Effect Of Neem Research Articles

Effect of neem seed oil fumigation on wood-destroying insect

As the deadline for phasing out the use of conventional synthetic chemicals as fumigant approaches, alternative fumigants are being evaluated. Fumigants from plant origins could have greater potential in future on the basis of their efficacy, economic value and use in large scale storage. Several aromatic plants are being investigated for their antifeedant and insecticidal activity including their fumigation action. In the present study, neem seed oil (Nso) was extracted and used at different concentrations. Wooden blocks of hard and soft woods were fumigated with six concentrations of Nso and exposed to Lyctus africanus Lesne larvae. Nso has emerged as promising alternative of synthetic fumigants. The present study showed that Nso is an effective fumigant for the control of Lyctus larvae at all concentrations tested. The lowest concentration showed 48% mean mortality, while 1·6% caused >85% mortality of Lyctus larvae. On the basis of probit analysis, it was observed that the LC50 of Nso for L. africanus is 0·048–0·05% in both woods.

Effect of neem and willow aqueous extracts on fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings: Induction of antioxidant defensive enzymes

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the major plant diseases that affect tomato production. The effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and willow (Salix babylonica) aqueous extracts on fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings were investigated. Four weeks old tomato seedlings were treated with 10% of either neem and willow aqueous extracts and then infected with Fusarium oxysporum after 4days of treatment. The results showed that the percentage of disease incidence was increased in non treated tomato seedlings in time dependent manner and reached the maximum level (65%) after 6weeks of infection. Treatments of tomato plants with neem and willow aqueous extracts reduced the percentage of disease incidence to the level of 25.5% and 27.8% after 6weeks of infection respectively. The results show that infection of tomato seedling with Fusarium oxysporum led to many morphological and biochemical changes including, reducing the growth of tomato shoot and root, increasing the level of lipid peroxidation and marked increase in the activities of antioxidant defensive enzyme i.e. POX, CAT, and SOD. Treatment with neem and willow aqueous extracts significantly exhibited a growth promotion of tomato shoot and root in infected or non infected seedling. Moreover, application of neem and willow aqueous extracts with fusarium, significantly reduce the level of lipid peroxidation and induce high activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes after 3 and 7days of infection. Electrophoretic pattern of POX demonstrated that Fusarium oxysporum caused up regulation of several POX isoenzymes. It could be concluded that neem and willow aqueous extracts reduced the disease incidence of fusarium wilt in tomato seedlings by increasing the activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes and decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation

Efficacy of neem pesticides on whorl larva, stem-borer and panicle insect pests of sorghum in Nigeria

Two field trials were conducted from 2003 to 2005 on the effects of neem pesticides on whorl larva, stem-borer and panicle pests of sorghum. In the first trial (2003–2004) the effect of neem seed granules (NSG) and carbofuran (furadan 3G®) inserted into the sorghum whorl at 30, 40 and 50 days after sowing (DAS) were tested on whorl larva, stem borer and grain yield. Results showed that NSG and carbofuran significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced whorl larva feeding, leaf puncturing and chaffy panicle, and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased grain yield compared with untreated check. In the second trial, (2004–2005), aqueous neem seed extract (ANSE), neem seed oil (NSO) and deltamethrin (Decis 12 EC®) were sprayed at anthesis and grain filling stages. Results also showed that the three pesticides significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced insect damage and also significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased grain yield by 28.3% (deltamethrin), 19.4% (NSO) and 17.9% (ANSE) above the yield of check. It is suggested that neem pesticides may be suitable as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of sorghum whorl larva, stem borers and panicle insect pests in the Nigerian Sudan savannah.

Antifungal effect of topically administered neem(Azadirachta indica) seed oil cream against <i> Pytiriasis versicolour</i>

The study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal effect of Neem seed oil cream against Pytiriasis versicolour infection of the skin. Fifteen samples of 20 g each i.e. three samples each of concentrations, 2.5% w/w, 5.0% w/w,7.5% w/w/ and10.0% w/w neem seed oil cream and a commercial preparation (Whitfield Ointment) were given out to patients randomly. Double blind approach was adopted in prescribing the samples to the patients diagnosed to have Pityriasis vesicolour fungal infection of the skin; double blind in the sense that both clinician and patients were blinded as to the identity of the samples. The clinical responses to neem seed oil cream concentrations 2.5% w/w and 5.0 w/w were not encouraging. However, at concentrations 7.5% w/w and 10.0% w/w , neem seed oil cream showed excellent improvement in clinical conditions of the patients infected with Pityriasis versicolour on their skins. They compared favourably with the commercial control sample.

Effect of Neem (Azadirchta indica) on serum glycoprotein contents of rats administered 1,2 dimethylhydrazine

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of aqueous Azadirchta Indica leaf extract (AAILE) on serum glycoprotein contents and tumor incidence rate in colon of rats subjected to Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treatment. Forty rats were divided equally and randomly into four groups viz., Group I (normal control), Group II (DMH-treated), Group III (AAILE) and Group IV (DMH + AAILE treated). Group II and IV animals were injected subcutaneously every week with DMH (30 mg/kg b.wt.) for two durations of 10 and 20 weeks. AAILE was given orally three times a week on alternate days (100 mg/kg b.wt.) to animals belonging to groups III and IV. Blood samples were drawn from all the animals by ocular vein puncture every month for the estimation of Total Sialic Acid (TSA) and Lipid Bound Sialic Acid (LSA), which served as markers for the cancer. No incidence of tumor was recorded in the animals given DMH treatment for 10 weeks. However, DMH treatment for 20 weeks showed 100% tumor incidence. Animals treated with DMH for both the time durations showed a significant increase in the levels of TSA in comparison to normal control, which however were decreased significantly following AAILE supplementation. There was no significant difference between LSA levels of DMH-treated animals and normal controls. The present study suggested that supplementation of AAILE in cancer-bearing animals attenuates considerably the molecular events that initiate the development of tumors.

Effect of neem and antitranspirant products against Aphis craccivora Koch and its biology.

Effect of neem and antitranspirant products against Aphis craccivora Koch and its biology.

Study on the Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Smoke in Controlling Airborne Bacteria in Residential Premises

Study on the Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Smoke in Controlling Airborne Bacteria in Residential Premises

Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the progressive growth of a spontaneous T cell lymphoma

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of in vivo administration of neem oil intra-peritoneally (i.p.) to mice bearing a progressively growing transplantable T cell lymphoma of spontaneous origin, designated as Daltons lymphoma (DL), on the tumor growth. Mice were administered various doses of neem oil mixed in groundnut oil, which was used as a diluting vehicle or for administration to control DL-bearing mice. Administration of neem oil resulted in an acceleration of tumor growth along with a reduction in the survival time of the tumor-bearing host. Neem oil administered DL-bearing mice showed an augmented apoptosis in splenocytes, bone marrow cells and thymocytes along with an inhibition in the anti-tumor functions of tumor-associated macrophages. Thus this study gives an altogether a novel information that neem oil instead of the popular belief of being anti-tumor and immunoaugmentary may in some tumor-bearing conditions, behave in an opposite way leading to an accelarated tumor progression along with a collapse of the host's anti-tumor machinery. These observations will thus have long lasting clinical significance, suggesting caution in use of neem oil for treatment of cancer.

Study on the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) leaf extract on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin by it at different incubation times

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by toxigenic strains of some Aspergillus species on foods. Neem plant is a known inhibitor of aflatoxin production. We studied the effects of different concentrations of aqueous neem leaf extract on fungal growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) at different incubation times. The toxigenic fungus was cultured on sucrose low salts medium in the presence of various concentrations of extracts (0.2, 0.8, 3.12, 12.5 and 50% v/v). After shaking incubation of cultures for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days at 28 degrees C, the fungal mycelia was collected and processed for determination of dry weight. Mycelia and culture media were assayed by TLC method to detect aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). The extracts did not have any obvious effect on fungal growth. AFB(1) production in the control samples increased to the maximum level on the 8th day. The inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by plant extracts was found to be time- and dose-dependent. The maximum inhibitory effect was 80-90% in the presence of 50% concentration that when compared with control samples was significant (P < 0.05). AFB(1) secretion/production ratio in all of control and treated samples, other than 2nd day, approximately stayed and neem had no effect on it.

The Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Extract on Alpha-fetoprotein Serum Concentration, Glutathione S-transferase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced Rats

The Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Extract on Alpha-fetoprotein Serum Concentration, Glutathione S-transferase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced Rats

Bioactivity of Neem, &lt;I&gt;Azadirachta indica&lt;/I&gt;, Against Spittlebug &lt;I&gt;Mahanarva fimbriolata&lt;/I&gt; (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) on Sugarcane

The effect of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on some biological parameters of Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stil) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) was studied in the laboratory by using NeemAzal-T/S, Nimkol-LS, and an aqueous neem seed extract. Initially, the LC,, was estimated for nymphs. Later, nymphs fed on sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L., roots were sprayed with the respective LC,, for each product. The adults were maintained in cages on sugarcane plants sprayed at the base with the maximum rate recommended commercially for the crop (3 liter/ha). Moistened cotton discs surrounding the base of the plant were used as oviposition substrates. The LCso values estimated for NeemAzal, Nimkol, and aqueous extract were 0.014, 0.225, and 0.611%, respectively. There was a reduction in spittlebug longevity, regardless of sex, in relation to the control. Males exposed to the neem products, and aqueous extract showed longevity reductions of approximately 50%, whereas for females the reductions were 55-60%. The neem products and extract reduced fecundity by 75-85%. Morphological and physiological changes were observed in 9% of the eggs from individuals submitted to NeemAzal. Neem-based products, especially NeemAzal, have potential for the control of M. fimbriolata.

Note: Effect of neem and organic amendments on nematode populations in a coastal savanna tropical soil

Nematode numbers were assessed at 2-week intervals in a coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves and animal manure for 12 weeks under fallow conditions. The number of plant-parasitic nematodes decreased significantly with the application of the neem-based amendments, whereas the number of non-parasitic nematodes increased.

The Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Aqueous Extract and Dietary Selenium on Distribution of Selenium in Liver Tissue During Hepatocarcinogenesis

The Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Aqueous Extract and Dietary Selenium on Distribution of Selenium in Liver Tissue During Hepatocarcinogenesis

The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil on oviposition, development and reproductive potentials of Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract 1 The effect of different treatments of neem oil (0, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.15 mL/plant) and their persistence (0, 5 and 10 days after application; DAA) on the oviposition behaviour and the bionomics of the noctuid Sesamia calamistis and the pyralid Eldana saccharina were tested in laboratory and greenhouse experiments.2 For most variables, no difference was found between DAA, showing that the treatments had a long‐term effect, and pooled analyses across DAA were performed. Compared with the control (0 mL/plant), mean reductions due to neem in numbers of egg batch and eggs laid were 70 and 88% for S. calamistis and 50 and 49% for E. saccharina, respectively, but no differences were found among neem concentrations.3 For both species, larval and pupal development time was shortest in the control and longest with the highest oil concentration. Immature survival, larval weight and fecundity were highest in the control and similar in the neem treatments.4 No differences were found in sex ratios. Egg viability was highest in the control (approximately 87%) and lowest (72%) with the highest oil concentration. As a result of lower fecundity and longer developmental time, on average, the intrinsic rates of increase in the neem treatments were 30% lower than in the control.5 In view of the low oviposition rates, immature survival, fecundity and egg viability in the neem treatments, and the relatively high persistence of neem oil, it can be expected that the reduction in densities of the two borers species in the field will be considerable.

Sub‐chronic effect of neem based pesticide (Vepacide) on acetylcholinesterase and ATPases in rat

Acetylcholinesterases (AChE), Na+‐K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+‐ATPases were monitored in rat brain when treated orally with 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg of Vepacide, an active ingredient from neem seed oil, daily for 90 days. Brain AChE, Na+‐K+ and Ca2+‐ATPases were inhibited whereas Mg2+‐ATPase levels were enhanced in both the sexes after 45 and 90 days of treatment. The relative sensitivities of these ATPases to Vepacide indicated that Ca2+‐ATPase being more sensitive than Na+‐K+‐ATPase in both the sexes. The magnitude of Ca2+‐ATPase inhibited by this compound was higher than that of brain AChE. It appears to be sexual dimorphism in the alterations of brain AChE, Na+‐K+ and Mg2+‐ATPases by Vepacide with females being significant when compared with males. After 28 days of post treatment the alterations observed were approached to those of controls both in male and female rats showing reversal of the toxicity. These results indicated that the ATPases were potently inhibited by Vepacide and seemed to be its precise target among the enzyme studied. This can be used as biochemical marker of exposure to this neem derived product.

Effect of neem on adult longevity, oviposition and larval development of the cabbage fly, Delia radicum (L) (Dipt., Anthomyidae)

Abstract: Neem seed extract was evaluated at a concentration of 50 p.p.m. azadirachtin for potential oviposition deterrence, and for effects on larval survival, adult longevity and fecundity in the cabbage fly (Delia radicum). Oviposition was not deterred, nor was larval survival or fecundity affected. Adult longevity was not significantly reduced when neem seed extract was added to the diet.

Antifertility effect of Neem (Azadrichta indica) seed kernel meal in chickens

Antifertility effect of Neem (Azadrichta indica) seed kernel meal in chickens

Effect of neem on the growth and development of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana

AbstractNeem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), seed oil (NSO) added to meridic diet at concentrations as low as 0.016% reduced pupation and prevented adult eclosion of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). At a rate of 0.0016%, NSO reduced the fitness of C. rosaceana, resulting in longer developmental times, lower adult eclosion rates, and reduced egg production compared with controls. The neem insecticide Margosan‐TM produced comparable results based on concentrations of the most biologically active constituent, azadirachtin. Pupation was completely inhibited at concentrations of 0.25% and 1.0% for larvae exposed at 5th or 6th instar, respectively; rates as low as 0.016% reduced pupal weights and adult eclosion rates. For larvae transferred to treated diet at 5th instar, physical abnormalities in the wings of adults occurred at a rate of 0.004% NSO and increased with increasing treatment rates. NSO at concentrations as high as 2.0% was not antifeedant to neonate larvae, based on 24 and 48 h choice test bioassays, when incorporated into a meridic diet.

Response ofTearias Insulana boisd. larvae to neem (Azadirachta Indica a. juss) Kernel extract

The effect of Neem on the development ofEarias insulana Boisd. was investigated. Different concentrations of an aqueous extract of Neem kernels were incorporated in a semi-synthetic diet and larval growth, pupation rate and mortality of larvae were recorded. Neem was highly effective against 7-8- and 12-day-old larvae at all concentrations ranging between 0.075 and 1%. The systemic activity of Neem was investigated by standing cotyledons of a glandless cotton strain with their petioles in different concentrations of Neem. After 72 hours feeding at all concentrations tested, larval weight was about half that on the untreated leaves.

The residual effect of some products from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds upon larvae ofBoarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiff. in laboratory trials

The effect of Neem on the development ofBoarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiff. was investigated. Young leaves of avocado were treated in the laboratory with varying concentrations of Neem seed kernel suspensions or with emulsions of some Neem oil products, and offered to larvae of different size. Furthermore, avocado plants in flower pots were sprayed with Neem suspensions and the residues allowed to age in different locations. Leaves from the different treatments were offered to larvae of various sizes in laboratory tests and the larval weight, pupation rate and mortality were recorded. 0.3% Neem was highly effective on laboratory-treated leaves. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of the Neem suspensions on the one hand and the rate of growth and pupation on the other hand. No activity was found with the emulsion of either Neem extractive or Neem oil obtained from Neem kernels after extraction. In larvae kept for four days on avocado leaves treated with 0.3% Neem suspension, the growth and pupation rate was nearly as low as in larvae fed on treated leaves throughout their life span. The experiment with Neem-sprayed plants kept at different locations indicated the following order of activity of the residues: laboratory ≅ shade > sun.