Effect Of Nitrapyrin Research Articles

Canola straw biochars produced under different pyrolysis temperatures and nitrapyrin independently affected cropland soil nitrous oxide emissions

The effect of biochar and nitrapyrin (a nitrification inhibitor) applications on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a cropland soil was studied in a 35-day incubation experiment. The biochars were produced using canola (Brassica napus L.) straw under two pyrolysis temperatures: 300 (BC300) and 700 °C (BC700). Biochars (20 g kg−1 soil) and nitrapyrin (80 mg kg−1 soil) were applied alone or in combination. The cumulative N2O emissions were affected by both biochar and nitrapyrin applications (p < 0.05, same below) but not by their interaction. Cumulative N2O emissions were not affected by BC700, but were increased by BC300, as compared with the CK treatment (no biochar addition). Nitrapyrin significantly decreased cumulative N2O emissions by inhibiting nitrification, whether biochar was applied or not. There were positive relationships (p < 0.05) between cumulative N2O emissions and soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio, nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations, and net nitrification rates. Our results show that biochars need to be appropriately selected (such as the use of BC700) that do not increase N2O emissions, while the effectiveness of nitrapyrin in reducing N2O emissions was not affected by the co-application of biochars. We conclude that the co-application of biochar and nitrapyrin may be able to both increase soil C sequestration by the addition of stable C contained in the biochar and reduce N2O emissions from agricultural production systems.

Dissipation of nitrapyrin (nitrification inhibitor) in subtropical soils

&lt;p&gt;Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine) is a specific nitrifiation inhibitor, applied in soils for reducing the nitrification process of nitrogenous fertilizers. The overall effect of nitrapyrin is enhancing the efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in soils and also controlling environmental pollution in water by preventing nitrate leaching in soils. Dissipation of nitrapyrin was evaluated in subtropical soils at two fortification levels of 2 and 4 µg∙g-1. The extraction of nitrapyrin was done by quick, easy, cheap, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and quantitative analysis – by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nitrapyrin residues declined consistently with time in both types of soils and were not detectable (&lt;/p&gt;

Short-term effects of nitrapyrin, rice straw and its biochar application on N transformation in soils of humid subtropical China

ABSTRACTThe features of N transformations in humid subtropical soils vary greatly due to the wide variations of soil properties, particularly soil pH. Purpose: To understand whether the effects of countermeasures regulating N transformation varied with the prevailing soil N transformation characteristics. Materials and methods: The effects of nitrapyrin, rice straw and its biochar applications on N dynamics at the beginning stage (first 24 h) of a zonal acid soil (JX soil, pH 5.26) and a non-zonal alkaline soil (SC soil, pH 7.62) from the humid subtropics in China were investigated via a 15N tracing laboratory incubation. Results and conclusions: Rice straw incorporation affected almost all processes involved in and production and consumption, and decreased the net mineralisation and nitrification rates in both soils significantly. Nitrapyrin decreased the net nitrification rates in both studied soils by affecting different N transformation processes. In the SC soil, nitrapyrin reduced the net nitrification rate by inhibiting the gross autotrophic nitrification rate while the gross autotrophic nitrification in the JX soil was negligible and nitrapyrin decreased its net nitrification via a stimulation of the gross rate of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Biochar stimulated the gross rates of mineralisation, immobilisation, autotrophic nitrification and DNRA significantly, but did not affect the net mineralisation and nitrification rates in both soils. Countermeasures to regulate N transformations are tightly linked to the prevailing soil N transformation characteristics and should be taken into account for the recommendation of suitable management options.

Nitrapyrin Improves Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Summer Maize Waterlogged in the Field

Core Ideas Waerlogging decreases N efficiency. Nitrapyrin application increased N efficiency of waterlogged summer maize. Nitrapyrin application increased grain yield of waterlogged maize. Effects of nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine] on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of summer maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) waterlogged in the field were investigated. Results showed that waterlogging significantly decreased NUE, nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP), and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of summer maize, resulting in the inhibition of N transport and assimilation, and ultimately resulted in a significant grain yield reduction. Grain yields of DH605 and ZD958 were reduced by 38 and 42%, respectively, compared to no waterlogging treatment. However, nitrapyrin application increased N efficiency of waterlogged summer maize. Under waterlogged conditions, nitrapyrin application significantly increased NUE, NHI, and NPFP of DH605 by 9, 10, and 24%, respectively. For ZD958, the respective increases were 13, 11, and 33%. As a result, nitrapyrin application effectively increased grain yield of DH605 and ZD958 by 22 and 33%, respectively, under waterlogged condition. Nitrapyrin application has potential to increase grain yield and NUE of summer maize in waterlogged field.

Can We Reduce Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application Rate with Addition of Nitrapyrin?

ABSTRACTApplication of nitrification inhibitor has potential to increase soil nitrogen (N) retention throughout the growing season and finally increase corn (Zea mays L.) yield. During the 2012–2014 growing seasons, on-farm field trials were conducted to determine the effects of nitrapyrin (Instinct) with two N sources, urea and urea ammonium nitrate, at two rates, 85% and 100% of recommended N, and side-dress on grain yield and soil inorganic N availability in the Red River Valley of the North Dakota. Preplant urea N at 100% recorded the greatest yield in 2 out of 3 years. At late sampling, the greatest soil inorganic N was observed with side-dress urea ammonium nitrate at 100% within 0–30 cm (last 2 years). For spring fertilizer N management, addition of nitrapyrin had no effect on yield and inconsistent effect on soil N availability. Our results suggest that fertilizer N management should be evaluated on a local scale and consider annual variability in weather.

Smut Disease and Yield Performance in Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrapyrin, Urea and Zinc Applications in Coarse‐textured Soils

AbstractThe effects of nitrapyrin (NI), urea (U) and Zn rates on rhizosphere pH, smut incidence (S.I.), dry matter (D.M.), grain yield (G.Y.) and ear leaf N and Zn contents were studied in cemented plots, containing calcareous and non‐calcareous soils. Treatments were comprised of 3 U applications (46, 92 and 138 kg N acre−1), combined with 2 NI rates (0 and 0.22 kg acre‐1) and 2 levels of Zn (0 and 8 kg acre‐1). Corn seeds, cv ‘Amoun’ were planted in 1993 and 1994 and the seedlings were artificially infected with U. maydis‐spores at the 6 and 10 leaf growth stages. Results have shown that corn plants grown in calcareous soil imposed greater advantage in D.M. and G.Y., accompanied by a relatively low smut infection than those grown in non‐calcareous soil. Unlike the diversion effects of NI on soil pH and plant Zn content, its application was beneficial for improving yield and plant Zn content. Urea applications decreased the soil pH by 0.6 unit at the highest N rate and exerted stimulatory effects on ear leaf N and Zn contents. By increasing U rate to 138 kg N acre‐1, smut severity was increased by 6%. In contrast, by Zn fertilization, smut severity was decreased by 10.3%, accompanied by marked increases in G.Y. and leaf Zn content. Mixed results were detected on S.I. data, when NI was combined with U rates. In the presence of Zn, smut severity was dropped to 20.1% at 138 kg N acre‐1. The results also showed that in the absence of Zn supply, S.I. was dominated in NI‐treated plants and the reverse was true when Zn was included. Satisfactory results were achieved when 92 kg N acre‐1 were combined with 0.22 and 8 kg acre‐1 of NI and Zn, respectively.

Nitrapyrin effect on corn N‐15 uptake efficiency, denitrification and nitrate leaching

Abstract The effect of nitrapyrin on the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to soil needs further investigation. Our objective was to determine the effect of nitrapyrin under two different leaching regimes on the fate of ammonium sulfate‐nitrogen [(NH4)2SO4‐N] added to the soil, namely corn N uptake, denitrification, nitrate leaching and soil residual N. A Nunn sandy clay loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, aridic, argiustoll), low in residual inorganic N was used. Nitrogen‐15 enriched (NH4)2SO4 (5 atom% N‐15) was applied at five rates (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), nitrapyrin at three rates 0, 1.3, and 2.6 μL/kg (0, 2.36, and 4.72 L/ha) and leaching at two rates (0 and 1000 mL over field capacity in two 500‐mL increments at 3 and 6 weeks after planting) in a complete factorial arrangement with three replications. Corn (Zea mays L.) seeds were planted in pots (2 kg soil/pot) and allowed to grow for 80 days in a greenhouse. The atom% N‐15 values were determined in plant tops, leachates and so...

Effect of a nitrification inhibitor on immobilization and mineralization of soil and fertilizer nitrogen

The effect of nitrapyrin (N-Serve 24E) on N transformations in an actively nitrifying soil was studied in the laboratory in unlabelled soil and soil labelled with ( 15NH 4) 2SO 4. Samples were incubated for 12 days with sampling every 3 days. Nitrapyrin (12.8 μg g −1 soil) inhibited nitrification by 90% at day 12, but had no effect on net N mineralization. However, gross rates of N immobilization and N mineralization, estimated by isotope-dilution, were slightly inhibited by nitrapyrin. The addition of ( 15NH 4) 2SO 4 did not affect net N mineralization, but the quantity of unlabelled (NH + 4 + NO − 3)-N extracted in inhibitor-treated and untreated samples increased. The increased quantity of unlabelled inorganic-N was similar to the amount of labelled N immobilized, suggesting an apparent added N interaction due to pool substitution. The inhibitor had no effect on the added N interaction.

Effects of nitrapyrin, terrazole, and simazine on soil nitrogen transformation and corn growth

Abstract Nitrapyrin, terrazole and simazine were evaluated as chemical inhibitors of biological nitrification and denitrification. Corn (Zea mays L. cv. Hybrid Pioneer 3343) was grown in 60‐liter pots filled with a 50/50 (V/V) sand/Cecil clay mixture. Chemical treatments consisted of weekly applications of 0.25 ppm nitrapyrin, terrazole and/or simazine concurrently with 20 ppm N as either (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 for 9 weeks. Thereafter, only N (20 ppm per pot) was applied to the media every three days for 4 weeks. Nitrapyrin, terrazole and simazine reduced nitrification resulting in both higher total plant N and residual soil NH4 content relative to the control plants and soil. Plant growth was reduced by the inhibitory effects of the chemicals on nitrification and subsequent NH4 accumulation in the medium. All chemicals reduced denitrification with terrazole being more effective than nitrapyrin as reflected by higher N contents of plants and residual soil NO3‐N. Nitrapyrin and/or terrazole applied with Ca(...

Effect of Nitrapyrin on Mineralization of Urea and Isobutylidene Diurea in a Highly Organic Medium

Abstract Mineralization of nitrogen fertilizers was determined in an organic medium composed of 6 pine bark : 3 sand : 1 soil (by volume). Nitrification was evident by day 7 following treatment with urea and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) and increased rapidly after day 14. Nitrification was not evident until day 56 in medium treated with urea + nitrapyrin (NI). Medium treated with urea or IBDU were depleted of NH4+ within 1 month, which corresponded to a peak in NO2– + NO3– accumulation. Only a small amount of NH4+ was not accounted for by nitrification and was assumed to be adsorbed by bark particles. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), 1,1-diureido isobutane (IBDU).

Effect of nitrification inhibitor on nutrient composition of winter wheat forage1

Abstract Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important source of forage for cattle in the southern Plains. While high in quality, wheat pasture is prone to cause thousands of cattle deaths annually from nitrate poisoning, bloat, and wheat pasture poisoning, a syndrome of unknown cause. A large portion of the stocker cattle deaths on nitrogen fertilized pastures occur from unknown causes that appear to be related to forage composition. The objectives of this study were to determine seasonal trends in nutrient composition and to determine the effect of nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, on the change in nutrient composition of wheat forage over winter. The wheat was planted the last week of August on a Pullman clay loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustol). Clip samples were collected periodically and analyzed for nutrient composition. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of the wheat forage varied during the season. Levels tended to be highest with the onset of growth and...

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea FEMS Microbiology Letters 28 (1985) 51–54 S.J. Powell and J.I. Prosser

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea FEMS Microbiology Letters 28 (1985) 51–54 S.J. Powell and J.I. Prosser

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea

The effect of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea

Pumpkin response to nitrogen regime and nitrapyrin in dryland and irrigated culture

Abstract Processing pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) were grown on a Flanagan silty loam and an irrigated Plainfield sand in factorial combination with 2 N sources, 4 N rates and 2 nitrapyrin levels. Midseason soil analyses at each location indicated that nitrapyrin treatment suppressed nitrification. Lack of significant leaching in the Flanagan soil limited the response in fruit yield to N rate. Early shoot dry weight and shoot N content in both the Flanagan loam and Plainfield sand were higher with urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) than with urea. Nitrapyrin application in the Plainfield sand increased early shoot dry weight by 28% with UAN and 7% with urea but had no effect on early pumpkin growth in the Flanagan loam. Significant amounts of inorganic N leached out of the 0–20 cm soil depth in the Plainfield sand 8 weeks after applying N treatments. The effect of nitrapyrin on fruit yield in the Plainfield sand was limited and occurred primarily at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg/ha). The results supp...

Effects of Nitrapyrin and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Ultrastructure of Mesophyll Chloroplasts of Radish

Abstract Studies concerning the use of the nitrification inhibitor, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), have indicated that at least one site of action of nitrapyrin is associated with leaf chloroplasts. Leaves from radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) grown with 10 ppm nitrapyrin in combination with 6 nitrogen fertilizers exhibited symptoms of nitrapyrin toxicity which ranged from reduced leaf size to marginal chlorosis and chlorotic mottling of leaves. The incorporation of nitrapyrin with nitrogen fertilizers, particularly organic sources of N, significantly reduced the number of chloroplasts per cell and significantly altered the structural integrity of radish chloroplasts relative to mesophyll cells and chloroplasts from plants grown at 0 ppm nitrapyrin.

Effect of nitrapyrin on nitrous oxide emission from fallow soils fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

Nitrous oxide emission from three soils was measured using a chamber technique. Treatments sampled were unfertilized soil, and soil fertilized with 60 or 80 kg N ha−1 of band-applied anhydrous ammonia ± nitrapyrin. The flux of nitrous oxide from unfertilized soil was very low (1.1 to 1.6 g N ha−1 day−1).

Effect of Nitrapyrin on N Response of Corn on Sandy Soils1

AbstractPreplant N fertilizer applications on sandy Coastal Plain soils are often less efficient than sidedress N applications due to leaching of NO−3 from the rhizosphere. Preplant‐incorporated broadcast applications of ammoniacal N fertilizers containing the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6(trichloromethyl)pyridine] should increase utilization of the exchange capacity of sandy soils to retain NH+4 and increase preplant N fertilizer efficiency. The effects of N rate, N source, and nitrapyrin on inorganic soil N form, soil N content, and corn (Zea mays L.) growth were investigated in 1977 on a Marlboro sand (Typic Paleudult) and a Varina loamy sand (Plinthic Paleudult) and in 1978 on a Wagram sand (Arenic Paleudult). Nitrogen treatments consisted of a zero‐N check, preplant broadcast applications of 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N/ha as urea, 112 kg N/ha as NaNO3, and 112 kg N/ha as urea plus 1.12 kg nitrapyrin/ha dissolved in water.Soil N measurements at 34, 40, and 48 days after N treatment application on the Marlboro, Varina and Wagram soils, respectively, showed that nitrification was suppressed by nitrapyrin. The lack of significant differences in inorganic soil N contents in the 0 to 15 cm depth among 112 kg N/ha supplied as urea with and without nitrapyrin and NaNO3 indicated that little leaching occurred in 1977. Leaching conditions in 1978 resulted in large losses of inorganic N from the rooting zone; however, when nitrapyrin was added with urea, losses of N were significantly reduced. High N rates from urea decreased the pH in all soils except when nitrapyrin was included. In 1977, inclusion of nitrapyrin with urea had little effect on leaf N, grain yields, plant N accumulation or N fertilizer recovery due to small losses of soil inorganic N. However, in 1978 when leaching conditions occurred, nitrapyrin with urea decreased soil N losses, significantly increased leaf N concentration, grain yields, plant N accumulation and N fertilizer recovery.

Effects of Nitrapyrin and Nitrogen Form on Tomato Growth, Water Relations, and Ion Composition1

Abstract Nitrapyrin (NI) at 10 ppm, compared to water control, added to a soil-sand-peat medium decreased shoot growth of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Marglobe) grown with NO3-N nutrition but had no effect on growth with NH4-N nutrition. While plant water stress was decreased by NI compared to the control with NO3-N nutrition, the toxic effect of increased uncombined NH4 concentration in the shoots may have caused the growth reduction. Denitrification suppression by NI with NO3-N nutrition was evidenced by increased media and shoot NO3 concentrations. Nitrification suppression by NI with NH4-N nutrition was evidenced by increased media and shoot NH4 concentrations. Nitrapyrin, irrespective of N form, decreased shoot Ca concentration, increased shoot K and uncombined NH4 concentrations, and had no effect on shoot Mg concentration. Plant water stress was decreased by NI with both N forms at the third and fifth weeks after final transplanting. While NI decreased the differential effect of N form on transpiration rate and leaf diffusive resistance (RL), in NI’s absence, NH4-N nutrition decreased transpiration and increased RL relative to NO3-N. Decreased shoot growth with NH4-N relative to NO3-N nutrition, both in the presence and absence of NI, was associated with increases in plant water stress, root hydraulic resistance, and shoot uncombined NH4 concentration, but a decrease in shoot Ca concentration.

Efeito de doses de nitrapirina (2-cloro-6-triclorometil piridina), na nitrificação do sulfato de amônio e da uréia, em dois solos (LE e Pml) do Estado de São Paulo

Foram adicionados aos solos LE e Pml 36 ppm de N, na forma de sulfato de amonio e uréia, com 0; 1,2; 2,4 e 4,8 ppm de nitrapirina. Os solos foram incubados por 150 dias à temperatura entre 25ºC e 30ºC, com 75% do seu poder de embebição. Aos 50, 100 e 150 dias de incubação, procedeu-se a determinação dos teores de NO-3 e calculou-se a porcentagem de inibição da nitrificação nos tratamentos com nitrapirina Verificou-se que o teor de NO-3 no solo diminui significativamente, quando o sulfato de amonio e a uréia são associados com nitrapirina. A nitrapirina inibe igualmente a nitrificação do sulfato de amonio e da uréia, e apresenta inicialmente porcentagem de inibição da nitrificação (1%) no LE que no Pml. O tempo de ação da nitrapirina no solo ultrapassa 150 dias.