Effect Of Non-genetic Factors Research Articles

The effect of non-genetic factors on Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) growth traits

Abstract Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is one of the native cattle of Indonesia, which have excellent performance though reared in hot tropic condition with low quality of feed. As generally known, livestock performance is influenced by genetic and non-genetic such as environmental factors. Therefore, this study aims to determine the non-genetic factors on growth traits of Bali cattle. The material used in this study was Bali cattle that participated in the progeny test program, consisting of 20 bulls, 122 cows and 176 calves born three years in row. The data included sex, birth season, mating system, parity, and data on growth traits which included: birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days (YW365) and mature weight at 730 days (MW730). Data were then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result shows that BW, YW365 and MW730 were influenced by birth season and sex (p<0.05), and WW205 was influenced by sex and parity (p<0.05). Based on the result, we concluded that the performance of the Bali cattle population in this study was influenced by non-genetic factors that are birth season, sex and parity affect the growth traits of Bali cattle.

Milk yield, composition, and lactation curve models of Bargur cattle under farmers' production system in their native habitat.

Milk yield and composition traits (fat (%) and SNF (%)) from 1229 test day records of 205 Bargur cattle maintained under a farmers' production system were studied. This breed is known for its adaptability to the hilly tracts of Erode District in Tamil Nadu. Performance recording was done in the natural habitat through the test-day milk yield from lactating cows in the farmers' herds. Effects of non-genetic factors like season, year, parity, stage of lactation, and days from calving were studied using mixed models with animal taken as a random effect. Estimated marginal means for daily milk yield (DMY, L/day), fat (%), and SNF (%) were 2.05 ± 0.03, 4.08 ± 0.03%, and 8.19 ± 0.01%, respectively. Stage of lactation was highly significant (P < 0.01) for DMY, fat, and SNF. Season and year were significant for DMY and SNF, where higher productivity was obtained in the monsoon season, but fat remained constant in all the seasons. Parity was significant (P < 0.05) only for SNF, and year was significant for DMY (P < 0.01) and SNF (P < 0.05). Persistency was 5.9% calculated using Wood's gamma function and 63.0% calculated using the ratio of predicted yields. This was slightly lower compared to dairy breeds of cattle. Thirteen different lactation curve models were used for fitting of Bargur cattle lactation curve, and the Parabolic exponential model was the best fitting model based on model diagnostic criteria.

The effect of nongenetic factors on calf birth weight and growth performance in Anatolian buffaloes

The aim of the current study is to determine the growth performances of Anatolian buffaloes such as birth weight (BW$_{0}$), body weight at 6 months (BW$_{6}$), body weight at 12 months (BW$_{12}$), average daily weight gain from birth to 6 months (ADG$_{0 - 6}$), average daily weight gain from birth to 12 months (ADG$_{0 - 12}$) and average daily weight gain from 6 to 12 months (ADG$_{6 - 12}$), and to identify various nongenetic factors affecting these traits. In the study, the data of 2821 head buffalo calves born from buffaloes bred from the Anatolian Buffalo Breeding Project in Bartın province between 2015?2021 were used. In the present study, the effects of nongenetic factors such as district, calving year and season, calving age, and sex on BW0 and growth performance characteristics were investigated. The mean and standard errors of the BW$_{0}$, BW$_{6}$, BW$_{12}$, ADG$_{0 - 6}$, ADG$_{0 - 12}$, and ADG$_{6 - 12}$ values of buffalo calves were calculated as 28.33 ± 0.090 kg, 119.13 ± 0.459 kg, 173.53 ± 0.743 kg, 504.64 ± 2.31 g, 398.24 ± 1.88 g, and 304.27 ± 2.45 g respectively. In the study, except for the effect of calving age on ADG$_{0 - 6}$ and ADG$_{6 - 12}$ (p > 0.05), the effect of all other nongenetic factors on growth performance was found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). There is not enough research on environmental factors affecting growth performance at different ages in Anatolian buffaloes. The data on growth performances and significant nongenetic factors obtained in this study will be useful in the selection program and improvement in buffalo husbandry and enlighten future studies.

Growth performance and kleiber ratio of mecheri sheep under small holder management in Tamil Nadu

A study was conducted to assess the genetic potential of Mecheri sheep under farmers’ field conditions and to identify the non-genetic factors affecting growth traits. The data on body weights of 2202 Mecheri lambs (1153 males and 1049 females) reared under farmers’ field in 70 flocks in 10 hamlets/villages in Salem and Karur districts of Tamil Nadu were collected for a period of 10 years (2011 to 2020). The effects of non-genetic factors (year of birth, season of birth, sex, parity, location, and weight of dam at lambing) on live weight, average daily gain and Kleiber ratio (KR) at various stages of growth were analyzed using general linear model. The overall least-squares means for body weights at birth, weaning, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of age were 2.41±0.01,10.59±0.08, 13.97±0.10, 16.97±0.11 and 20.20±0.13 kg, respectively. The average daily gain during0-3, 3–6 and 6–12 months of age were 90.78±0.83, 37.53±0.78 and 32.59±0.50 g, respectively. Theleast-squares means for KR for 0–3, 3–6 and 6–12 months of age were 15.25±0.06, 5.10±0.10 and3.37±0.04, respectively. Among the non-genetic factors, year and season of birth, sex of lamb anddam's weight at lambing had very important role in the growth of the Mecherilambs atdifferentstages, necessitatingcorrection of records to increasetheaccuracyofselection.

The effect of non-genetic factors on the birth weight of Romanov sheep

The aim of this study was to analyse the non-genetic factors influencing the birth weight of Romanov lambs, and to determine which of them may be a useful source of information in the selection of female lambs for replacement. The study included 1712 lambs born in the period from 2016 to 2019. The linear model used in birth weight estimation included: birth type, sex, parity, year of birth, season of birth, and breeding group as fixed factors. Year of birth x season of birth interaction was also included in the model. All factors, except the season of birth, significantly affected birth weight (P&lt;0.05). Birth weight decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with increasing birth type and singles, twins, triplets and quadruplets weighing 4.11 ± 0.07, 3.56 ± 0.05, 3.07 ± 0.05 and 2.66 ± 0.08 kg, respectively. Male lambs (3.44 ± 0.05 kg) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) heavier than female lambs (3.25 ± 0.05 kg). The lightest lambs (2.99 ± 0.05 kg) were born in the first litter, after which the birth weight gradually increased up to the sixth litter (3.54 ± 0.10 kg). Litter weight showed a nonlinear increase with an increase in birth type (P&lt;0.05). The birth weight of female lambs from litters of twins and triplets with different ratios of male and female lambs did not differ significantly (P&gt;0.05). Variations in birth weight are influenced by non-genetic factors, with birth type, sex, and parity being the most important. These factors should be considered in breeding and selection programs for lamb meat production, where fertility and growth traits have the key role.

The Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Body Weight and Zoometric Traits in Sirohi Kids

The Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Body Weight and Zoometric Traits in Sirohi Kids

Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Fogera and Their Crossbred Calves at Government Ranches in Ethiopia

The economic benefit of dairy products can be enhanced by increasing the efficiency of growth and survival rate of calves. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of non-genetic factors on pre- and post-weaning growth traits and mortality rate of pure Fogera and their F1 cross Fogera × Holstein Friesian calves at the Andassa and Chagni Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch. Retrospective types of study design and direct measurement were used to collect the data. A total of 3,626 for pre-weaning weight records and 107 for post-weaning measurements were used for analysis. Genotype, sex, dam parity, year of birth, the season of birth, and location were the considered production factors. The overall least square means (LSM ± SE) of birth weights were 22.33 ± 0.12 and 24.56 ± 0.11 kg for Fogera and their crosses, respectively. The overall LSM ± SE of weaning weights were 93.25 ± 0.85 and 111.63 ± 0.84 kg for Fogera and their cross calves, respectively. The overall post-weaning weight for Fogera and their cross calves were 101.02 ± 1.62 and 111.08 ± 2.65, respectively. All variables considered in the model, except dam parity, significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) affected post-weaning weight. The overall recorded mortality rate was 3% which was nearly the optimum that many scholars agreed to successful rearing practices.

Genotype Environment Interaction on Milk Production Traits of Crossbred Dairy Cows under Tropical Climatic Condition of India

Background: Genotype environment interaction plays vital role in animal productivity. Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressor affecting milk production and measured in terms of temperature humidity index (THI). Indian milk industry largely depends on crossbred cows bearing different degree of exotic inheritance. Thus, the role of genotype (genetic group) of the crossbred cows and environment (THI) interaction plays vital role in Indian climate which is mostly tropical in nature. Therefore, study was undertaken to examine the existence of genetic group × THI in crossbred dairy cows reared at institute herd of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal. Methods: A total of 12364 records each of monthly milk yield (MMY) and average daily milk yield in a month (AMY) of crossbred cows spanned over twenty two years (1994-2015) and weather parameters(temperature and relative humidity) for the corresponding years were collected from institute records. The data were classified into 8 genetic groups according to the genetic composition and 3 THI groups (THI less than 72, THI 72-78 and THI above 78). The interaction model was used to study the G×E interaction study using least squares analysis. Result: Effect of non-genetic factors (parity, period of calving and stage of lactation) was found to be highly significant (P less than 0.01) and genetic group × THI was significant (P less than 0.05) of on both MMY and AMY. Genetic group bearing 50% Jersey and 50% Red Sindhi or Tharparkar were the most heat tolerant breeds. Jersey crossbred cows were more heat tolerant than Holstein crossbred cows. Crossbred cows with 50% Jersey inheritance performed better than higher Jersey inheritance during periods of THI above 72.

Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir in the Chinese People: Effects of Non-Genetic Factors and Genetic Variations.

BackgroundTenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) was approved for HBV treatment in China in 2018. Despite higher antiviral efficacy and less impact on renal function and bone mineral density, the pharmacokinetic profiles of TAF are highly variable. The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of TAF in the Chinese population and explore the associations between TAF and genetic polymorphisms and non-genetic factors.Patients and MethodsA total of 64 healthy Chinese subjects aged 18~65 years old were planned to enroll. According to the dietary intake status, the subjects were divided into two groups (n = 32 per group). The concentrations of TAF and tenofovir were measured by HPLC-MS/MS, and the single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS.ResultsAll the enrolled participants (18–35 years) completed the clinical trial study. Similar to the results reported in other ethnic populations, the pharmacokinetic profiles of TAF and tenofovir were highly variable in the Chinese people, and the HFHC diet can significantly increase the systemic exposure of TAF. We determined both HFHC diet and rs7311358 (SLCO1B3) genotypes were independently associated with TAF AUC0-t, while HFHC diet, age and rs3740066 (ABCC2) variants were predictive of t1/2 of tenofovir (P < 0.05). The subjects with the AA genotype in rs7311358 had significantly higher TAF AUC0-t values (1.15 times) than those with a G allele, and the t1/2 of tenofovir in the rs3740066 TT genotype group was 1.23 times longer than that of CC genotype group. Furthermore, there was a trend of higher TAF AUC and shorter tenofovir t1/2 for the rs2032582 (ABCB1) T allele and rs3742106 (ABCC4) CC variant, respectively, although not statistically significant in the multiple linear regression analysis.ConclusionThis study provided new evidence to suggest a critical link between both genetic and non-genetic factors and TAF pharmacokinetics in the Chinese people.

Sire evaluation and effect of various factors on growth performance in males of Tharparkar and Karan fries cattle

The current study was undertaken with the objective of sire evaluation as well as studying the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on growth performance in males of Tharparkar and Karan Fries Cattle. Data on body weights of Tharparkar and Karan Fries males born during the period 1994-2012 at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, were utilized. The overall least squares means of birth weight and weights at one-month interval up to 12 months of age were 26.92±0.24, 35.55±0.22, 45.04±0.28, 57.56±0.40, 70.02±0.51, 82.62±0.66, 95.18±0.80, 105.11±1.55, 108.19±1.15, 114.20±1.15, 120.11±1.09, 130.35±1.11 and 136.91±4.13 kg respectively, in KF males. In TP males, least square means for birth and one-month were 21.34±0.77 and 25.63±0.67 kg, respectively. Effect of month and period of birth was highly significant on all traits except 1 month and 12-months for the former effect. The effects of genetic group and parity were mostly significant on body weights in KF males. Regression on birth weight was highly significant for all the weight traits. Effect of sire and birth-month was highly significant on all traits except one-month weight in KF. In Tharparkar, effect of season was highly significant on birth weight. Growth curves were linear, and deviations of average body weekly weight showed more divergence with increasing age. Growth rates from birth to three-months age in KF and TP males were 320 g/day and 226 g/day. Effect of non-genetic factors indicated the need of further improvement in feeding and management practices for augmenting growth, i.e. body weights especially in calves born to primiparous dams.

Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Udder and Teat Morphometric Traits in Sahiwal and Karan Fries Cows

Background: The present study was designed to find out the magnitude of environmental and other non-genetic factors affecting the linear udder and teat type traits in Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows. Methods: Total eight udder morphometric traits and seven teat morphometric traits were measured in 87 Sahiwal and 166 Karan Fries cows. The data regarding milk yield, stage of lactation, parity and season of calving for all Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows were collected. Result: In Karan Fries cows, udder and teat type traits were significantly affected by parity and stage of lactation, while in Sahiwal cow udder and teat type traits were significantly affected by parity only. Teat circumference was significantly affected by season and stage of lactation. The results indicated that parity and stages of lactation were important sources of variation for most of linear udder and teat type traits.

Effect of non-genetic factors on first lactation production and reproduction traits in Frieswal cattle

The present study was undertaken on first lactation production and reproduction records of 1470 Frieswal cows maintained over a period of 10 years (2003–2012) at two military farms, viz Meerut and Ambala at CIRC, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. The data were classified according to farm, season, period, and age groups. The overall least squares means of AFC, FL305DMY, FLMY, FLL, FSP, FDP and FCI were 921.35±05.17 days, 2658.57±42.59 kg, 2718.28±44.40 days, 304.15±1.4 days, 163.19±24.75 days, 114.20±5.94 days and 459±8.06 days, respectively. Period had highly significant effect on AFC, FL305YP, FLMY, and FLL, while it had non-significant effect on FSP, FDP and FCI. The effect of season of birth on AFC was statistically non-significant. The average FL305DMY for Meerut farm was 2879.13±41.28 kg while the corresponding estimate for Ambala farm was 2438.02±61.79 kg and the difference was statistically highly significant. The analysis on the effect of season on FL305DMY revealed that the cows calved in summer season had the maximum FL305DMY of 2700.61±57.02 kg followed by the winter (2639.75±50.38 kg) and rainy calvers (2635.37±65.81 kg). The study also revealed that the differences between different seasons were not statistically significant. The least squares analysis revealed that the AFC group had highly significant effect on the FL305DMY.

Effect of protein concentrate mixtures and dietary addition of exogenous phytase on major milk minerals and proteins, including casein phosphorylation

Variations in major milk minerals, proteins, and their posttranslational modifications are largely under genetic influence, whereas the effect of nongenetic factors is less studied. Through a controlled feeding experiment (incomplete balanced Latin square design), the effect of concentrate mixtures, based on fava beans, rapeseed meal, or soybean meal as main P and protein sources, on milk composition was examined under typical Danish management conditions. Concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg, together with proteomics for relative quantification of major milk proteins and their isoforms, were analyzed in milk samples from 24 cows sampled in 4 periods. Each cow was fed 1 of the 3 diets in each period with or without addition of exogenous phytase. Cows were blocked by lactation stage into early and mid-lactation (23.3 ± 6.7 and 176 ± 15 d in milk, respectively, at the beginning of the experiment, mean ± standard deviation). Significant effects of feed concentrate mixture were observed for milk protein concentration, milk urea nitrogen, citrate, and the percentage of mixed and preformed fatty acids as well as mineral composition, and their distributions within micellar or serum phases. Furthermore, relative contents of αS1-casein (CN) 9P form and unglycosylated κ-CN and thereby phosphorylation degree of αS1-CN (PD) and the glycosylation degree of κ-CN were found to be significantly affected by these diets. To our knowledge, we are the first to document that feed concentrate mixture can affect the relative concentrations of αS1-CN phosphorylation isoforms in milk, and the results suggested an effect on αS1-CN 9P and PD, but not on αS1-CN 8P. Furthermore, although only significant for αS1-CN 8P, we found a lower relative concentration of αS1-CN 8P and higher αS1-CN 9P (and thus higher PD) in milk from cows in mid compared with early lactation. Also, protein concentration and concentration of Mg in skim milk and serum as well as relative concentration of α-lactalbumin were found to be significantly affected by lactation stage. Addition of dietary exogenous phytase only had a minor effect on milk composition or functionality with significant effect detected for α-lactalbumin and micellar Mg concentration.

Corrigendum to “Effect of non-genetic factors on growth traits of Avikalin sheep” [Small Ruminant Res. 174 (2019) 47–52

Corrigendum to “Effect of non-genetic factors on growth traits of Avikalin sheep” [Small Ruminant Res. 174 (2019) 47–52

The evaluation of the relationship of lactose to production and reproduction traits in different breeding conditions of the Slovak Spotted dairy cows

The evaluation of the relationship of lactose to production and reproduction traits in different breeding conditions of the Slovak Spotted dairy cows

Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Milk Production Traits of Pure Jersey Dairy Cattle in Central Highland Ethiopia

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on Milk production traits of pure Jersey dairy cattle semi-intensively managed at on station. A total of 2912 records from pure Jersey dairy cattle were collected from 1986 to 2019 and analysed by (SAS, version 9.0). The overall least squares mean (LSM±SE) for lactation milk yield (LMY), daily milk yield (DMY) and lactation length (LL) were 2166.10±26.71 Litres, 6.37±0.05 Litres and 344.89±3.81 days, respectively. Lactation milk yield (LMY), daily milk yield (DMY) and lactation length (LL) were influenced by non-genetic factors such as animal group, year and parity. But, milk production traits were not affected by calving season. Knowledge on the effect of these non-genetic factors on milk production traits would help in making management decisions for improvement of the herds. Keywords : Milk, non-genetic factors, pure Jersey cows DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/103-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

Evaluation of the efficiency of serum biotinidase activity as a newborn screening test in Turkey.

Biotinidase Deficiency (BD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. However, the relationship between genotype and biochemical phenotype has not been completely elucidated yet. But still, some mutations are accepted to be associated with profound or partial deficiency. We aimed to evaluate the results of biochemical enzyme activity in accordance with the presence of genetic mutations and investigate the correlation between genotype and biochemical phenotype together in the study. This retrospective study was carried out using data from medical records of 133 infants detected by the newborn screening followed by serum biotinidase activity (BA) detection with semi-quantitative colorimetric method. Mutation analysis was performed to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, the expected biochemical phenotype based on the known mutant alleles were compared with the observed biochemical phenotype. When confirmed with mutation analysis results, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum BA with spectrophotometric method was 93.1% and 95.1%, respectively. In 93.98% of the cases conformity was observed between the biochemical phenotype and the genotype. The c.1330G>C(p.D444H) and c.470G>A (p.Arg157His) were the most common allelic variants with frequencies of 63.69% and 33.75%, respectively. The diagnostic test is supposed to have a high sensitivity to identify asymptomatic BD patients. Apparently healthy cases with almost normal enzyme activity and a variant allele in the genetic analysis were reported to present symptoms under stress conditions, which should be kept in mind. This study can be accepted as an informative report as it may contribute to the literature in terms of the allelic frequency and determination of the relation between genotype and biochemical phenotype. Also, method verification including the assessment of possible effects of non-genetic factors on BA according to the certain mutation types is warranted.

Effects of non-genetic factors on growth traits and age at first lambing in Corriedale sheep

Data pertaining to Corriedale sheep (4,367 birth records) spanning over a period of 25 years from 1989 to 2013 was analyzed with the Mixed Model Least Square and Maximum Likelihood algorithms to assess fixed effects of year, sex, type of birth and age of dam on various growth traits and age at first lambing. The averages were 3.69, 12.16, 17.65, 22.45, 34.59 and 893.41 for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6 month body weight (W6), 12 month body weight (W12), 18 month body weight (W18) and age at first lambing (AFL) respectively. The overall least square means (kg) for BW, WW, W6, W12, W18 and AFL (day) were 3.20±0.091, 11.05±0.408, 16.06±0.452, 21.69±0.722, 33.425±0.776 and 882.50±11.33 respectively. Year of birth had a highly significant influence on all the studied traits. The effect of type of the birth was significant on BW, WW, W6 but non-significant on W12, W18 and AFL. Sex of the lamb had a significant effect on BW, WW, W6 and W12 and non-significant effect on W18. Dam age had a significant effect on all the body weight traits except W18. It also had a significant effect on AFL. The overview of the study reveals that the non-genetic factors affected growth traits and age at first lambing therefore should be taken into consideration while evaluating the performance of the animals. The germplasm of the Corriedale breed which is a mutton breed of sheep can be improved by selection of good animals and improving the management conditions.

Genetic variation among full-sib families and the effect of non-genetic factors on growth traits at harvest in Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822)

Magur (Clarias magur) is an Indian catfish species with a good potential for aquaculture. The expansion of magur aquaculture is hindered because of low reproductive and survival rates. Furthermore, males need to be sacrificed to collect milt for artificial fertilization. At present, magur seed production mainly depends on the wild-caught juveniles and to a smaller extent, from broodfish whose genetic potential is unknown. The availability of high-quality seeds in a sustainable way can be ensured through the selective breeding program for magur. The knowledge of factors influencing growth traits and their genetic parameters is a pre-requisite for implementing a genetic selection program. The present study aimed to quantify the performance of C.magur reared in a two-year class and estimate their heritabilities at stocking and harvest and also to estimate the genetic and phenotypic correlations among them. The growth traits such as Body Weight (BW), Total Length (TL), Body Depth (BD), Head Width (HW), and Average Daily Gain (ADG) were recorded from 1413 animals belonging to 78 fullsib families produced by adopting single pair mating design, after one year of pond culture (traits at harvest). Genetic parameters were also estimated for body weight (BW0) and total length (TL0) measured from 2328 fish from 78 fullsib families at the time of stocking. Magur attained an average BW of 135 g and 24.5 cm TL after one year culture period. The heritabilities of BW, TL, and ADG were 0.44 ± 0.07, 0.32 ± 0.06, and 0.42 ± 0.07, respectively and may be biased upwardly due to the single pair mating design. Genetic correlations between harvest traits were all positive and varied in magnitude between traits (0.74 to 0.99). The results obtained from the current study indicate the presence of genetic variation in magur population for growth traits and selection based on genetic merit can produce improvement in these traits.

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