Effect Of Nitrogen Application Research Articles

Nitrogen Application Modifies the Seed and Oil Yields and Fatty Acid Composition of Nicotiana tabacum

Tobacco is traditionally an industrial crop that is used for manufacturing cigarettes. However, due to health concerns and global tobacco control movements, alternative uses of tobacco are urgently needed to support tobacco farmers and vendors. Tobacco is also an oilseed crop with an oil yield ranging from 30% to 40 of its dry weight. However, there is still no information on the effects of nitrogen application on tobacco seed yield and seed oil production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N fertilization (90, 120, 150, and 180 kg·ha−1 N) on the seed yield, oil content, fatty acid composition, and seed germination characteristics of tobacco plants at two locations. The results showed that applying increasing amounts of N to tobacco plants significantly increased their total seed yields and oil content. Nitrogen application also modified the fatty acid composition of the seed oil, as more unsaturated fatty acids were produced under the increasing N application rate treatments than under the control. Moreover, increasing the N application rate generally significantly increased the yields of individual fatty acids as well. Nevertheless, the increased seed oil content and altered fatty acid composition did not affect seed germination traits, as the seed germination potential and rate showed no obvious change among treatments or the control. The height and size of the tobacco plants also increased with the increasing N application rate, which would be beneficial for increasing biomass production for bioenergy. This study shows for the first time the feasibility of increasing the seed and oil yields and modifying the fatty acid composition of tobacco plants by increasing N addition.

Pythium spp. Associated with Root Rot and Stunting of Winter Wheat in North Carolina.

In eastern North Carolina, mild to severe stunting and root rot have reduced yields of winter wheat, especially during years with abundant rainfall. Causal agents of root rot of wheat in this region were previously identified as Pythium irregulare, P. vanterpoolii, and P. spinosum. To investigate species prevalence, 114 isolates of Pythium were obtained from symptomatic wheat plants collected in eight counties. Twelve species were recovered, with P. irregulare (32%), P. vanterpoolii (17%), and P. spinosum (16%) the most common. Pathogenicity screens were performed with selected isolates of each species, and slight to severe necrosis of young roots was observed. The aggressiveness of five isolates each of P. irregulare, P. vanterpoolii, and P. spinosum was compared on a single cultivar of wheat at 14°C, and very aggressive isolates were found within all species. In vitro growth of these isolates was measured at 14 and 20°C, and all isolates grew faster at the warmer temperature. The effects of varying temperatures and rates of nitrogen on root rot caused by Pythium spp. alone or in combination were investigated. All inoculation treatments caused severe root rot under all conditions tested, and disease was more severe at 12 and 14°C compared with 18 and 20°C; however, there was no effect of nitrogen application.

Foliar nitrogen application for enhancing growth, productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a promising oilseed crop of Afghanistan mainly grown under resource constraint situations. The poor nitrogen status of the soil makes nitrogen deficient for plants at the sensitive stages resulting in severe growth and yield decline. The present study compared the effect of nitrogen application as basal vis-Ã -vis in combination with foliar application at different crop growth stages on growth, productivity and nutrient use efficiency in sunflower. The application of 50 kg N/ha as basal along with two 1.5% foliar spray of N at 20 and 40 DAS resulted in higher growth parameters, yield and nutrient use efficiency in sunflower. Nitrogen application applied as basal met out the initial nitrogen demand and when supplemented with foliar application resulted in higher assimilating surface area, dry matter accumulation and higher yield attributes and yield in sunflower.

The effect of nitrogen applications on the growth of young olive trees and nitrogen use efficiency

Two field trials (FieldExp1 and FieldExp2) and a pot experiment (PotExp) were c0onducted over a period of 3 years to assess olive tree response to nitrogen (N) applications and to estimate apparent N recovery. FieldExp1 was installed in a 3-year-old olive grove. FieldExp2 consisted of a plantation of young rooted plants. Two treatments were applied in both experiments: N application and a nonfertilized control. In PotExp, 4 N rates were used. In FieldExp1, olive yield significantly increased with applied N in only 1 of the 3 growing seasons. In FieldExp2, aboveground dry matter yield significantly increased with N application. In PotExp, total dry matter yield displayed a typical saturation curve in response to N rates. The poor response of olive yield to N application might be due to the reduced amount of N removed in the crop, and also to the negative interaction found between N application and water deficit. Apparent N recovery reached values varying from 13.1% in FieldExp2 to ~100% in PotExp. The results indicate that the olive response to N and N use efficiency seem to be influenced more by the agroecological conditions defining target yield and N loss, rather than by plant species.

Nitrogen application forms in different stages of soy culture development

In Brazil, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains is the main form of N assimilation by soybeans, but there are reports of the use of mineral N as a complement to the demand of this nutrient by the plant. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of different forms and times of N application on vegetative growth and soybean crop yield in northern Mato Grosso. The experimental design was a randomized block design (DBC) with 10 treatments: control (no N application); and in all other treatments 10 kg ha-1 of N was applied, changing season and form of application as: the haul in cover at planting; in V2 at hedging; in V2 via leaf; in V4 at hedging; of N in leaf V4; from N in R1 to hedging; N in leaf R1; in R2 at cover and in R2 leaf. The cultivar used was Bonus from Brasmax®. Vegetative growth was evaluated by height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, nodulation by number of nodules and yield by variables, number of pods, grains per pod, mass of 1000 grains, and weight. productivity. In practically all variables analyzed, no effects of nitrogen application on soybean crop were verified. The shoot dry mass was higher when nitrogen was applied to V2 via foliar spraying and to V4 in soil cover. In general, although there was no statistical difference between treatments, N application at the beginning of crop development increased soybean yield. The application treatment V2 was the most productive, produced 34% more than the control without N, or 17.34 more bags than the control.

Effects of Nitrogen Application in the Wheat Booting Stage on Glutenin Polymerization and Structural-Thermal Properties of Gluten with Variations in HMW-GS at the Glu-D1 Locus.

Wheat gluten properties can be improved by the application of nitrogen. This study investigates the effects of nitrogen application in the booting stage on glutenin polymerization during grain-filling and structural–thermal properties of gluten based on the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) using near-isogenic lines (Glu-1Da and Glu-1Dd). The nitrogen rate experiment included rates of 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha−1 applied with three replicates. Nitrogen significantly improved the grain quality traits (wet gluten contents, Zeleny sedimentation values, and maximum resistance) and dough strength (dough development time, dough stability time, and protein weakening), especially in wheat with the Glu-1Da allele. Nitrogen increased the protein composition contents, proportions of glutenins and HMW-GSs, and disulfide bond concentration in the flours of Glu-1Da and Glu-1Dd, and accelerated the polymerization of glutenins (appearing as glutenin macropolymer) during grain-filling, where nitrogen enhanced the accumulation and polymerization of glutenins more for line containing Glu-1Da than Glu-1Dd. The β-sheets, α-helix/β-sheet ratio, microstructures, and thermal stability were also improved to a greater degree by nitrogen for gluten with Glu-1Da compared to Glu-1Dd. Nitrogen treatment was highly effective at improving the gluten structural‒thermal properties of wheat in the booting stage, especially with inferior glutenin subunits.

Biomass production, active substance content, and bioaccessibility of Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) following the application of nitrogen

Greek oregano is a well-known spice used worldwide in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The present study aimed to determine the effect of increasing nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha−1) on polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of Greek oregano cultivated in Poland. Additionally, the yield and content of active substances (essential oils and flavonoids) in oregano raw material during the first and second year from its establishment were analyzed to assess the effects of both nitrogen and growth season in moderate climate conditions. The application of different doses of nitrogen affected the plant height and number of stems per plant. Thus, in both the compared years, the plants were shorter and produced a lower number of stems in the control treatment, while treated plants showed increasing height and stem number with higher doses of nitrogen (up to 120 kg N ha−1). Consequently, the fresh weight and air-dry matter of the aboveground parts of single treated plants were enhanced by nitrogen application as compared to those of the control plants. Nitrogen application also increased the dry matter of whole and rubbed herb yields per area unit, exhibiting an optimum at 120 kg N ha−1, while the agronomic efficiency was the highest with nitrogen application at low doses. Nitrogen application also positively influenced essential oil yield, with an optimum at 90 kg N ha−1, through its favorable effects on herbage yield. However, the essential oil concentration systematically decreased (because of the dilution effect). Furthermore, simulated gastrointestinal digestion was used to determine the content of polyphenols and antioxidant potential of the in vitro bioaccessible fraction. The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds ranged from 75.1%–72%; however, a slight negative effect of nitrogen application was observed on the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds (especially at doses equal to or higher than 60 kg N ha−1).

Effect of nitrogen application through urea and Azolla on yield, nutrient uptake of rice and soil acidity indices in acidic soil of Meghalaya

Effect of nitrogen application through urea and Azolla on yield, nutrient uptake of rice and soil acidity indices in acidic soil of Meghalaya

Effect of nitrogen application on growth, productivity and profitabilty of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merrill

Effect of nitrogen application on growth, productivity and profitabilty of soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) merrill

Occasional Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Winter Wheat and Grain Sorghum Yield

Occasional Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Winter Wheat and Grain Sorghum Yield

Nitrogen application effects on forage sorghum production and nitrate concentration

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important annual forage crop but prone to high nitrate concentration which can cause toxicity when fed to cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Two field experiments were conducted over six site-years across Kansas to determine the optimum nitrogen (N) rate for no-till forage sorghum dry matter (DM) yield and investigate the effect of N fertilization on sorghum forage nitrate content. A quadratic model described the relationship between sorghum DM and N rate across the combined site-years. Maximum DM yield of 6530 kg ha−1 was produced with N application rate of 100 kg N ha−1. The economic optimum N rate ranged from 55 to 70 kg N ha−1 depending on sorghum hay price and N fertilizer costs. Crude protein concentration increased with N fertilizer application but N rates beyond 70 kg N ha−1 resulted in forage nitrate concentrations greater than safe limit of 3000 mg kg−1. Nitrogen uptake increased with N fertilizer application but nitrogen use efficiency and N recovery decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. In conclusion, forage sorghum required 55–70 kg N ha−1 to produce an economic optimum DM yields with safe nitrate concentration.

Effects of changes in applied nitrogen concentrations on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen accumulation during the soybean growth period

ABSTRACT The specific mechanism by which nitrogen application affects nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume crops remains uncertain. To further study the effects of nitrogen application on soybean nodulation and nitrogen accumulation, three consecutive tests were performed during the VC-V4, V4-R1 (10 days), and R1-R2 (10 days) growth periods of soybean. In a dual-root soybean system, seedlings on one side were watered with a nutrient solution containing NH4 + or NO3 − as the N source (N+ side), and those on the other side were watered with a nitrogen-free nutrient solution (N- side). During the VC-R2 period, on the N+ side, high nitrogen treatment inhibited nodule growth and nitrogenase activity (EC 1.18.6.1), and the inhibition was significantly increased with increasing high nitrogen supply time (10 days, 20 days). When the high nitrogen treatment time reached 20 days, the specific nitrogenase activity (C2H4 μmol−1 g−1 nodule dry mass h−1) was similar to that in the low nitrogen treatment, indicating that the nitrogen fixation capacity per gram of dry mass nodules was almost the same. Therefore, it is assumed that long-term high nitrogen treatment mainly reduces nitrogen fixation by reducing the nodule number. The effect of nitrogen concentration on the roots on the N+ side was greater than that on the N- side. Taken together, these results indicate that nitrogen application affects a contact-dependent local inhibition of root nodule growth, nitrogenase activity, and nitrogen accumulation. The whole plant systematically regulates specific nitrogenase activity, and high nitrogen inhibition is recoverable.

Effects of nitrogen application on growth and yield of maize

The effects of different nitrogen application levels on growth, dry matter accumulation, SPAD value, leaf area index and yield of maize were studied to provide theoretical basis for rational and efficient nitrogen application management of crops. In the field experiment, 225, 337.5, 450, and 675 kg ·hm−2 nitrogen application levels were set, respectively expressed by N1, N2, N3, and N4. N0without nitrogen fertilizer was used for the control experiment. During the growing period, plant height, leaf area index and SPAD were observed, and dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components were counted. The growth index, dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components of maize were influenced by different fertilization levels. When the nitrogen application amount is greater than 225 kg · hm−2, it could significantly promote the growth and development of corn and increase the yield. Through comparative analysis, it was concluded that when the nitrogen application amount was 280kg·hm−2, it was the optimal nitrogen application amount for the efficient production of corn in the experimental area.

Effect of nitrogen application on yield and rice quality of mechanical transplanting high quality late rice

Effect of nitrogen application on yield and rice quality of mechanical transplanting high quality late rice

Monitoring sugarcane growth response to varying nitrogen application rates: A comparison of UAV SLAM LiDAR and photogrammetry

The capabilities and utility of UAV LiDAR and surface from motion photogrammetry have been of wide discussion in the remote sensing community and assumptions made, often speculative, about the potential strengths and limitations of these systems. Here, we employ a side-by-side test of the CSIRO Hovermap LiDAR and Micasense RedEdge multispectral camera simultaneously mounted to a single UAV platform to acquire a time-series data set from both sensors over the growth cycle of a sugarcane crop in northeast Queensland, Australia. The primary aim was to compare the ability of each system to accurately measure crop height, over a single growing cycle. A secondary aim examined the correlation between these measures and the sugarcane biophysical parameters of stalk population (stalks·m−2), total fresh biomass (TFB, t·ha-1) and cane yield (Yield, t cane·ha-1). The experimental design included a randomised complete block design of four nitrogen fertiliser treatments (0, 70, 110, 150 and 190 Nkg·ha-1) with four replications to assess if either optical measure could detect significant effects of nitrogen application on crop growth. Both systems demonstrated similar capabilities for accurately measuring crop heights throughout the growth period with statistically significant coefficients of determination observed when comparing the maximum (AdjR2 = .885, F(1,118) = 910.806, p ≤ .001) and mean (AdjR2 = .929, F(1,118) = 1548.404, p ≤ .001) crop height estimations of both instruments. In addition, both systems responded similarly in the detection of differences in crop structural properties response to nitrogen treatments. Only Hovermap, however, demonstrated the capacity to obtain sufficient ground returns over the course of the growth period to enable comparisons to the biophysical samples using a ground-to-non-ground return ratio (Stalk Population:AdjR2 = .788, F(1,18) = 70.688, p ≤ .001, TFB: AdjR2 = .713, F(1,18) = 48.198, p ≤ .001, Yield:AdjR2 = .707, F(1,18) = 46.921, p ≤ .001) with the best results of RedEdge obtained when comparing mean height measures (Stalk PopulationAdjR2 = .502, F(1,18) = 20.172, p ≤ .001, TFB: AdjR2 = .309, F(1,18) = 9.481, p = 0.006, Yield: AdjR2 = .322, F(1,18) = 10.028, p ≤ .005). The results suggest that although both systems are comparable for accurate crop height measurements, and as such, provide early detection of potential problems, UAV LiDAR provided more consistent and significant correlations with optical remotely sensed data to the biophysical parameters of sugarcane.

Seeding rate and nitrogen application effects on oat forage yield and nutritive value

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for forage production. This study determined seeding rate effects and optimum N rate for spring oat (Avena sativa L.) forage production in the central Great Plains. Treatments consisted of a split-plot arrangement of three seeding rates (54, 72, and 90 kg ha−1) as main plots and five N rates (0, 11, 34, 56, and 78 kg N ha−1) as subplots. Results showed seeding rate had no effect on forage yield or nutritive value. Depending on N fertilizer cost and oat forage price, the economic optimum N amount ranged from 30 to 76 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen application increased crude protein (CP) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), while decreasing acid and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. Our findings showed growers can plant oat forage at 25% less the recommended seeding rate of 72 kg ha−1 with no decrease in forage yield.

Effect of nitrogen application on the phytochemical production in Jatropha curcas L. (Angiosperms: Euphorbiaceae) during drought conditions

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for the successful metabolism of plants, but its occurrence in soil is always very limited. This nutrient has a significant role to preserve plants during various stress conditions by altering the production rate of phytochemicals as defense weapons. Hence, this study was carried out to analyze the effect of nitrogen supply on the phytochemical composition and relative water content in Jatropha curcas L. under a simulated drought condition. The selected seedlings were grown from stem cuttings and categorized into different treated three groups along with the control. After the completion of the experiment, the growth pattern and phytochemical production were investigated. An increased malondialdehyde activity (MDA) was reported with a reduction in relative water content (RWC) of the leaf and in the biomass of seedlings under drought stress. A significant decrease in the levels of alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids and tannins with an increase in saponins and terpenoids was also observed in only simulated drought stressed plants. While a significant increase in the levels of total alkaloid, tannins, flavonoids and phenols was observed in those plants where exogenous nitrogen was supplied before the start of drought periods, unlike in treated and control plants. Therefore, it was revealed that application of Nitrogen enabled the plants to possess protective mechanism through the production of phytochemicals that facilitate the cell membrane to reduce the detrimental effects caused by drought stress.

Effect of nitrogen application on the expression of drought-induced root plasticity of upland NERICA rice

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of three N fertilization levels 60 (low), 120 (medium), and 180 (high) kg N ha−1 and soil moisture content gradients created by a line-source sprinkler on the expression of plasticity in lateral root branching and dry matter production (DMP) of upland new rice for Africa (NERICA) 1 and 4. There were no significant differences in DMP between NERICA 1 and 4 under well-watered, mild drought, and severe drought conditions regardless of N level. In contrast, under moderate drought (12–21% v/v of soil moisture content [SMC] in 2011 and 16–24% v/v of SMC in 2012), NERICA 1 had significantly higher shoot dry weight, total root length (TRL), lateral root length, and branching index than NERICA 4 at medium and high N; however, there was no significant difference between the two NERICAs in DMP at low N. TRL of NERICA 1 was significantly higher under moderate drought than well-watered conditions, but only with medium and high N. Regardless of N level, moderate drought did not enhance NERICA 4’s root system. Thus, NERICA 1’s root system exhibited plastic development, promoting lateral root branching at medium and high N. These morphological changes were associated with the greater DMP in NERICA 1 than NERICA 4 under moderate drought, whereas the lack of such plasticity at low N meant genotypic differences in DMP were obscured. Our findings implied that N application can improve upland NERICA productivity under moderate drought conditions, but differences in variety and field conditions may influence efficacy.

Occasional Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Winter Wheat and Grain Sorghum Yield

Occasional Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Winter Wheat and Grain Sorghum Yield

Nitrogen application after low-temperature exposure alleviates tiller decrease in rice

Low temperature during the vegetative stage depresses the rice tillering, which decreases rice yield. The production and development of rice tillers can be closely related to the presence of nitrogen. Therefore, supplying rice with nitrogen after exposure to low temperatures may be an effective method to promote rice tillering. However, there is limited research about the effects of nitrogen application after low-temperature exposure on rice tillering. Water culture and field experiments were conducted using two rice varieties in each experiment; three temperatures (12 °C, 15 °C and 18 °C) and temperature durations (5, 10 and 15 days under 15 °C) were set in water culture experiments, and two temperatures (approximately 13 °C and 17 °C) were set in the field experiment. Two (40 mg N L−1 and 80 mg N L−1) and four (0, 20, 40 and 80 kg N ha−1) nitrogen levels after temperature treatment were applied in the water culture and field experiments, respectively. The results showed that low temperatures decreased rice tillering, nitrogen accumulation and yield, and higher stress strengths or longer low temperature durations led to greater tiller suppression. Nitrogen application after low-temperature stress enhanced the recovery of rice tillering. Four weeks after nitrogen application, the rice tiller number recovered to 87.90–92.92% of normal levels under 15 °C and to 70.39–73.85% of normal levels under 12 °C. Tillering in sensitive rice could be recovered to levels found at normal temperatures at the 10.5-leaf stage with increased nitrogen application after 5 days at 15 °C, whereas insensitive rice could be recovered without increased nitrogen. When low-temperature stress lasted for more than 10 days, increasing nitrogen application improved rice growth as well, although neither variety’s tillering recovered to normal levels. The correlation analysis also showed that the increase in tiller number was closely related to the increase in nitrogen accumulation (P < 0.01). Moreover, increasing the nitrogen application after low temperatures increased the rice nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS) activities and nitrogen accumulation. The field experiment also showed that increasing the nitrogen application after low temperature could help rice yield recovery, but applying excessive nitrogen (more than 40 kg N ha-1 in this experiment) resulted in yield and nitrogen loss. These results highlighted the positive effects of nitrogen on rice growth recovery after low-temperature stress, which was affected by low temperature strength, duration and rice variety.