Effect Of Natural Ventilation Research Articles

Effectiveness of natural ventilation through single-sided window opening in air-conditioning rooms

Since many buildings are not equipped with fresh air systems, many people open windows to allow for natural ventilation while the air conditioner is running. However, prolonged window opening may cause unnecessary energy consumption. Additionally, the diverse ways of window opening lead to significant variations in indoor airflow distribution, consequently impacting ventilation efficiency. Therefore, this study used field experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the air exchange efficiency and air change rate of single-sided natural ventilation in air-conditioning rooms by fitting the decay curves of tracer gas. CFD simulation was performed using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model to examine how window openings affect the room’s air distribution, and the computed indoor CO2 concentration was compared to the corresponding field experiment data. The results show that natural ventilation through the window opening induced constant heat and mass exchange between indoor and outdoor air, which caused extra cooling losses but was globally effective in eliminating indoor contaminants. The air exchange efficiency is influenced to varying degrees by factors such as the air supply register’s position, window opening percentage, and window opening position. The air supply register’s position exerted the most significant impact at 46.45%. Efficient indoor-outdoor air exchange can be achieved by opening windows intermittently. When the window is opened from one side and the opening percentage is 100%, the indoor environment can be improved by opening the window for about 10 min every 39 min for X-direction air supply and about 7 min every 39 min for Y-direction.

The Influence of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) on Airflow Profile for Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in a Naturally-Ventilated Workshop in a Hot-Humid Climate

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a major concern worldwide as indoor air pollution rapidly becomes a public health issue. IAQ plays a pivotal role in occupants' health and comfort and influences their productivity and work efficiency. Many studies have been done on IAQ of common building spaces such as offices, residential buildings, and educational institutions, but the availability of IAQ studies on workshops is limited, considering the significant implications for workers' health and performance. Thus, this paper aims to study the effectiveness of natural ventilation in a workshop based on the influence of different window-to-wall ratios (WWR). Electronic databases are utilized to obtain data, and the findings collected are categorized based on research methodology, issues, and findings. The air movement as part of the physical parameters of IAQ is studied through the application of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation to observe and analyse the airflow pattern and the air velocity of the naturally ventilated workshop with different WWRs. The research outcome underscores the ideal WWR for effective natural ventilation in a workshop is 0.30. However, the study observes that the effectiveness decreases as WWR exceeds 0.50. Further research on the openings' location, inlet, and outlet sizes and application of mechanical ventilation can be conducted to improve the measurement of the IAQ effectiveness in a naturally ventilated workshop.

An experimental case study of natural ventilation effects on the residential thermal environment and predicted thermal comfort in Kunming

The use of natural ventilation for cooling in summer in mild climate areas can positively improve the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort. In this paper, Kunming, China was chosen as a case to study experimentally the natural ventilation effects on the residential thermal environment and thermal comfort in mild climate rural areas. The effects of natural ventilation on the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort under the typical hottest sunny days in summer in Kunming were investigated with seven different combinations of ventilation methods with the opening/closing of doors/windows. The results show that natural ventilation can considerably improve the indoor thermal environment. Furthermore, the uniformity of indoor thermal environments at different heights was assessed. Additionally, the vertical temperature difference between the head and foot areas around the human body remained below 3 °C. Moreover, the adaptive predicted mean vote (APMV) model was used to evaluate the thermal comfort under natural ventilation, and values of APMV ranged from −0.84 to 0.84 under six scenarios, considering an acceptable temperature range based on occupant satisfaction rates of over 80%. This study's outcomes offer valuable insights for the design of self-built housing in the extensive rural areas within mild climate zones in China.

Air quality assessment in (semi) liquid food packaging environments

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of airborne microorganisms within the packaging areas of (semi) liquid food product facilities, considering the impact of outdoor microbiological air, seasonal fluctuations, rural-urban differences and environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity. Additionally, the effectiveness of both natural ventilation and air handling units were evaluated against total viable and non-viable particulate matter.Air samples were collected from the packaging areas of fourteen diverse (semi) liquid food producers and the outdoor environment in Flanders, Belgium, over the course of four separate days from January to September 2022. Airborne microorganisms, including total mesophilic plate count (TMPC) and yeast and mould (Y&M) count, were sampled using impaction and settle plate methods on Plate Count Agar and Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar, respectively. Simultaneously, a laser particle counter was used to collect and categorise particles into six size-based channels, while environmental parameters were monitored using a hygrometer.The study revealed a wide range of concentrations of airborne microorganisms across various companies (indoor TMPC ranging from 1.35 ± 0.65 log cfu/m3 to 3.42 ± 0.16 log cfu/m3 and Y&M count ranging from 1.22 ± 0.65 log cfu/m3 to 3.10 ± 0.08 log cfu/m3), irrespective of outdoor air quality. Neither relative humidity nor temperature exhibited any influence on TMPC and Y&M count. Companies equipped with high-efficiency filter air handling unit showed decreased concentrations of airborne microorganisms, although this trend did not align with their total particle counts. Moreover, no correlation was observed between total particle count and either TMPC or Y&M count. Additionally, impaction and sedimentation methods demonstrated a strong correlation.In conclusion, the diversity in airborne microorganism concentrations within food packaging areas is influenced by multiple factors, with air handling unit filters playing a pivotal role. High-efficiency filters were found to reduce microorganism levels, but their impact on total particle counts was less pronounced.

Experimental study of buoyancy-driven ventilation with a single opening between two adjacent building zones

In adjacent building zones connected by a single opening, a thermal plume produces a buoyant layer accumulating in the upper space of the experimental zone. The pressure difference between inside and outside the chamber will lead to air flowing in from outside and buoyant fluid flowing out from inside. This study aims to examine the effect of the vertical opening combination on flow regimes in adjacent building zones. The findings indicate that there may be three different flow regimes depending on the relative positions of the opening in the shared wall and the neutral level. The steady flow in two regimes with double stratification formed in the two zones is modeled separately and the theoretical prediction is compared with the experimental results. The flow regime of natural ventilation in the adjacent zones is only related to the height of the outlet, heat source height and effective opening area of the ventilation zones, but not to the buoyancy flux. The interface changes linearly with the height of the heat source at first until the nozzle is immersed in the buoyancy layer, and then the interface height remains constant. The relative size of the openings will also affect the volume flow rate through them, and keeping the areas of the openings along the flow passage equal will maximize the ventilation rate. These research results can provide layout guidelines for building doors and windows and will help designer improve the natural ventilation effect of adjacent building zones.

Comparison of wind pressure coefficients between wind tunnel experiments and full-scale measurements using operational data from an urban high-rise building

Simulations during the design phase are performed to predict and evaluate the effect of natural ventilation of large buildings. Although the wind pressure coefficient has a significant impact on the prediction accuracy, comparisons between experimental and measured wind pressure coefficients are rare, especially for high-rise buildings in urban areas and under low-velocity outdoor winds commonly used for natural ventilation. This study compared wind pressure coefficients obtained from wind tunnel experiments with measured values to determine their accuracy for a high-rise building with 190 differential pressure transmitters installed on the walls for building monitoring and control. The building is located in an urban area, with several nearby buildings of comparable height. Long-term measurements were available, allowing for a sufficient number of samples even if they were limited to low-velocity outdoor winds. We processed the differential pressure data during building operation to obtain the wind pressure coefficient and compare it with that obtained from wind tunnel experiments. The results showed that the measured wind pressure coefficient can be obtained by appropriately processing the differential pressure data to exclude factors other than wind pressure, and that the measured wind pressure coefficient generally agrees well with the experimental value obtained by wind tunnel experiments.

Willingness to pay for well-being housing attributes driven by design layout: Evidence from Hong Kong

Housing design layout plays a crucial role in occupant well-being, yet existing research has not clearly understood occupants’ preferences for different housing design layout attributes. This study aims to elucidate preferences by measuring demand-side willingness to pay (WTP) for housing attributes related to well-being and influenced by design layout. We first simulate the metrics of five housing attributes under different layouts, i.e., spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), spatial glare autonomy (sGA), natural ventilation effectiveness (NVE), predicted mean vote (PMV), and energy use intensity (EUI). Then, WTP for these attributes is disentangled from housing prices using the hedonic model. The findings demonstrate that a 1 % increase in sDA, sGA, and NVE corresponds to respective increases of 1.342 %, 0.694 %, and 2.842 % in housing prices, showing that residents value greatly the presence of natural ventilation and well-lit spaces with appropriate daylight. However, no significant correlations are found for PMV and EUI, suggesting a lack of a general preference towards thermal comfort or energy consumption in the Hong Kong context. This study contributes to a deeper knowledge of key well-being attributes in housing design as well as practical insights to create housing environments that prioritise occupant well-being and enhance market value. Future research should consider expanding to diverse housing markets, incorporating more well-being attributes, and examining the temporal variations of WTP.

Natural Ventilation for Cooling Energy Saving: Typical Case of Public Building Design Optimization in Guangzhou, China

Heating ventilation and air conditioning systems account for over one-third of building energy usage, especially for public buildings, due to large indoor heat sources and high ventilation and thermal comfort requirements compared to residential buildings. Natural ventilation shows high application potential in public buildings because of its highly efficient ventilation effect and energy-saving potential for indoor heat dissipation. In this paper, a building design is proposed for a science museum with atrium-centered natural ventilation consideration. The floor layout, building orientation, and internal structure are optimized to make full use of natural ventilation for space cooling under local climatic conditions. The natural ventilation model is established through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for airflow evaluation under indoor and outdoor pressure differences. The preliminary results show that such an atrium-centered architectural design could facilitate an average air exchange rate over 2 h−1 via the natural ventilation effect. Moreover, indoor thermal environment simulation results indicate that the exhaust air temperature can be about 5 °C higher than the indoor air mean temperature during the daytime, resulting in about 41.2% air conditioning energy saving ratio due to the free cooling effect of natural ventilation. This work can provide guidance and references for natural ventilation optimization design in public buildings.

Smoke exhaust characteristics under stack effect of natural ventilation by shaft in high-altitude tunnel

The number of high-altitude tunnels is increasing year by year and natural ventilation of shafts is widely used as a critical component of the ventilation system. For the design of ventilation systems, it is particularly crucial to consider the smoke exhaust performance of shafts in low-pressure environment. Therefore, this study simulates tunnel fires with natural ventilation by shaft in high-altitude areas, aiming to analyze the impact of atmospheric pressure on smoke exhaust performance and smoke exhaust capacity by natural ventilated shafts at 50 to 100 kPa atmospheric pressure. It appears from the results that the increasing of ambient pressure can enhance the ability of air entrainment and natural smoke exhaust, and thus plug-holing is more likely. In which condition, fresh air can be expelled straight from the shaft, reducing smoke exhaust efficiency. As ambient pressure increases, the critical shaft height for plug-holing decreases. By analyzing the smoke exhausting process by shaft and smoke flow, smoke exhaust capacity can be evaluated by obtaining the mass flow rate of exhausted smoke and fresh air from the shaft under various atmospheric pressures and fire source power and. It could be said that increasing ambient pressure and shaft height can improve the smoke expulsion performance before plug-holing. However, once plug-holing happens, the increase of shaft height can no longer expel more smoke but much more air is exhausted by shaft. It is hoped that this work will serve as a guideline for ventilation systems design in high-altitude tunnels.

Natural ventilation effectiveness in low-income housing to challenge energy poverty

The steady rise in global average temperatures due to climate change is leading to a significant increase in cooling energy demand worldwide. Despite having the least access to energy, the Global South will experience the greatest increase in cooling degree days (CDD), forcing the majority of the world’s population to endure highly uncomfortable temperatures in the buildings. As a result, it becomes crucial to prioritize passive design-based approaches to air conditioning, to mitigate the increasing demand for active cooling while ensuring equitable space cooling opportunities for all. This work, combing the CFD simulation with building energy modeling, evaluates the impact of natural cross-ventilation and building form on improving indoor thermal conditions in hot and arid climates. The analysis, focusing on low-income housing prototypes designed by Indian architect Charles Correa, demonstrates how proper building form design, by improving the ventilation and cooling efficiency of buildings, can ensure indoor thermal comfort even in challenging climatic conditions, helping to reduce energy consumption and prevent energy poverty. Natural ventilation provides an operative temperature reduction of up to 3.1 °C on the hottest day and up to 3.9 °C on the typical cooling period day. Even discomfort hours are drastically reduced by 31.3 % and 77.8 % respectively.

Influence of cross-ventilation cooling potential on thermal comfort in high-rise buildings in a hot and humid climate

The rising cooling energy demand, caused by the increase in global average temperature and the frequency of heat waves, is currently leading to a significant increase in global electricity consumption. Passive cooling strategies, such as ventilative cooling, can provide acceptable indoor thermal comfort with no or minimal energy consumption, offering an alternative to air conditioning systems in buildings. This paper investigates the effectiveness of natural ventilation in an iconic post-modernist high-rise building in India: Charles Correa's Kanchanjunga Apartments. The research, employing CFD simulation paired with building energy simulation, demonstrates how cross-ventilation can improve the ventilative cooling efficiency in buildings, ensuring affordable indoor thermal conditions even in adverse climatic conditions like the Indian one. Thanks to night-time structural cooling, a maximum reduction in the operative temperature of up to 5.3 °C was achieved compared to the scenario without natural ventilation and up to 6.4 °C compared to the outdoor temperature peak on the hottest day. Consistently with the Indian Model for Adaptive Comfort, cross-ventilation ensures a reduction in discomfort hours of up to 58 % on the hottest day and a total reduction in discomfort hours on a typical monsoon and winter day. The paper aims to assist architects and policymakers in quantifying the cooling potential of natural ventilation in high-rise buildings, suggesting passive solutions for cooling energy saving.

The effect of natural ventilation through roof vents following hydrogen leaks in confined spaces

Hydrogen has a high diffusion rate and a wide range of combustion, making it essential to take safety precautions against leakage during storage. We investigate the change in hydrogen concentration in confined spaces due to hydrogen leakage through experimental and numerical methods assuming the worst-case scenario. The vent area consists of 12 %, 24 %, and 36 % of the floor area and is installed in the ceiling of the concrete enclosure. We confirm that the improvement of ventilation performance is insignificant just by increasing the ventilation area above a certain standard during emergency ventilation. Moreover, the improvement of ventilation performance by forced ventilation is more effective as the natural ventilation area is smaller. Still, the effect decreases as the natural ventilation area becomes larger. In conclusion, we confirm that ventilation efficiency is determined by the natural ventilation area rather than forced ventilation.

Investigation of the effectiveness of top-down natural ventilation of a poultry building in a hot-summer mediterranean climate

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to examine the efficiency of ventilation and airflow patterns in a multi-level layer hen house. The utilization of windcatchers as a natural ventilation system was the main area of focus. By comparing CFD simulations with experimental data using ANSYS Fluent, the results were validated. The findings showed good agreement in airflow velocity within the windcatchers and throughout the entire building between the CFD calculations and the experimental tests, resulting in uniform airflow distribution and the absence of turbulence in the area where the chickens were kept. This setup provided the layer hens with an acceptable level of comfort by maintaining a consistent and steady temperature profile. The windcatcher-based model demonstrated better temperature uniformity than mechanical window ventilation. The study also emphasized the importance of maintaining appropriate humidity levels throughout the building to ensure the comfort and productivity of layer hens. The advantages of the windcatcher-based system in terms of temperature distribution and airflow control were highlighted by comparison with an alternative ventilation model. These results underscore the importance of using natural ventilation systems, such as windcatchers, to create optimal ventilation conditions and provide layer hens with a comfortable and productive environment (resulting in a temperature reduction from 29°C to 19.85°C with a low and uniform air velocity ranging from 0 m/s to 0.7 m/s at cage level). Practical application An effective and eco-friendly approach to enhance animal health and productivity in poultry farms is to install a natural ventilation system with wind collectors. This setup creates optimal conditions for the animals by improving air quality, regulating temperature, and fine-tuning ventilation. Additionally, it promotes overall sustainability in poultry facilities by lowering energy costs and advocating for environmentally friendly management, aligning agricultural practices with stringent environmental standards.

Effect of Natural Ventilation on Thermal Performance of Different Residential Building Forms in the Hot-dry Climate of Jordan

This work presents a simulation study on the impact of natural ventilation on the thermal performance and thermal comfort of residential buildings of different forms in the hot-dry climate of Amman, the capital of Jordan. Three existing triple-storey residential buildings with different forms, i.e., rectangular, L-shape, and U-shape, are taken as case studies. Models with similar construction and dimensions of the buildings under investigation are designed using the OpenStudio plugin SketchUp software. Two rooms within these buildings have been considered for simulation with the aid of the EnergyPlus simulator for two cases: the basic case with no ventilation and the case with ventilation. The thermal parameters, including the air temperature, relative humidity, air speed, and mean radiant temperature of both rooms, have been extracted from the simulation. The thermal performance of these buildings is analyzed based on the indoor air temperature and mean radiant temperature, while the thermal performance is investigated via the ASHRAE-55 adaptive model. The results show that the rectangular-shaped building has the best thermal performance in unventilated conditions for the middle room on the middle floor (Room 1). In contrast, the U-shape shows better results for the west-northern room on the same floor (Room 2). On the other hand, introducing natural ventilation to the buildings reduces the indoor temperature and, subsequently, enhances the thermal performance where the buildings transform to be within the comfort zone most of the time, according to the ASHRAE-55 adaptive model. Generally, rectangular and U-shaped buildings show comparable thermal performance, while L-shaped buildings have relatively the worst performance.

The Effect of Courtyard Geometry on Airflow Regimes for Ventilation in Tropical Nigerian Environment

Effective natural ventilation is subject to the ambient wind flow, as well as the conditions of the micro-climate and the geometry of the built structures in the environment. Architects and designers adopt the courtyard concepts for designs in hot tropical climates owing to its unique geometrical characteristics that enable the improvement of airflow required for natural ventilation. This paper presents a review of the airflow regimes within an urban settlement as well as flow regions cultivated when winds interface with courtyard buildings. The impacts of these winds are further studied against different courtyard configurations using schematic analysis based on the H/W ratios, to predict the natural ventilation potentials of various courtyard building types.

Indoor environmental quality trade-offs due to summertime natural ventilation in London care homes

We evaluate current and future summertime temperature and indoor air quality (IAQ) in two London care homes, occupied by seniors. We further examine the effect of natural ventilation, aiming to identify strategies that can maintain temperature, CO2 and key pollutants (PM2.5, NO2) within acceptable ranges. Data come from simulations in DesignBuilder. Results show a higher risk of overheating in the newer care home, with 85% of hourly outputs exceeding 26°C. In addition, bedrooms are much warmer than lounges in both homes, with averages expected to reach 32-35°C by 2050. In terms of IAQ, 65% of PM2.5 and NO2 hourly outputs are within range; however, without any ventilation, the high CO2 levels are expected to rise by 70-130ppm in 2050, especially in bedrooms of the newer home. Results further indicate that natural ventilation can substantially reduce temperature and CO2, but at the same time it may increase PM2.5 and NO2 coming from outdoors. Yet, these trade-offs can be reduced through a careful ventilation strategy that considers building-specific characteristics, as well as time of day and duration. Findings suggest a need to focus on the interdependencies among indoor environmental quality outputs and highlight the value of inexpensive and sustainable passive ventilation.

Examining the Risk of Summertime Overheating in UK Social Housing Dwellings Retrofitted with Heat Pumps

The UK government has announced its ten-point plan to annually install 600,000 low-carbon heat pumps by 2028. However, there is a lack of evidence showing potential overheating risk in dwellings retrofitted with heat pumps. This paper examines the prevalence and magnitude of summertime overheating across 24 naturally ventilated social housing dwellings retrofitted with ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). The dwellings are located in a socially deprived area in Oxford (UK). The empirical study included longitudinal monitoring of indoor temperatures in the living rooms and bedrooms during the non-heating seasons of 2021 and 2022 (May–September), which included a record-breaking heatwave in July 2022. Indoor temperature and CO2 levels in bedrooms were monitored across a subset of six dwellings alongside the monitoring of window opening state in three bedrooms to understand the effect of natural ventilation in removing excess heat. About 136 thermal comfort surveys were conducted to ascertain the subjective responses of residents. Overheating risk assessment was carried out using CIBSE static and adaptive methods, which revealed that summertime overheating was prevalent across half of the dwellings in the non-heating season of 2022, as compared to 17% overheated dwellings in 2021. Bungalows with upgraded cavity wall insulation and top floor flats facing south and south-west had a propensity to overheat. The variation in indoor temperature and CO2 levels across a small sample also indicated the relationship between overheating and residents’ behaviour. Given that the majority of the dwellings were occupied by retired elderly people with low incomes who are vulnerable to heat and cannot afford active forms of cooling, it is vital to deploy passive design measures, such as appropriate shading devices that are suitable for a heating-dominated climate and enhanced ventilation, as part of home energy retrofits. Implementing reversible heat pumps coupled with solar PVs can provide cooling during heatwaves while delivering low-carbon heat in the winter.

Effect of open windows on airborne contamination and its topographical distribution in the dental operatory.

Aerosols produced by dental handpieces represent a permanent risk of disease transmission in the dental environment. The current study evaluated the effects of natural ventilation (open windows) on Streptococcus mutans airborne contamination by dental handpieces in simulated clinical conditions. A dental phantom was placed on a dental chair at a standard university dental clinic operatory. An S. mutans suspension was infused into the phantom's mouth while an operator performed standardized dental procedures using low (contra-angle) and high speed (turbine) dental handpieces or an ultrasonic scaler, with windows open or closed. Selective medium Petri dishes were placed in 18 sites of the operatory environment to evaluate contamination topographically. Sites were clustered as: wall, floor, ceiling, dental chair, and cabinet. Contamination was expressed as log10 CFU/cm2 . A linear mixed model analysis was used, nesting the sites within each ventilation and handpiece combination. Open windows significantly reduced contamination. The high-speed handpiece provided the highest contamination, followed by the ultrasonic scaler and the low-speed handpiece. Contamination values were much smaller at the ceiling, and much larger at the chair. Opening windows produced more homogeneous contamination of the operatory compared to closed windows. Natural ventilation during dental procedures decreases contamination and affects its topographical distribution.

Simulation Study on Natural Ventilation Performance in a Low-Carbon Large-Space Public Building in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Region of China

Recently, climate governance has entered a new phase of accelerating decarbonization. In order to achieve low-carbon buildings, natural ventilation has been widely used as it requires no fan power. However, there are great challenges for achieving effective natural ventilation in large-space public buildings especially in areas characterized by hot-summer and cold-winter climatic regions, due to empirically unsuitable ambient temperatures and theoretically complex joint effect of wind pressure and thermal buoyancy. Therefore, this numerical study was conducted on the performance of a natural ventilation strategy in a large-space public building in a hot-summer and cold-winter region by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Simulations were performed by applying FLUENT software for obtaining airflow distributions within and around a typical low-carbon public building. The temperature distribution in the atrium of the building was simulated particularly for analyzing the natural ventilation performance in a large-space area. Results demonstrated that thermal pressure was dominant for the large-space building in the case study. The average indoor airflow velocities on different floors ranged from 0.43 m/s to 0.47 m/s on the windward side which met indoor ventilation requirements. Most areas of wind velocities could meet ventilation requirements. The natural ventilation performance could be improved by increasing the relative height difference between the air inlets and air outlets. These findings could help provide references and solutions for realizing natural ventilation in low-carbon large-space public buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter regions.

Simulation of photothermal building and thermal comfort analysis of PMV

Nowadays, with the development of technology and the improvement of human economic level, the energy consumption of buildings is gradually increasing. China is very rich in solar energy resources and the development of solar buildings can save a lot of energy by taking advantage of solar energy resources. The Trombe Wall to be studied in this paper are passive solar buildings. Trombe Wall can achieve good indoor natural ventilation and can meet the requirements of human thermal comfort. However, solar energy is unstable and intermittent, which can easily lead to excessive fluctuations in indoor temperature, so the use of suitable phase change or energy storage materials is also a very important measure. In this paper the mathematical model corresponding to Trombe Wall is specifically investigated and simulations are carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software to verify the thermal characteristics of Trombe Wall at different temperatures in a given room and the natural ventilation effect they achieve. The simulations are followed by a PMV thermal comfort analysis of the room. The analysis is carried out for four scenarios: “Summer - day”, “Summer - night”, “Winter - day” and “Winter - night”, thus enabling the analysis of Trombe Wall at different temperatures.