Effect Of Nd3 Research Articles

Structural, morphological, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Nd substituted YFeO3 ceramics synthesized via sol gel auto-combustion route

The effect of Nd3+ ion substitution on the structural, morphological, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties of Y1-xNdxFeO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.16) was investigated. The samples were prepared using the sol-gel auto-combustion route. The crystallite size was found to be in the range of 23 to 15 nm. The SEM exhibited that pure YFO shows an inhomogeneous shape of particles, while the substituted samples demonstrated a spherical shape and clusters of grains. The substitution of Nd3+ ions causes the splitting of vibrational characteristic bands υ1 from 450.71 to 479.1 cm−1 while characteristic band υ2 changes from 592.13.1 to 687.90 cm−1, respectively. The ferroelectric analysis indicated that polarization was 0.023 nC/cm2 to 0.007 nC/cm2 at a maximum applied field of 0.01 kV/cm. The dielectric constant of Nd3+ substituted YFO was increased as compared to pure YFO. All YFeO3 samples showed low values of tan loss (tanδ) es compared to pure YFO. Low dielectric losses of YFO suggest their utilization in multilayer chip inductors.

Au modified Nd-doped In2O3 hollow microspheres for high performance triethylamine gas sensor

The Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 hollow microspheres were prepared by hydrothermal method as well as UV irradiation reduction. Their microstructure and phase structure were characterized by SEM, TEM and XRD. The effect of Nd3+ doping and Au loading were discussed based on the results of XPS, UV–vis, BET. The gas-sensitive measurement reveal the In2O3 loaded with 2 wt% Au and doped with 3 mol% Nd3+ (2 wt% Au/3 mol% Nd–In2O3) exhibited the optimal sensing performance among Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 nanocomposites. Compared with unmodified In2O3, its sensing properties are improved. The response to 100 ppm triethylamine is 61, 4 times of pure In2O3, along with improved selectivity, declined optimum operation temperature, reduced recovery time and good stability. Using Nd–In2O3 and Au/In2O3 as control samples, the synergetic roles of Nd doping and Au loading in sensing process were discussed. By the cooperation of Nd and Au, more oxygen vacancies, raised electric resistance and increased specific surface area are triggered, which improve the gas-sensitive performance of the sensor. The excellent sensing performance of Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 nanocomposites makes it a potential sensing material for triethylamine detection.

Effect of neodymium doping on structure, magnetic properties and microwave absorption performance of SrMnO3

A simple composite Sr1–xNdxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) nano powders were successfully prepared by the sol–gel method as a light-weight broadband electromagnetic wave absorber. The effect of Nd3+ doping on the structure, microstructure and properties of SrMnO3 was investigated. It is found that with the doping of Nd3+, the space group of the SrMnO3 changes from p63/mmc to pm3m, and the crystalline shape starts to change from hexagonal to cubic crystalline. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) tests confirm that the particle sizes of the sample decrease and the specific surface area increases, which are attributed to the inhibition of grain growth after Nd3+ is doped. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that after Nd3+ doping, the content of oxygen vacancy increases, and Mn4+ converts to Mn3+. Due to the defects of the materials, the polarization effect is enhanced, thus, the dielectric and magnetic properties of the doped samples are improved. The maximum reflection loss of the Sr0.85Nd0.15MnO3 is −33.41 dB at 7.84 GHz for a thickness of 2.4 mm, while Sr0.9Nd0.1MnO3 has the best bandwidth performance at 2.32 GHz with a reflection loss below −10 dB.

Effect of Nd3+ Doping on Structural, Near-Infrared, and Cathodoluminescent Properties for Cadmium Tantalate Phosphors

Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mol%) phosphor series were fabricated by conventional solid state method at 1100 °C for 17 hours. The samples of cadmium tantalate were investigated by structural (XRD, SEM) and spectroscopic (CL, PL) analyses. In XRD results, the symmetry of CdTa2O6 phase with orthorhombic columbite structure was confirmed between 0.5 and 10 mol% Nd3+ doping concentrations. SEM analysis of the grains revealed round and shapeless morphology while grain sizes ranged from submicron to several microns. The emission spectra of Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mol%) phosphor series recorded with the transitions of 4F3/2→4I9/2 and 4F3/2→4I11/2. Among these transitions, the transition 4F3/2→4I9/2 (at 889 nm) has a high near-infrared emission intensity, which can be attributed to the laser potential of the phosphor. The NIR emission of the phosphor increased with increasing concentration of Nd3+ up to 5 mol% and then declined because of concentration quenching phenomenon. The CL emission peak at about 450 nm found in all samples is related to the intrinsic emission of the cadmium tantalate host. In addition, Nd3+ doped phosphors exhibited the 4F3/2→4I9/2 transition of Nd3+ and defect-related CL emissions at 670 nm. Decreasing crystallinity with increasing Nd3+ concentration caused a decrease in host emission intensity at 450 nm.

Effect of Nd3+ substitution on structural, morphological, and electrical properties of Bismuth Ferrite ceramics

Effect of Nd3+ substitution on structural, morphological, and electrical properties of Bismuth Ferrite ceramics

Enhanced Magnetic and Microwave Absorbing Properties of Nd3+ Ion Doped CoFe2O4 by Solid‐State Reaction Method

CoNdxFe(2−x)O4 (x = 0.0–0.05) spinel ferrites are successfully synthesized by mechanical milling using solid‐state reaction. The effects of Nd3+ ions on structural, microstructure, and magnetic and microwave‐absorbing properties of samples are analyzed. The X‐ray diffraction pattern shows a single‐phase cobalt ferrite for all compositions. Refinement of the structure shows that an increase in the concentration of Nd3+ ions leads to the structure parameter and volume of unit cell to decrease. Lattice strain arises in the crystal, and limiting the crystallite growth is confirmed from the Williamson–Hall analysis. The particle size of the doping samples decreases compared to that without doping. The magnetic parameters, namely coercivity field and saturation magnetization, are strongly affected by the insertion of Nd3+ ions. Another important role of Nd3+ ions is in tuning the performance of microwave absorption. The maximum reflection loss values are gradually increased from −12.65 dB (≈94.35% microwave attenuation) up to −28.57 dB (≈99.86% microwave attenuation) in the concentration of x = 0.0–0.05. Their effective bandwidth also shows an increase from 0.05 up to 1 GHz. The results exhibit that Nd3+ ion‐doped cobalt ferrite has potential properties in designing novel microwave‐absorbing materials.

Effects of Nd3+ doping content on microstructure and spectral properties of Nd:SrF2 transparent ceramic

0.5–5 % (atom percent) Nd3+-doped SrF2 transparent ceramics were fabricated by hot-pressed sintering and the effects of Nd3+ doping content on microstructure and spectral properties were studied. With Nd3+ content increased from 0.5 % to 5 %, in-line transmittance of Nd:SrF2 ceramic at 1060 nm increased from 15.8 % to 85.3 %. FE-SEM micrographs showed the grain growth was inhibited and the microstructure became more compact and homogenous. Emission spectra revealed that concentration quenching was occurred at Nd3+ content of 1–2 %. Emission lifetime of 4F3/2 energy level monotonously decreased from 1805.4 μs to 19.6 μs. Evolution profiles of emission intensity and lifetime of Nd:SrF2 transparent ceramic with Nd3+ doping content were proposed. The appropriate Nd3+ content for spectral properties of Nd:SrF2 transparent ceramic was found around 1 %. The results demonstrated Nd:SrF2 transparent ceramic has large emission lifetime and mild concentration quenching effect, indicating that Nd3+-doped SrF2 transparent ceramics could be more promising gain media for all-solid-state lasers than other Nd3+-doped alkaline-earth fluorides.

Effect of Nd3+ ions on structural, spectral, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Co–Zn soft ferrites synthesized via sol-gel technique

The substitution of Neodymium (Nd) in the cobalt - zinc (Co–Zn) ferrite was analyzed. The sol-gel technique was used to synthesize these ceramic samples. The crystalline structural, molecular characterizations, and magnetic properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) experiments, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) respectively. XRD patterns revealed the single-phase cubic spinel structure of the samples. Lattice parameter varied from 8.41 to 8.38 Å with the inclusion of Nd concentration. The existence of two characteristic frequency bands in the range of 400–1400 cm−1 was confirmed by FTIR spectra. VSM measurements showed the magnetic behaviour at room temperature. The saturation magnetization was noted to decrease from 81 to 66 emu/g with increasing the Nd concentration. The sample having step size x = 0.025 revealed the highest coercivity and retentivity. Dielectric properties were studied and showed variation in dielectric constant, dielectric loss, ac conductivity, and energy dissipation (tangent loss) in the prepared materials.

Structural modification and evaluation of dielectric, magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Nd- modified BiFeO3 – PbTiO3 multiferroic ceramics

0.9Bi1- x Nd x FeO3 − 0.1PbTiO3 solid solution with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 were success fully synthesized by the standard solid-state reaction method. The effect of Nd3+ion substitution on structural, micro structural, ferroelectric, magnetic and dielectric properties of 0.9BiFeO3-0.1PbTiO3 have been investigated. The XRD analysis for the samples under study revealed distorted rhombohedral structure with R3C space group. 0.9Bi1- x Nd x FeO3 − 0.1PbTiO3 i.e. (BNFPT)x with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 compounds crystallized as single-phase materials with the same structure as the parent BiFeO3 compound. The SEM study revealed the uniform grain scattering for all prepared samples. Raman spectroscopy showed disappearance of some Raman modes indicated a structural phase transition with substitution of Nd dopants at Bi site and also confirmed the distorted rhombohedral perovskite structure of (BNFPT)x compounds with R3c symmetry. Dielectric measurements reveals that, around Neel temperature, all the samples exhibit magneto-electric coupling and also improved dielectric properties with addition of dopants in BiFeO3(BFO) compound. All the prepared samples exhibit weak ferro-magnetic character at room temperature. However, the variation in linear behavior and enhancement in magnetization is found at 5 K which shows gradual increase in remnant magnetization from 0.00785 emu/g to 0.37513 emu/g with increase in Nd doping for all (BNFPT)x samples. Nd doping reduces leakage current by three orders of magnitude, from 10−4 to 10−7. Ferroelectric study revealed the pinning effect in hysteresis loops with low remnant polarization and coercive field which can be related to the energy storage performance of the samples.

Near-IR luminescence in Nd3+ ions doped Na2O-BaF2-CaF2-B2O3-TeO2 glasses for 1064 nm laser and fiber amplifier applications

In the present research work, Nd3+ ions doped Oxy-Fluoro Boro Tellurite (OFBT) glasses were prepared by melt-quench method and their luminescence characteristics were investigated through UV-vis-NIR absorption, luminescence and decay studies for the NIR laser and optical fiber applications. Judd-Oflet (J-O) theory used to find the key parameters which in turn used to evaluate various radiative parameters from the luminescence spectra. Using the T.S. Lomheim and L.G. DeShazer method, branching ratio's (βR) were evaluated by incorporating the spectroscopic quality factor (χ). The stimulated emission cross-section (σsec) was computed and found high for 4F3/2→4I11/2 (1064 nm) transition for OFBTNd10 glass. Using decay curves, the effect of Nd3+ ions concentration on the lifetime of the 4F3/2 luminescent level was studied. The quantum efficiency (η) for OFBTNd10 glass was calculated and found to be maximum as 88%. From the obtained results, it can be suggested that OFBTNd10 glass can be used as good optical gain material to produce laser at around 1064 nm.

Effect of Nd doping on structural, dielectric, magnetic and ferroelectric properties of 0.8BiFeO3–0.2PbTiO3 solid solution

The standard solid state reaction method has been used to synthesize solid solution 0.8Bi1-xNdxFeO3–0.2PbTiO3 where x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 (BNFPT)x. The effect of Nd3+substitution on magnetic, ferroelectric, dielectric, and structural properties of 0.8BiFeO3-0.2PbTiO3 (BNFPT)x have been studied. The X-Ray Diffraction and Raman study of the samples revealed that the tetragonal structure with P4mm space group and rhombohedral structure with R3c space group exists simultaneously. The SEM study reveals uniform grain scattering. The 0.8BiFeO3-0.2PbTiO3 compound with Nd doping exhibits an increase in dielectric constant and reduce dielectric loss with respect to temperature and frequency. These features make the material as a promising candidate for the development of electronic device. At room temperature, all prepared samples exhibit weak ferro-magnetic behavior. However, a steady increase in residual magnetization was observed at 5 K. The magnetization result was found to be better than that of other rare earth doped BiFeO3-PbTiO3 solid solution. Ferroelectric study of the sample ascertained the pinning effect with low residual polarization in hysteresis loops. The reduction of leakage current with Nd doping is promising candidate for range of applications.

Effects of Nd3+ Donor Doping on Dielectric, Electrical Conductivity and Ferroelectric Properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.93Ba0.07TiO3 Lead-Free Ceramics

In this study, lead-free (Bi0.465Na0.465Ba0.07)1− x Nd x TiO3 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) piezoceramics were prepared via conventional solid state mixed-oxide route. The role of A-site Nd3+ donor doping was investigated through systematic studies of crystal structure, morphology, dielectric, electrical conductivity and ferroelectric properties. The X-ray diffraction data revealed single-phase perovskite structure with pseudocubic symmetry for all samples. The morphology exhibited dense microstructure with the average grain size that tended to decrease with increasing x. Compared to undoped BNBT (x = 0), the dielectric loss (tanδ) at high temperature (> 350 °C) significantly decreased with increasing Nd3+ doping level. With increasing x, the impedance spectroscopy data revealed more electrically homogeneous microstructure with a significant increase in resistivity (ρ) from Ω.m (BNBT) to Ω.m at x = 0.02. In addition, Nd3+ doping can induce a transition from a square-like to a slant P-E hysteresis loop with a significant drop in coercive field (E c) (from 25.81 for BNBT to 8.48 kV/cm for x = 0.03) and remanent polarization (P r) (from 27.93 to 3.67 µC/cm2), corresponding to the ergodic relaxor. These results suggest A-site Nd3+ doped 0.93BNT-0.07 ceramic as a promising candidate for high temperature capacitors and actuator materials.

Laser properties of Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped glass fiber around 1 µm

The interest in N d 3 + / Y b 3 + co-doping was initially motivated by the discovery of N d 3 + → Y b 3 + energy transfer in 1964, which profoundly influenced the motivation for subsequent research. Here, however, we propose a new mechanism based on an 808 nm and 975 nm dual-pumping scheme, in which the effect of N d 3 + → Y b 3 + energy transfer process is negligible. Gain spectrum modulation and its application in tunable dual-wavelength lasers around 1 µm were demonstrated in a 30-cm-long N d 3 + / Y b 3 + co-doped silica glass fiber. In addition, interesting laser efficiency improvements, thermal performance improvements, and even photodarkening resistance behavior were observed. This work broadens the knowledge of N d 3 + / Y b 3 + co-doping and may provide useful insights for exploring co-doping with rare-earth ions.

Effect of Nd3+ doping on CdO nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications

The CdO is a reliable metal oxide for a variety of applications in energy storage capacitors, alkaline batteries, photovoltaic cells, liquid crystal displays, smart windows, transparent electrodes, and antireflection coatings. Supercapacitor is most important emerging technology in energy storage field. The preparation of electrode materials with excellent structures and morphological features is important to enhance the specific capacitance, which participates a significant position in the energy conversion and energy storage development for sustainable human growth. The role of neodymium ion doping with two different variations has been studied. The pure CdO and different percentages of Nd3+ ion-doped CdO (1% and 3%) was prepared using one-step hydrothermal method. The cubic CdO was confirmed employing the X-ray examination. The 50-60 nm crystallite size was obtained from the XRD results. Electrochemical performance was studied in detailed with respect to various Nd3+ doping percentages. The 652 F/g specific capacitance was obtained for the 3% Nd-doped CdO electrode from charge–discharge studies. This electrode also showed 94% capacitive retention after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. This article described that Nd-ion doped CdO electrodes increases the high conductivity as a result of high specific capacitance, extended cycle life, and small charge transfer resistance and are recommended here as the best choice for 3% Nd3+ doped CdO for supercapacitor electrodes.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Spherical Nd3+ Substituted ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles.

In this study, nanocrystalline ZnNdxFe2−xO4 ferrites with x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 were fabricated and used as a catalyst for dye removal potential. The effect of Nd3+ ions substitution on the structural, optical and photo-Fenton activity of ZnNdxFe2−xO4 has been investigated. The addition of Nd3+ ions caused a decrease in the grain size of ferrites, the reduction of the optical bandgap energies and thus could be well exploited for the catalytic study. The photocatalytic activity of the ferrite samples was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of H2O2 under visible light radiation. The results indicated that the ZnNdxFe2−xO4 samples exhibited higher removal efficiencies than the pure ZnFe2O4 ferrites. The highest degradation efficiency was 98.00%, attained after 210 min using the ZnNd0.03Fe1.97O4 sample. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ZnFe2O4 doped with Nd3+ is explained due to the efficient separation mechanism of photoinduced electron and holes. The effect of various factors (H2O2 oxidant concentration and catalyst loading) on the degradation of RhB dye was clarified.

Effect of Nd3+ ions on radiation attenuation properties of PbF2–TeO2–WO3 glass system for shielding applications

This study aims to investigate the utility of using 15PbF2–(60x)TeO2–25WO3–xNd2O3 (0.1≥x≥1.5) glasses in the nuclear shielding applications for mixed radiation fields at energies ranging from 15keV to 15MeV. The effect of Nd3+ ions on gamma attenuation properties of the present glass system was discussed in detail. The radiation attenuation features were investigated for the present glass system by using Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation via Geant4 toolkit. The simulation results were theoretically approved by using Phy-X approach over the entire considered energy range. The obtained results indicate that the values of Zeff and Neff were both highest in the in the τ/ρ dominated energies due to the atomic number dependence of the cross sections of the τ/ρ absorption processes. Moreover, FNRCS values were 0.1152, 0.1152, 0.1153, and 0.1153cm−1 for PWTN1, PWTN2, PWTN3, and PWTN4 respectively. Finally, an extensive comparative study is also presented between the studied glass system and standard traditional shielding materials. The study suggests PWTN4 is the best photon shield amongst the studied PWTN-glasses.

Magnetocaloric and heat capacity studies on NdFe0.5Mn0.5O3

The bulk magnetization, magnetocaloric effect, and heat capacity of polycrystalline NdFe0.5Mn0.5O3 have been studied in the temperature range of 1.5–300 K. The magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) shows a peak near 7 K at 100 kOe with a value of ∼7.22 J kg−1 K−1. Another magnetic entropy change is also observed between 0 and 40 kOe near the spin reorientation region of Fe3+/Mn3+ ions (∼45 K), wherein the entropy change gets suppressed with increasing field. The magnetic heat capacity shows a broad hump near the Néel temperature (∼250 K). Around 5 K, a step-like feature in heat capacity due to the Schottky effect is observed which is associated with the crystal field effects in Nd3+ ions.

Effect of Nd3+ substitution on the BHmax properties of barium-strontium hexaferrite permanent magnet

This paper describes the effect of the substitution of Nd3+ ions in Barium-Strontium Hexaferrite (Ba0.6Sr0.4)1-xNdxFe12O19 with x = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05, on the energy of the product. All samples were made from raw materials of barium (II) carbonate, strontium (II) carbonate, neodymium (III) oxide, and iron (III) oxide which each have a purity of > 99% which was processed by the solid-state reaction method using high energy milling with a rotating speed of 750 rpm.The crystal structure and phase formed are characterized using an X-ray diffractometer. Scanning electron microscopy is used for surface morphology analysis and permagraph is used for hysteresis characterization so that the product energy can be calculated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all phase samples have an orthorhombic structure and space group P nma. Surface morphology is almost homogeneous with heterogeneous shapes and the average particle size ranges from 200-800 nm. The maximum product energy obtained is 165.4kGOe in the sample x = 0.05.

Effect of Nd3+ ions on Physical and Optical Properties of Yttrium Lead Borotellurite Glass System

Nd3+ doped yttrium lead borotellurite glasses were successfully synthesised by using melt-quenching method with the chemical composition (49-x)H3BO3-35TeO2-15PbO-1.0Y2O3-xNd2O3 (where x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol%). The physical properties such as density, molar volume and oxygen packing density (OPD) were calculated while the optical properties have been studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to determine the optical band gap (Eopt) and Urbach energy (ΔΕ) of the glass system. From the absorption edge studies, the value of the Eopt lies between 2.681 eV to 2.817 eV for the direct transition and 2.702 eV to 2.912 eV for indirect transition respectively. Meanwhile, the ΔΕ was observed in the range of 0.219 eV to 0.517 eV respectively. The physical and optical properties were found to be strongly affected on varying the concentration of Nd3+ ions. The results for density, molar volume and OPD will be analysed and discussed in detail.

Structural, luminescence and NMR studies on Nd3+-doped sodium–calcium-borate glasses for lasing applications

In this work, Neodymium (Nd3+) -doped borate glasses were synthesised by melt-quenching method and their structural as well as optical properties were analysed through XRD, Raman, NMR, DSC, UV–Visible, luminescence and decay studies for the possible application as laser gain medium. DSC and XRD results revealed that the glasses have high transition temperature and are in amorphous nature, respectively. The vibrational characteristics of the host matrices as well as the effect of Nd3+ incorporation were analysed by using Raman spectra, which exhibit majorly borate groups as supported by NMR results. The band gap energy of the glasses decreases with an increase in Nd3+ concentration. Using Judd-Oflet theory the characteristic intensity parameters (Ωλ, λ = 2, 4 and 6) were calculated and further used for calculating the various radiative parameters from the emission spectra. The emission cross-section (σem) was estimated as high as 1.15 × 10−20 cm2 from the Füchtbauer–Landenburg (FL) equation for the dominant 4F3/2→4I11/2 (1056 nm) transition. The effect of Nd3+ concentration on the lifetime of the 4F3/2 luminescent level was analysed from the decay curve analyses. From which, the corresponding quantum efficiency (η) was estimated and found as high as 54%. The investigated result suggests the prepared glasses can be utilized as gain medium to generate laser at around 1.05 μm.