Effect Of Ni Addition Research Articles

Effect of Ni addition and bath temperature on electroless Cu microstructure in microvia preparation for HDI substrate

In this work, we investigated the microstructure evolution of electroless copper (Cu) deposition under different nickel (Ni) additions and reaction temperatures. It was found that the grain structure of electroless Cu is significantly influenced by the addition of Ni due to its inhibitory effect on Cu self-diffusion, while bath temperature had no impact on the electroless Cu grain growth. Additionally. nanovoids were observed in the electroless layer, primarily at the interface between the Cu trace and electroless layer, which is caused by the attachment of hydrogen bubbles during the electroless Cu reaction. These nanovoids do not affect the epitaxial grain growth in the microvia structure as observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanovoids in the electroless Cu under different deposition conditions were also investigated through TEM images with the assistance of ImageJ. We found that the dimension of nanovoids initially increases with the reaction rate, as a result of the higher deposition rate introducing large hydrogen bubbles. However, as the reaction rate further increases, the size of the nanovoids stabilizes because larger hydrogen bubbles more easily escape the surface. This work may offer insights into potential approaches to enhance the quality of electroless Cu deposition for microvia preparation.

Effects of Ni addition on wettability and interfacial microstructure of Sn-0.7Cu-xNi solder alloy

Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of different Ni content on the microstructure and properties of Sn-0.7Cu alloy. Then, the spreading area, wetting angle, interface layer thickness and microstructure of the soldering interface was observed and analyzed at different soldering temperatures and times. Design/methodology/approach Sn-0.7Cu-xNi solder alloy was prepared by a high-frequency induction melting furnace. Then Sn-0.7Cu-xNi alloy was soldered on a Cu substrate at different soldering temperatures and times. Findings It was found that Ni made the intermetallic compounds in the Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy gradually aggregate and coarsen, and the microstructure was refined. The phase compositions of the solder alloy are mainly composed of the ß-Sn phase and a few intermetallic compounds, Cu6Sn5 + (Cu, Ni)6Sn5. The maximum value of 12.1 HV is reached when the Ni content is 0.1 Wt.%. When the Ni content is 0.5 Wt.%, the wettability of the solder alloy increases by about 15%, the interface thickness increases by about 8.9% and the scallop-like structure is the most refined. When the soldering time is 10 min and the soldering temperature is 280 °C, the wettability of Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni is the best. Originality/value It is groundbreaking to combine the change in soldering interface with the soldering industry. The effects of different soldering temperatures and times on the Sn-0.7Cu-xNi alloy were studied. Under the same conditions, Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni exhibits better wettability and more stable solder joint stability.

Effect of Ni addition on the crystallization behaviors of Cr-Co alloy

Optimizing the crystallization kinetics of Cr-Co alloys through doping is of practical significance to their industrial applications. By employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study investigates the effect of Ni concentration on the solidification process of Cr30Co70-xNix (x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40) alloys, focusing on crystallization behavior during quenching and microstructural characterization. The evolution of potential energy indicates that higher Ni concentrations promote crystallization, resulting in a lower liquid-solid transition temperature and enhanced relaxation. However, Ni doping does not alter the preference for chemical ordering, with Cr-Co bonding predominant across all the compositions. Microstructural analysis reveals a shift towards fcc-dominant ternary alloys with increased Ni content. Furthermore, Ni addition impacts defect distribution, notably reducing "other" types of defects in the Cr-Co binary alloy. These findings provide a quantitative reference for adjusting the crystallization behavior of Cr-Co alloys through doping, with implications for their design, manufacturing, and utilization.

Wear and corrosion resistance of TiAlSi-Nix (x = 0, 5, 11, 17, 23 at%) multi-principal component alloy coating prepared by ∞ oscillating laser cladding

To improve the wear and corrosion resistance of key components and ensure the safe operation of offshore equipment, we applied an ∞ oscillating laser to prepare a TiAlSi-Ni composite coating. The effects of Ni addition on the composition, microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the coating were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the coating mainly presented an interdendritic - dendritic structure, and the S4 coating with 17 at% Ni had the best wear and corrosion resistance. In the reciprocating sliding friction and wear test at 10 N and 30 N, the wear rates were 0.83 and 1.66 × 10−7 mm2·N−1, respectively, which is 1/5 and 1/3 of TC4 under this load. The S4 also had the largest passivation interval and passivation film stability. The internal and external double-layer film structure ensures that it is not corroded by corrosive medium. The Ti3Al/TiNi semi-coherent interface and lattice distortion gave the Ti3Al-Ti2Ni and TiAl-TiNi eutectic interfaces a high bonding strength. Moreover, the “labyrinth effect” produced by the lamellar eutectic structure further improved the corrosion resistance. This work provides a new method for obtaining coatings with high adhesion and wear and corrosion resistance for offshore platforms.

Exploring microstructure variations and hydrogen storage characteristics in TiVNbCrNi high-entropy alloys with different Ni incorporation

In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs), as a novel class of hydrogen storage materials, have been deemed highly promising due to their extensive compositional tunability and the unique high entropy effects. This study aims to enhance the comprehensive hydrogen storage performance of the TiVNbCr-based HEA by introducing Ni. The effects of Ni addition on the microstructural evolution of the alloy and its impact on activation properties, hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and cycling performance under the complex physicochemical environment of multiple principal elements was systematically investigated. The findings indicate that Ni addition shortens the activation incubation period of the alloy but more Ni reduces the intrinsic hydrogen absorption kinetics. In the Ti25V30Nb10Cr33Ni2 alloy, a high reversible hydrogen storage capacity of up to 2.2 wt% at room temperature was achieved, surpassing most of the currently reported body-centered cubic (BCC)-structured high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys. Furthermore, the influence of Ni on the alloy's hydrogen desorption kinetics and cycling hydrogenation performance was studied. Results from 110 cycles of testing reveal that the introduction of Ni-induced Laves phases can act to relax stress, thereby reducing strain accumulation during the hydrogen absorption and desorption cycling process. This could provide guidance for the design of high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys with extended cycling lifetimes.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of cast, eutectic Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloys with multiple strengthening mechanisms

The effects of Ni additions on microstructure and microhardness of near-eutectic Al-9Ce-xNi-0.75Mn-0.18Sc-0.12Zr (x = 2.5, 3.2, and 3.9 wt.%) alloys are investigated for various cooling rates. The as-cast microstructure consists of fine, micron-scale Al11Ce3 and Ni-rich phases formed during eutectic solidification. Two Ni-rich phases are observed: (i) Al27Ce3Ni6 at higher Ni contents and slower solidification rates, and (ii) Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2 at lower Ni contents and faster solidification rates. While these Ni-containing alloys have higher microhardness than a Ni-free control alloy, varying the Ni concentration in the 2.5–3.9 wt.% range does not significantly affect the microhardness, indicative of competing strengthening and weakening effects from adding Ni. The alloy with intermediate Ni content (3.2 wt.%) is selected for further microstructural and mechanical characterization. It contains four coarsening-resistant strengthening constituents: (i) micron-scale Al11Ce3 and (ii) Al27Ce3Ni6 or Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2 platelets, all formed during eutectic solidification, (iii) L12-Al3(Sc,Zr) nanoprecipitates formed on aging, and (iv) Mn atoms in solid solution in the α-Al matrix. The combined strengthening mechanisms impart high strength at ambient and elevated temperatures, as measured by microhardness (as a function of aging time), by compression and tensile experiments, and by compressive creep measurements. Alloys previously reported in the literature - with various combinations of one, two or three of these four strengthening phases - show lower hardness and creep resistance, indicating that cumulative strengthening can be achieved when combining mechanisms; the present alloy containing all four phases shows a remarkably high creep threshold stress of 62 MPa at 300 °C.

Effect of Ni addition on the microstructure, conductivities and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-Fe alloys

In this study, the microstructure, conductivity and mechanical properties of as-casted Al-1Fe-xNi (x= 0, 1, 4, 6 and 10, wt%) alloys were systematically investigated. The results exhibited the Al-1Fe-xNi alloys mainly consist of α-Al, Al3Fe, Al3Ni, and Al9FeNi phase. With the increase of Ni addition, the size of α-Al grain decreases and the dimension of Al9FeNi phase increased. The hardness of the as-cast alloys raises with increasing Ni content, whereas the elongation and electrical conductivity decreases and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) first increases and then decreases dramatically. The Al-1Fe-6Ni alloy exhibited the highest Q-value, which was approximately 11.27% higher than that of the Ni-free alloys. This mechanism of mechanical properties change occurs mainly due to slightly Ni effectively refines the α-Al phase, and the excessive Ni content leads to formation of coarse needle-like or lath-like Al9FeNi phase. Additionally, the grain refinement and precipitation of the second phase upon Ni addition impede electron movement, leading to a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the alloy. The corresponding ductile fracture morphologies of Al-1Fe-xNi alloys are also analyzed. These high-strength Al-1Fe-xNi alloys could be helpful for developing novel Al-Fe alloys with a high strength and ductility.

Effects of Ni addition on abnormal grain growth in superelastic CuAlMnCoNi alloy

Large-size grain is one of the effective parameters to determine the superelasticity of Cu-based alloys. In this study, the effects of Ni addition on abnormal grain growth (AGG) and microstructure evolution of CuAlMnCoNi alloys are systematically investigated. The activation energy and driving force of grain boundary (GB) migration during AGG are evaluated. The results reveal that Ni significantly promotes AGG. Average grain size reaches 6.0 cm after three cyclic heat treatments (CHTs) in a CuAlMnCoNi alloy containing 2 at.% Ni. A maximum superelastic strain of 11.8 % can be obtained at 15 % applied strain. The addition of 2 at.% Ni increases the solvus temperature of the α-phase to about 818 °C and raises α-phase volume fraction at phase equilibrium. The precipitation of α-phase with high volume fraction causes high number density of dislocations. The misorientation angle of subgrain is increased by the addition of Ni, contributing to the AGG in CuAlMnCoNi alloys. The addition of Ni reduces the activation energy of GB migration and increases the GB migration driving force.

Effects of Ni addition on the order–disorder transitions of Fe–Pt intermetallic compounds: An experimental study on Fe–Ni–Pt phase diagrams

The Fe–Pt based intermetallic compounds exhibit good chemical stability and unique magnetic properties, where Ni is an important additional element to optimize the magnetic properties or obtain the outstanding catalytic performances of the Fe–Pt based alloys. Knowledge of how Ni addition affects the order–disorder transitions of the Fe–Pt intermetallics is thus necessary; however, the related information is limited. Therefore, in this work, the phase diagrams of the Fe–Ni–Pt system were experimentally investigated, and as a result, the isothermal sections of the Fe–Ni–Pt system at 600 and 900 °C, as well as the vertical sections of Fe80Ni20–Pt80Ni20 and Fe50Pt50–Ni50Pt50 were constructed. Based on these results, the influences of Ni addition on the crystal stabilities and phase transformations of the ordered Fe–Pt intermetallics have been well described. The results show that the L10-FePt and L10-NiPt phases form a ternary continuous solid solution of L10-(Fe,Ni)Pt, whereas Ni can dissolve in the L12-Fe3Pt and L12-FePt3 phases as high as 57.0 at.% and 26.0 at.% at 600 °C, respectively. The selective occupancy of Ni atoms has been predicted, which should depend on the alloy composition. For both the L10-(Fe,Ni)Pt and L12-FePt3 phases, when Pt contents are less than their stoichiometric values, Ni atoms will preferentially occupy the Pt sublattice, forming as many nearest-neighbor Fe−Pt bonds as possible. All these results can correlate the alloy compositions, annealing temperatures and crystal structures to both magnetic and catalytic properties, thus providing a basis for optimizing the Fe–Ni–Pt alloys towards enhanced magnetic or catalytic performances.

Effect of Ni addition on the behavior of dissimilar A356-AZ91/CeO2 aluminum-magnesium based composite fabricated by friction stir process technique

ABSTRACT In the present study, the Behavior of Dissimilar A356-AZ91/CeO2 Aluminum-Magnesium Based Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Process Technique was observed. The Macrostructure of A356-AZ91/5%CeO2/2% Ni showed a defect-free and crack-free composite. Microstructural examination revealed that the FSP effectively distributed the CeO2 particles within the matrix, resulting in a refined microstructure. Tensile strength of A356-AZ91 matrix material was improved by about 38.04% after the addition of 5% CeO2. However, with the 2% Ni addition to A356-AZ91/5% CeO2 composite displaying further enhancement. The addition of 5% CeO2 and 2% Ni to the A356-AZ91 alloy through FSP showed a 44.78% improvement in tensile strength. There was an improvement in the hardness after adding the 2% Ni- 5% CeO2 particles was found 41.66%. Hardness of A356-AZ91-5% CeO2 was improved only by about 28.33% without addition of 2% Ni. Wear testing of aluminum composite was carried out using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The wear rate of A356-AZ91 alloy decreased by about 70% after the addition of the 2% Ni- 5% CeO2 particles. However, wear rate of A356-AZ91 alloy decreased only by about 61.66% after the addition of 5% CeO2 particles.

Effect of Ni addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened superalloys

Effect of Ni addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened superalloys

Effect of Ni additions on microstructure, interfacial diffusion behavior and properties of Fe-based/B4C composite coating by vacuum cladding

In order to improve the hardenability and toughness of Fe-based/B 4 C composite coatings, which were bonded on ASTM 1045 steel by vacuum cladding, nNi ( n = 0, 1, 3, 5, weight %) were added into the coatings. The influences of Ni additions on the microstructures, interfacial diffusion behavior, impact toughness and three-body abrasive wear behavior of composite coatings were investigated systematically. The results indicated that coatings were completely fused with steel substrate without micro-defects. When the amount of Ni was increased, the activity of the C atom on the coating side was enhanced, the decarburization zone near the interface disappeared, and the metallurgical bonding state of interface was strengthened. Furthermore, the increment of Ni improved the hardenability of coating and promoted the transformation from pearlite to martensite in the matrix structure of the coating. The impact toughness of the coating samples also increased with the increment of Ni additions, and reached the maximum of 4.8 J/cm 2 at 5Ni sample. The three-body abrasive wear test implied that when 3 wt% Ni was added to the coating, the mass loss was 0.14 g, which was much lower than that of other samples and exhibited the best wear resistance. The wear mechanism of coatings changed from partial plastic cutting and fatigue spalling to single fatigue spalling. • Ni addition strengthens the metallurgical bonding state of the coating interface. • The increase of Ni addition improves the hardenability of the coating matrix. • Ni addition improves the impact toughness and wear resistance of the coating.

First-principles study on the effect of Ni addition on the stability of B2 Ti50Ru50 – a supercell approach

Shape memory alloys (SMA's) are a special kind of metal alloys with unique structural properties, such as shape memory effect (SME) and pseudo-elasticity (SE) that were well-observed in TiNi alloy, which commercially trades as Nitinol. This polymorphic crystal behaviour arose from the reversible phase transition between an ordered high-temperature B2 and low-temperature martensite phase (L10/B19/B19′). Due to the high ductility of Ru, this work employed a supercell approach to track the effect of nickel addition on highly stable B2-Ti50Ru50 with the intent to stimulate SME. Thermodynamic, mechanical, electronic structure and lattice dynamic characteristics were estimated using first-principles calculations. The phonons spectra of B2 Ti50Ru50 consisted of only positive frequencies, but the addition of Ni above 18.75 at. % resulted in positive and negative frequencies, indicative of a possible martensitic transformation, which is a strong character for SME.

Effect of Ni addition on the microstructural evolution and lap-shear performance of AISI 630 martensitic stainless steel resistance spot welds

Martensitic stainless steels exhibit poor resistance spot weldability, with high susceptibility to interfacial failure due to the formation of brittle martensite in the fusion zone (FZ). To alter the composition of the FZ and improve the lap-shear performance, Ni interlayer was employed during the resistance spot welding (RSW) of 2-mm-thick 630 martensitic stainless steel (MSS). The microstructures of the joints with and without Ni addition were characterized using optical microscopy and EBSD analysis. Calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) technique was used to analyze the phase evolution in the joints as a function of temperature. The FZ of the joint without Ni addition consisted of predominantly martensite with small amount of dispersed retained austenite. Under lap-shear loading, the crack propagated through the martensitic FZ, leading to interfacial failure (IF), irrespective of the welding time or current. The joints could only reach a peak load of 8.26 kN and energy absorption of 6.83 J. The Ni addition changed the solidification mode from ferritic-austenitic to fully austenitic mode and significantly lowered the Ms. temperature (from 108 to −188.7 ° C). Accordingly, the Ni-added joints exhibited fully austenitic microstructure and failed largely through pullout mode with significantly improved energy absorption. They exhibited a peak load of 13.27 kN and energy absorption of 27.22 J.

Effect of Ni addition upon microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatic pressed 30CrMnSiNi2A ultrahigh strength steel

Hot isostatic pressing is an advanced powder metallurgical technology for the production of complex and special-shaped components made of ultrahigh strength steel. However, due to the low hardenability of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel, it is difficult to achieve the expected martensitic structure in the sintering process. In this study, the hardenability of the alloy is improved by adding Ni into 30CrMnSiNi2A steel powder. The microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the sintered 30CrMnSiNi2A-xNi steels (x = 0, 1.5 wt%, and 3.0 wt%) are systematically investigated. Experimental results show that with the increase in Ni addition, the matrix structure changes from granular bainite (0 wt% Ni) to lath bainite (1.5 wt% Ni) and lath martensite (3.0 wt% Ni); and the ultimate tensile strength increases from 1312 MPa to 1466 MPa and 1747 MPa. The improvement in strength is mainly related to the solid solution strengthening of C and Ni atoms in the matrix structure. In addition, the increase in dislocation density and grain boundary density in the matrix structure also promotes the improvement in strength, according to the kernel average misorientation and grain boundary analysis of EBSD. After the addition of Ni powder, the fracture mode changes from the transgranular quasi-cleavage to the interparticle debonding. This is mainly due to the increase in the oxide density at the particle boundaries and the matrix strength.

Effect of Ni addition on CPP-GMR response in electrodeposited Co-Ni/Cu multilayered nanocylinders with an ultra-large aspect ratio

Effect of Co–Ni alloy composition on the current perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) response of electrochemically synthesized Co–Ni/Cu multilayered nanocylinders was studied using anodized aluminum oxide membranes (AAOM) with nanochannel diameter D ∼67 nm and length L ∼70 μm. Co–Ni/Cu multilayered nanocylinders, which have an aspect ratio L/D of ∼1,045, were fabricated in the AAOM nanochannel templates by utilizing a pulse-current electrochemical growth process in an electrolytic bath with Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions. Co–Ni/Cu alternating structure with Co84Ni16 alloy layer-thickness of 9.6 nm and Cu layer-thickness of 3.8 nm was clearly observed in a nanocylinder with a diameter of 63 nm. The alternating structure was composed from crystalline layers with preferential orientations in hcp-CoNi (002) and fcc-Cu (111). The Co–Ni/Cu multilayered nanocylinders were easily magnetized in the long axis direction because of the extremely large aspect ratio L/D. In Co84Ni16/Cu multilayered nanocylinders, the coercivity and squareness were ∼0.46 kOe and ∼0.5, respectively. The CPP-GMR value was achieved up to 22.5% (at room temperature) in Co84Ni16/Cu multilayered nanocylinders.

Microstructure and properties of C/C-CuNi composites fabricated by carbothermal reduction of hydrothermal co-deposited oxides

A novel hydrothermal co-deposition method was proposed to fabricate C/C-CuNi composites as high-speed railway pantograph strip. The bulk density of composites reached 1.83 g/cm3 with 5 cycles of co-deposition. The effect of Ni addition on the microstructure and properties of the composites was investigated. The Ni addition not only improves the graphitic degree of the carbon matrix but also enhances the fiber/matrix interface bonding. The composites presented outstanding properties when the Ni/Cu molar ratio was 0.6. It possesses high flexural strength (92.4 MPa) and low electrical resistivity (10.78 μΩ m). The friction coefficient was stabilized at 0.223 and wear rate was just 0.45 g h−1 under 10 N applied load. The outstanding tribological performance resulted from the micro-spall fatigue wear and the formation of self-lubricating film owing to the Ni addition. The C/C-CuNi composite provides an attractive high-speed railway pantograph strip material, and the hydrothermal co-deposition method is a feasible strategy to improve the interfacial bonding of Cu-based carbon fiber reinforced composites.

Effect of Ni Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 6101 Aluminum Alloy with High Electrical Conductivity

Effect of Ni Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 6101 Aluminum Alloy with High Electrical Conductivity

Effect of Ni addition on magnetism and corrosion resistivity of Ti/Co/Ni nanocomposites by sol–gel methods

In this study, nanocomposites of Ti/Co with varying Ni content were synthesized via the sol–gel process and calcination at 500 °C for 3 h, which were later used as a precursor for film fabrication. In order to fabricate the Ti/Co/Ni films, the prepared nanocomposites of Ti/Co/Ni were initially spin-coated on a glass substrate, and later heated to 250 °C for 4 h. The crystallite phase and size, surface morphology, microstructure, magnetic behavior, and corrosion resistivity were investigated using XRD, TEM, SEM, VSM, and potentiostat, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles formed crystallite size ranging between 25 to 30 nm in diameter and exhibited the major crystallite phases of B2 structure, depending on the studied conditions. The saturation magnetization (Ms) was significantly increased from 0.07 to 1.27 emu/g and coercivity (Hc) increased from 280 to 400 Oe. Based on the result, the increase of Ni content enhanced not only the magnetic behavior but also the corrosion resistivity. Based upon the results, the synthesis of Ti/Co/Ni via sol–gel method was successfully conducted and used as a precursor for film fabrication.

Effect of Ni addition on the properties of CoMoPB bulk metallic glasses

In this work, a new series of Co71-xNixMo9P14B6 (x = 15, 20, 30 at.%) Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with the critical diameter of 2.0 mm were synthesized by fluxing treatment and J-quenching technique. The glass forming ability (GFA), corrosion properties, mechanical and magnetic properties of the present Co-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been studied systematically. The corrosion tests show that the corrosion current density in 3.5% NaCl and 1 M HCl solutions up to the order of 10−7A/cm2. The compressive tests show that the present Co-based BMGs exhibit a compressive fracture strength of 2.7 – 3.2 GPa, the maximum compressive plastic strain of 2.3%. The present Co-based BMGs have extremely value of the low saturated magnetizations (Bs), exhibiting great potential for industry applications