecting the higher-order RSD terms into spherical harmonic space. We show that the nonlinear RSD effect, including the fingers-of-God (FoG), can be entirely attributed to a modification of the radial window function. We find that while linear RSD enhances the harmonic-space power spectrum, unlike the three-dimensional case, the enhancement decreases on small angular-scales. The fingers-of-God suppress the angular power spectrum on all transverse scales if the bin size is smaller than $\Delta r \lesssim \pi \sigma_u$; for example, the radial bin sizes corresponding to a spectral resolution $R=\lambda/\Delta \lambda$ of a few hundred satisfy the condition. We also provide the flat-sky approximation which reproduces the full calculation to sub-percent accuracy.

Novel Baseband Equivalent Model for Digital Predistortion of Wideband Frequency-Multiplier-Based Millimeter Wave Sources

This article proposes a novel digital predistortion (DPD) scheme for mitigating the effects of nonlinear distortion caused by frequency multipliers when driven with wideband vector modulated signals. An effective pruning strategy is applied to limit the number of coefficients that consequently reduces the complexity of the DPD scheme while maintaining excellent linearization capacity. Extensive tests are conducted using different millimeter-wave frequency multipliers for proof-of-concept validation. These multipliers include two frequency doublers (25 and 28 GHz), a tripler (63 GHz), and a quadrupler (25 GHz), each driven by vector-modulated signals with an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 400 MHz. Using 44 coefficients or less, the proposed DPD approach allows for excellent frequency-doubler distortion cancellation and improves the error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) from about 21% and 21 dB to 1.8%-0.8% and 47-54 dB for the different test signals. Similarly, in the case of the frequency tripler, the EVM and ACPR improve from 8% and 30 dB to less than 1.7% and 45-51 dB after applying the proposed DPD scheme with 57 coefficients under different test signals. Finally, in the case of the frequency quadrupler (composed of two cascaded frequency doublers), the proposed DPD scheme achieves the EVM and ACPR of 0.9%-1.6% and 53-45 dB, respectively, with a higher number of coefficients.

Passive Intermodulation in Simultaneous Transmit–Receive Systems: Modeling and Digital Cancellation Methods

This article presents novel solutions for suppressing passive intermodulation (PIM) distortion in frequency-division duplexing (FDD)-based radio transceivers, stemming from nonlinear radio frequency (RF) components and simultaneous transmission and reception, with special emphasis on modern carrier aggregation networks. With certain transmission band combinations in, e.g., long-term evolution (LTE) or the emerging 5G new radio (NR) mobile radio systems, the nonlinear distortion produced by the passive components of the transceiver RF front end can result in intermodulation (IM) distortion that falls within one of the configured reception bands. While the traditional solution to mitigate this problem is to reduce the transmit power, we take an alternative approach and seek to cancel such PIM in the transceiver digital front end by using the original transmit data as a reference. To generate as accurate cancellation signal as possible, we derive different advanced signal models for the observable IM distortion at own receiver band that incorporates also the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities, together with the passive component nonlinearities and the frequency-selective responses of the duplex filters. The performance and the processing complexity of the devised digital cancellation and parameter estimation solutions are evaluated with real-life RF measurements, where an actual LTE-Advanced user equipment (UE)-type transceiver system is utilized. The obtained results show that the proposed cancellers are implementation feasible and can suppress the self-interference by over 20 dB, canceling the distortion nearly perfectly up to UE transmit powers of +24 dBm. The results also indicate that, in many cases, it is necessary to model the nonlinear distortion effects produced by the PAs, even if the individual component carriers are combined after the amplification stage.

Exploring the effect of LED nonlinearity on the performance of layered ACO-OFDM.

Visible light communication (VLC) depends on light emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. This is one of the strengths of VLC motivated by high optical efficiency and low cost. However, LEDs impose nonlinear effects on the transmitted signal and limit overall system performance, especially in the case of multicarrier modulation systems. This paper extends to the layered asymmetrically clipped optical, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (LACO-OFDM) and investigates the impact of LED nonlinearity on system performance. The effect of the second-order nonlinear distortion in addition to the clipping noise is presented and analyzed at different power values assuming different strengths of nonlinearity. With a variable number of layers, the system performance is explored considering a nonlinear LED model. Finally, the impact of nonlinearity is investigated in the case of ACO-OFDM for the sake of comparison, bearing in mind that ACO-OFDM represents the first layer of LACO-OFDM.

Compensation of Non-linear Distortion Effects in MIMO-OFDM Systems Using Constant Envelope OFDM for 5G Applications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier transmission system that can achieve high data rate over wireless channels. At the same time, multiple input multiple output OFDM (MIMO-OFDM) in wireless communication systems has been exposed to offer significant improvement over wireless technology by providing transmit diversity. It has become a promising technique for high-performance 5G broadband wireless communications. However, the main problem associated with MIMO-OFDM is that its signal exhibits high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which causes nonlinear distortion and consequently performance degradation. Besides, PAPR carries weaknesses such as an increase in power consumption of high power amplifier (HPA) and analog to digital converter (ADC). Thus, 5G base stations will push up power requirements because energy consumption grows with the number of transceiver elements. So, mobile operators must find the right compromise that, on the one hand, guarantees a certain level of performance to a data flow, and, on the other hand, the energy cost generated for the deployment of the network. For this, as part of the management of power consumption, we propose MIMO constant envelope OFDM (MIMO-CE-OFDM) technique. In this work, we used MIMO-CE-OFDM to mitigate the nonlinear effect of HPA and ADC. To perform practical simulations, we have used COST 2100 MIMO channel model. In this paper, a MIMO-CE-OFDM system has been presented and analyzed under COST 2100 channel model conditions. Simulation results are given to illustrate the performance of [Formula: see text] MIMO-CE-OFDM in the presence of both HPA and ADC nonlinearity. This work shows that the effect of nonlinearity is shown to be negligible on MIMO-CE-OFDM signal.

Computer Simulation of Nonlinear Distortion of Class D Sound Amplifier on GaN-Transistors

Class A, B, AB and D amplifiers are used in the field of sound reproduction equipment, but each has its own peculiarities. The principle of operation of class D amplifiers is based on pulse width modulation. Transistors act as switches, either in the closed or opened state without intermediate values. The efficiency of real class D amplifiers is approximately 90%, in the most economical models 95%, and they have low dependence of the output power. The class D amplifiers are compact in size. For this paper, GaN-transistors were selected as the base. Because they are, compared to silicon transistors, low resistance in the open state, high breakdown voltage, higher switching speed of the transistors. They also work at high temperatures.The nonlinear distortions is negative features of Class D amplifiers. They directly affect the sound quality. The distortions include nonlinearity, which is determined by the modulation method and the "dead" period, which is necessary to prevent the occurrence of cross-current at the moment when both half-transistors are open. Modeling the parameters of a Class D amplifier, especially at an early stage of development, is a necessary tool that can significantly reduce the time and money spent on development and production. In this paper, simulations were performed using equivalent circle methods.Changing the shape of the signal at the output of the cascade is called nonlinear distortion. They affect the output signal formation positively (e.g. in demodulation) and negatively (e.g. in amplifiers). When investigating GaN transistors on Class D amplifiers, the signal shape at the amplifier output will be different from the signal shape at the input nonlinear distortions occur. They are due to the features of the structure of the amplifier.The purpose of this work is to create a model of the output stage of a class D amplifier on GaN transistors so as to be able to investigate the effect of nonlinear distortions when changing the switching frequency for different signal frequencies.The GaN transistor EPC2022 transistor based on GaN transducer, which is assembled on the EPC9035 board for researching, it was selected as the basis for the amplifier model.The simulation was performed in the Multisim 14.1 software environment. The dependence of the occurrence of nonlinear distortions for switching frequencies of 100 kHz, 250 kHz, 500 kHz, 1000 kHz for sound signals of 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 5 kHz and 10 kHz is investigated. The study founds that nonlinear distortions for different conversion frequencies have different frequency dependencies. For the studied conversion frequencies, there is a decrease in the distortion with increasing frequency, which is caused by the decrease of the high-frequency harmonics of the output filter.The optimal working conditions for obtaining the minimum values of the coefficient of nonlinear distortions are determined. It is investigated that the created model proves the efficiency of using class D amplifiers on GaN transistors for audio paths. Because it allows to obtain a coefficient of nonlinear distortion of up to 1% and high efficiency.

Nonlinear Distortion Effects In Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing

Generalised Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is utilized in the fifth era cell organize as opposed to the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) since GFDM has numerous appealing highlights like heartiness towards recurrence particular blurring, simple execution and sensible, and so forth. GFDM has just a single cyclic prefix (CP) for a lot of images in a period OFDM it uses a solitary CP per image. Right now, research the effects of nonlinear mutilation on the different information numerous yield (MIMO) - GFDM framework when the sign is passed the HPA, which is displayed with sufficiency and stage contortion. The execution of the proposed strategy is resolved as far as range investigation, PAPR examination, and bit blunder rate (BER) investigation. The recreation results show that the proposed plan prevails with regards to making up for nonlinear contortions brought about by the HPA for huge contribution back-off (IBO) values.

Nonlinear contributions to angular power spectra

Future galaxy clustering surveys will probe small scales where non-linearities become important. Since the number of modes accessible on intermediate to small scales is very high, having a precise model at these scales is important especially in the context of discriminating alternative cosmological models from the standard one. In the mildly non-linear regime, such models typically differ from each other, and galaxy clustering data will become very precise on these scales in the near future. As the observable quantity is the angular power spectrum in redshift space, it is important to study the effects of non-linear density and redshift space distortion (RSD) in the angular power spectrum. We compute non-linear contributions to the angular power spectrum using a flat-sky approximation that we introduce in this work, and compare the results of different perturbative approaches with $N$-body simulations. We find that the TNS perturbative approach is significantly closer to the $N$-body result than Eulerian or Lagrangian 1-loop approximations, effective field theory of large scale structure or a halofit-inspired model. However, none of these prescriptions is accurate enough to model the angular power spectrum well into the non-linear regime. In addition, for narrow redshift bins, $\Delta z \lesssim 0.01$, the angular power spectrum acquires non-linear contributions on all scales, right down to $\ell=2$, and is hence not a reliable tool at this time. To overcome this problem, we need to model non-linear RSD terms, for example as TNS does, but for a matter power spectrum that remains reasonably accurate well into the deeply non-linear regime, such as halofit.

Computational models for predicting sound quality

The quality of an audio device, such as a microphone, amplifier, or headphone, depends on how accurately the device transmits the properties of the sound source to the ear(s) of the listener. Two types of “distortion” can occur in this transmission: (1) “Linear” distortion, which may be described as a deviation of the frequency response from the “target” response; (2) Nonlinear distortion, which is characterised by frequency components in the output of the device that were not present in the input. These two forms of distortion have different perceptual effects. Their effects on sound quality can be predicted using a model of auditory processing with the following stages: (1) A filter to take into account the transmission of sound from the device to the ear of the listener; (2) A filter to simulate the effects of transmission through the middle ear; (3) An array of bandpass filters to simulate the auditory filters that exist in the cochlea of the inner ear. For predicting the perceptual effects of linear distortion, a model operating in the frequency domain can be used. For predicting the perceptual effects of nonlinear distortion, a model operating in the time domain is required, since the detailed waveforms at the outputs of the auditory filters need to be considered. The models described have been shown to give accurate predictions for a wide range of “artificial” and “real” linear and nonlinear distortions.

System identification of proportional solenoid valve dynamics.

We present a system identification technique for the characterisation of the linearity and dynamic response of a PSOL valve and its corresponding electronic control unit (ECU) using bandlimited white noise, as well as pseudo random "non-sum non-difference" (NSND) waveforms consisting of mutually prime frequencies to mitigate the effects of nonlinear distortions. The parameters of several transfer function models were simultaneously estimated from the voltage-flow frequency response using a nonlinear gradient descent technique. Candidate transfer function models were assessed using the mean squared residual (MSR) criterion and the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). The MSR yielded a transfer function consisting of 10 poles and 9 zeros, while the AICc yielded a simpler transfer function consisting of 5 poles and 3 zeros. Monte Carlo analysis demonstrated fragile stability for the MSR-selected model with respect to varying parameter values within estimated uncertainties, yet a robust stability for the AICc-selected model.

Histogram Based Clustering for Nonlinear Compensation in Long Reach Coherent Passive Optical Networks

In order to meet the increasing capacity requirements, network operators are extending their optical infrastructure closer to the end-user while making more efficient use of the resources. In this context, long reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs) are attracting increasing attention.Coherent LR-PONs based on high speed digital signal processors represent a high potential alternative because, alongside with the inherent mixing gain and the possibility of amplitude and phase diversity formats, they pave the way to compensate linear impairments in a more efficient way than in traditional direct detection systems. The performance of coherent LR-PONs is then limited by the combined effect of noise and nonlinear distortion. The noise is particularly critical in single channel systems where, in addition to the the elevated fibre loss, the splitting losses should be considered. In such systems, Kerr induced self-phase modulation emerges as the main limitation to the maximum capacity. In this work, we propose a novel clustering algorithm, denominated histogram based clustering (HBC), that employs the spatial density of the points of a 2D histogram to identify the borders of high density areas to classify nonlinearly distorted noisy constellations. Simulation results reveal that for a 100 km long LR-PON with a 1:64 splitting ratio, at optimum power levels, HBC presents a Q-factor 0.57 dB higher than maximum likelihood and 0.21 dB higher than k-means. In terms of nonlinear tolerance, at a BER of 2×10 − 3 , our method achieves a gain of ∼2.5 dB and ∼1.25 dB over maximum likelihood and k-means, respectively. Numerical results also show that the proposed method can operate over blocks as small as 2500 symbols.

Mitigating the Effects of Non-Linear Distortion Using Polarizers in Microwave Photonic Link

Abstract A scheme to suppress nonlinear intermodulation distortion in microwave photonic (MWP) link is proposed by using polarizers to compensate inherent non-linear behavior of dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator (DE-MZM). Insertion losses and extinction ratio have also been considered. Simulation results depict that spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of proposed link reaches to 130.743 dB.Hz2/3. A suppression of 41 dB in third order intermodulation distortions and an improvement of 15.3 dB is reported when compared with the conventional link. In addition, an electrical spectrum at different polarization angles is extracted and 79 ∘ 79^\circ is found to be optimum value of polarization angle.

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Expansion and Nonlinear Distortion Effects on Performance of Engine Seal under Compressive Loading

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Expansion and Nonlinear Distortion Effects on Performance of Engine Seal under Compressive Loading

Iterative frequency-domain detection and compensation of nonlinear distortion effects for MIMO systems

Single-carrier multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems are known to have low envelope fluctuations. However, the introduction of higher order modulations, such as M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), and singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques, can lead to large envelope fluctuations, making the signals prone to nonlinear distortion effects during amplification.For this work we consider a MIMO-SVD system employing single-carrier with frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) and M-QAM constellations with M>4, together with strongly nonlinear amplifiers. To increase performance of the SVD technique, we interleave the singular modes among the antennas. Moreover, to handle the nonlinear distortion, we propose an iterative frequency-domain receiver that combines equalization with cancellation of nonlinear distortion effects.The performance results show that the proposed receivers can achieve excellent performance with only a few iterations, which makes this technique appealing for MIMO point-to-point communication systems.11A preliminary version of this work was published in ICUMT 2018.

Spectral Re-Growth Suppression in the FBMC-OQAM Signal Under the Non-linear Behavior of a Power Amplifier

Typically, the filter bank multicarrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM) bears some impressive properties that make it popular as one of the substitutes to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for the upcoming technology of broadband wireless communication systems. Although FBMC-OQAM preserves the multicarrier modulation (MCM) features, its spectrum usually suffers from impairments when subjected to the nonlinear behavior of a power amplifier (PA) which results in spectral re-growth. Due to the spectrum limitation and low energy efficiency foreseen in the forthcoming 5G networks, it is vital to confine the spectrum of the FBMC-OQAM signal within the allocated band of interest. In this paper, the suppression of the spectral re-growth experienced on the FBMC-OQAM signal due to the nonlinear distortion effects introduced by the PA is investigated. The crest factor reduction (CFR) method in combination with an adaptive digital pre-distortion (DPD) are used. The peak windowing technique based on sequential asymmetric superposition windowing (SASW) algorithm is used in the CFR part while the least square estimation with QR-decomposition (LSE/QR) has been used as the coefficient’s estimator and adaptation algorithm in the DPD part. The performance of the two combined techniques has been evaluated on SystemVue2018 simulation platform. The adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and the error vector magnitude (EVM) have been considered as the performance merits. The simulation results show that the proposed techniques significantly improve the spectrum, first by reducing the PAPR of the FBMC-OQAM signal by about 1.5dB. Secondly, the spectral re-growth has been reduced by about -45.74dB adjacent channel leakage suppression and the error vector magnitude measure has been obtained to be about 7.12%. (-22.95dB). These values lead to better average input power of the FBMC-OQAM signal and improvement in the spectral efficiency and they are in accordance with the 3GPP standard for wideband signals in nonlinear systems.

Inertial cavitation behaviors and bioeffects in pulsed focused ultrasound

Pulsed HIFU-induced inertial cavitation can be used to permeabilize tissue for promoting drug extravasation and penetration. In addition to HIFU frequency, peak rarefactional pressure (p-), and pulse duration, the threshold for inducing inertial cavitation has recently been correlated with nonlinear distortion of the focal waveform. Here, the effect of nonlinear distortion and HIFU frequency within the range of 0.28–1.9 MHz were investigated in transparent gel phantoms with simultaneous high-speed photography and passive cavitation detection (PCD). Transducers with different F-numbers (0.77–1.5) delivered 1 ms-long pulses with varying p- (1–15 MPa) at 1 Hz pulse rate. For all frequencies, increasing acoustic power and nonlinear distortion led to bubble behaviors changing both quantitatively and qualitatively from isolated, stationary bubbles to sparse bubble clouds that proliferated slowly towards the transducer. Different behaviors corresponded to specific spectral characteristics of the PCD signals. Exposures corresponding to particular behaviors at 1 MHz and 0.3 MHz frequencies were then applied to surgically exposed porcine liver, kidney, and pancreas in vivo with concurrent administration of Evans Blue Dye (EBD). Exposures with spectral signatures of proliferating bubbles on PCD corresponded to enhanced EBD extravasation and hemorrhagic injury to all tissues. [Work supported by NIH R01EB023910 and R01CA154451.]