Narcotic Effects Research Articles

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Dalam Proses Penyidikan Di Polres Arosuka

Drug abuse is the most frightening crime for the nation's generation, especially children. Because the effects of narcotics abuse are not only felt to damage the health of the user, but also the economy, social and the nation's generation because the majority of perpetrators of narcotics abuse are children who in fact are the nation's next generation. Children who abuse narcotics cannot be separated from the law. They still have to be held accountable for their actions in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. In general, the rules governing the criminal law enforcement process are regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), but for children who commit criminal acts, it is regulated in a special regulation, namely Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA). ). The application of this regulation is based on the fact that even though children are perpetrators of criminal acts, their rights must be protected so that children do not lose their future. The process of law enforcement against narcotics abuse by children is the same as the law enforcement process in general. The only exception lies in the treatment of law enforcement tools when dealing with the child. Law enforcement begins with the investigation process in the Police and ends in the trial process in the Court

The effect of narcotics on ferroptosis-related molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways.

Ferroptosis is a novel programmed cell death form characterized by iron-mediated reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell damage that is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy. Most studies on ferroptosis are based on its function and mechanism, but there have been relatively few studies on the effects of drugs, especially anaesthetics, on ferroptosis. Therefore, we summarized the recent literature on the effects of anaesthetics on ferroptosis to understand the underlying mechanism. In particular, we focused on the targets of various anaesthetics in different mechanisms of ferroptosis and the effects of ferroptosis induction or inhibition by narcotics on various diseases. The aims of this review are to provide a relatively reasonable drug regimen for clinicians, to explore potential ferroptosis protection drugs and targets, to reduce perioperative complications and to improve the postoperative performance of patients, especially those who are critically ill.

Releasing the Full Potential of Cannabis through Biotechnology

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a dioecious plant cultivated worldwide for thousands of years. Besides the narcotic and therapeutic effects, Cannabis can be used as raw materials in multiple fields, including bioenergy, textiles, food, and ecological restoration. It is also an efficient bioremediation agent for contaminated soil, as well as greenhouse gas absorption. With the expansion of the market, there has been an increased demand to develop Cannabis cultivars with enhanced traits. As a major science breakthrough, the advent of the CRISPR/Cas system will revolutionize the basic and applied research in Cannabis. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in the optimization of a transformation system and in the gene editing of Cannabis. To achieve the full potential of this environmentally friendly and sustainable crop, we highlight future directions of genetic modification as well as several bottlenecks to overcome.

Pediatric Outcomes following Cranial Vault Remodeling with Restricted Use of Postoperative Narcotics: A Retrospective Review.

The appropriate use of narcotics for postoperative pain control is controversial because of potential medication-induced complications. The authors sought to determine the effects of narcotics in the pediatric population following cranial vault remodeling operations. A retrospective review was performed on 160 consecutive patients who underwent cranial vault remodeling for craniosynostosis. There was a statistically significant difference in total morphine equivalents in the group that experienced no emesis and those with at least one episode of emesis (0.97 morphine equivalents/kg versus 1.44 morphine equivalents/kg; p = 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in hospital morphine equivalents in the group with documented respiratory events (average, 2.3 morphine equivalents/kg versus 1.3 morphine equivalents/kg in the nonevent group; p = 0.006). The patients who received dexmedetomidine had a trend toward a decrease in hospital narcotic administration with equivalent pain control (1.2 morphine equivalents/kg versus 1.9 morphine equivalents/kg; p = 0.09). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between total morphine equivalents for the hospitalization and hospital stay ( r = 0.27, p = 0.001). The amount of morphine equivalents used in the first 24 hours was also found to be an independent predictor of a respiratory event ( p = 0.002 by multivariate logistic regression). Independent positive predictors of hospital stay were age ( p < 0.001), intensive care unit time ( p < 0.001), and total morphine equivalents for the hospitalization ( p = 0.001) by multivariate analysis with linear regression. The authors' study demonstrates improvement in outcomes with decreased use of narcotics, which establishes that there is a need to further explore postsurgical recovery outcomes with multimodal pain control. Therapeutic, III.

Restraint asphyxia. An analysis of the circumstances and mechanism of death in agitated, physically restrained individuals.

Recent years saw frequent media reports of young people who die while they are being arrested by the police. Death in these circumstances affects people who are agitated and restrained with the use of force, with their autopsies indicating no unequivocally traumatic cause of death. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanism and circumstances of sudden deaths in agitated individuals who are being restrained. Ten cases evaluated at our center since 2010 were included in this study: nine involved forensic postmortem examination and one involved casefile analysis. In each case there was sudden cardiac arrest or at least a loss of consciousness, and the cardiopulmonary resuscitation proved ineffective. In six cases the cause of agitation was acute psychosis, in four it was an effect of narcotics, usually in high concentration. Conjunctival petechiae were detected in only five cases. The most probable cause of death in the evaluated cases was the combination of physical exertion caused by pathological psychomotor agitation and forcible restraint, hindering the function of the respiratory system. This mechanism is known as restraint asphyxia.

Effects of Methamphetamine and Narcotics on Sexual High-Risk Behaviors

Background: Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant. Narcotics also reduce anxiety and aggression and create a kind of euphoria. These characteristics provide a special attraction for the abuse of these substances for sexual behaviors, and by that, high-risk sexual behaviors. Objectives: The current research intended to compare the impact of methamphetamine and narcotics on sexual high-risk behaviors. Patients and Methods: This comparative study was performed on 91 men (49 amphetamine and 42 narcotics abusers) from the patients of Yareegar Clinic in Tehran, Iran, within 2019 - 2021. A substance-influenced sexual behavior questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the use of amphetamine and narcotics affect on sexual desire, function, and sexual pleasure (P &lt; 0.001). The investigation of behaviors in the two groups showed significant differences between the two groups in increasing sexual desire, sexual pleasure, desire for sex in anonymous situations, and intimacy and eroticism in a relationship and reducing the negative emotional consequences of sexual behavior (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The use of amphetamines can provide a vicious cycle of arousal-desire by desire and intensification of sexual behaviors, thereby increasing the likelihood of the occurrence and spread of infectious disorders, a phenomenon that is also observed in the use of narcotics. By training sexual skills and making individuals more efficient and cognitive, they can be prevented from entering the aforementioned cycle.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB DAN DAMPAK SOSIAL PENGGUNAAN NARKOTIKA PADA REMAJA

The use of narcotics is a big concern for all governments, from the central government to the regions. This is done because narcotics abuse continues to grow every year from adults to children, from officials, celebrities and even students. Many things cause it to happen starting from Individual factors, Environmental Factors and Socio-Cultural Factors. In this study, the focus of the research is on what factors cause and the impact of narcotics use on students. The research method in this paper uses a qualitative method with the type of research using a case study that will examine more deeply the causes and effects of narcotics abuse on students. The sample in this study were 3 teenager in Bali City. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews of the subjects by telephone. The data obtained, analyzed with data aggregation. The results based on research found that the factors causing narcotics abuse are divided into 2 outlines, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include curiosity, want to follow trends or styles, want to be accepted in the community, as an escape from the pressures of life and an unstable and easily influenced personality while external factors are social environment and family environmental factors while the impact is based on the three informants (KS, MER and DT) there are 4 namely physical, psychological, social and spiritual impacts

Ocean acidification impacts sperm swimming performance and pHi in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus.

In sea urchins, spermatozoa are stored in the gonads in hypercapnic conditions (pH<7.0). During spawning, sperm are diluted in seawater of pH>8.0, and there is an alkalinization of the sperm's internal pH (pHi) through the release of CO2 and H+. Previous research has shown that when pHi is above 7.2-7.3, the dynein ATPase flagellar motors are activated, and the sperm become motile. It has been hypothesized that ocean acidification (OA), which decreases the pH of seawater, may have a narcotic effect on sea urchin sperm by impairing the ability to regulate pHi, resulting in decreased motility and swimming speed. Here, we used data collected from the same individuals to test the relationship between pHi and sperm motility/performance in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus under near-future (2100) and far-future (2150) atmospheric PCO2conditions (RCP 8.5: pH 7.77, 7.51). Decreasing seawater pH significantly negatively impacted the proportion of motile sperm, and four of the six computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) sperm performance measures. In control conditions, sperm had an activated pHi of 7.52. Evechinus chloroticus sperm could not defend pHi in future OA conditions; there was a stepped decrease in the pHi at pH 7.77, with no significant difference in mean pHi between pH 7.77 and 7.51. Paired measurements in the same males showed a positive relationship between pHi and sperm motility, but with a significant difference in the response between males. Differences in motility and sperm performance in OA conditions may impact fertilization success in a future ocean.

Data-driven learning of narcosis mode of action identifies a CNS transcriptional signature shared between whole organism Caenorhabditis elegans and a fish gill cell line

With the large numbers of man-made chemicals produced and released in the environment, there is a need to provide assessments on their potential effects on environmental safety and human health. Current regulatory frameworks rely on a mix of both hazard and risk-based approaches to make safety decisions, but the large number of chemicals in commerce combined with an increased need to conduct assessments in the absence of animal testing makes this increasingly challenging. This challenge is catalysing the use of more mechanistic knowledge in safety assessment from both in silico and in vitro approaches in the hope that this will increase confidence in being able to identify modes of action (MoA) for the chemicals in question. Here we approach this challenge by testing whether a functional genomics approach in C. elegans and in a fish cell line can identify molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of narcotics, and the effects of more specific acting toxicants. We show that narcosis affects the expression of neuronal genes associated with CNS function in C. elegans and in a fish cell line. Overall, we believe that our study provides an important step in developing mechanistically relevant biomarkers which can be used to screen for hazards, and which prevent the need for repeated animal or cross-species comparisons for each new chemical.

The Challenge of Risk Assessment of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cannabidiol (CBD) Oils and Food Supplements: An Approach for Deriving Maximum Limits

Information about unsafe foods or feeds must be exchanged between European Union (EU) member states as quickly as possible. This is why the EU’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) exists. It helps to ensure that products that may be harmful to health do not enter the market or can be specifically withdrawn from the market. Different notifications are used depending on the risk and urgency. This article provides an overview of the 61 notifications in the RASFF between 2020 and 2022 on the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) content in cannabidiol (CBD) oils and CBD food supplements. These products are available on the EU market despite the lack of novel food approval. Δ9-THC is a naturally occurring psychotropic compound extracted from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa that can have adverse effects on consumers (such as drowsiness, dizziness, tachycardia, or changes in blood pressure). In a previous German national survey, 23 of the 125 products tested (18%) exceeded the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of Δ9-THC. In comparison, for products identified as a serious risk in the RASFF, the Δ9-THC concentrations were generally higher (up to 2410 mg/kg) and 14 of 34 products (41%) exceeded the LOAEL. Considering these data, a threshold of 500 mg/kg (0.05%) may be proposed to define a serious risk, as the LOAEL would not be exceeded in typical consumption scenarios below this level and serious risks, as well as narcotic effects in the product group of food supplements, could be excluded. This threshold could be used in the interim until the full toxicological assessment is available within the novel food approval procedure.

Does hyperbaric oxygen cause narcosis or hyperexcitability? A quantitative EEG analysis.

Divers breathe higher partial pressures of oxygen at depth than at the surface. The literature and diving community are divided on whether or not oxygen is narcotic. Conversely, hyperbaric oxygen may induce dose‐dependent cerebral hyperexcitability. This study evaluated whether hyperbaric oxygen causes similar narcotic effects to nitrogen, and investigated oxygen's hyperexcitability effect. Twelve human participants breathed “normobaric” air and 100% oxygen, and “hyperbaric” 100% oxygen at 142 and 284 kPa, while psychometric performance, electroencephalography (EEG), and task load perception were measured. EEG was analyzed with functional connectivity and temporal complexity algorithms. The spatial functional connectivity, estimated using mutual information, was summarized with the global efficiency network measure. Temporal complexity was calculated with a “default‐mode‐network (DMN) complexity” algorithm. Hyperbaric oxygen‐breathing caused no change in EEG global efficiency or in the psychometric test. However, oxygen caused a significant reduction of DMN complexity and a reduction in task load perception. Hyperbaric oxygen did not cause the same changes in EEG global efficiency seen with hyperbaric air, which likely related to a narcotic effect of nitrogen. Hyperbaric oxygen seemed to disturb the time evolution of EEG patterns that could be taken as evidence of early oxygen‐induced cortical hyperexcitability. These findings suggest that hyperbaric oxygen is not narcotic and will help inform divers' decisions on suitable gas mixtures.

Understanding Medication-Related Belief in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Meta-Analytic Review

Background: The medication belief and appropriate and on-time medication usage are crucial determinants of diabetes control. The present systematic review has been conducted to examine the status of the medication beliefs of patients with type 2 diabetes based on a meta-analysis. Materials and methods: This study is a systematic review based on a meta-analysis conducted in 2021. Keywords “Medication belief”, “BMQ (Belief in Medication Questionnaire)”, “patients with type 2 diabetes”, “diabetes mellitus” were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, Magiran, SID, and Irandoc database from 2010 to 2021. The pooled score of medication belief and its dimensions were estimated through a random-effects meta-analysis using STATA 15. Also, heterogeneity across the articles was determined with the I 2 statistic. Results: Out of 584 articles, 8 studies were selected and analyzed. Based on estimates obtained from the random effects method, the pooled score of medication belief was obtained at 2.877 (95% CI: 2.22–3.53). Also, the pooled scores of specific necessity, specific concern, general harm and general overuse were calculated at 3.60 (95% CI: 2.92–4.06), 3.02 (95% CI: 2.19–3.85), 2.26 (95% CI: 1.50–3.02) and 2.54 (95% CI: 1.96–3.12) respectively. Conclusions: Health policymakers and economists need to take steps to increase the health literacy of patients with type 2 diabetes and improve the medication belief dimensions to reduce the disease costs to provide a better quality of life for patients with type 2 diabetes. Various programs are underway in developed countries. Public education about the side effects of diabetes drugs, narcotics, and drug dependence reduces patients’ worries and anxieties, which in turn reduces their anxious thoughts and brings relief to patients.

PENYULUHAN DAMPAK NARKOTIKA DAN OBAT TERLARANG KEPADA MASYARAKAT DESA LUMBAN PEA TIMUR, KABUPATEN TOBA

Community Service (PkM) is carried out by the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Methodist Indonesia by providing counselling the effect of Narcotics and Drug abuse. PkM was held on 8-11 June 2022 at Lumban Pea Timur, Balige,Toba District, North Sumatera. The method used is to provide counselling/lectures and provide motivation, then followed by question and answer to obtain results and solutions as a form of solving problems and obstacles faced. The results of PkM with counselling are very effective considering that there are still many people who do not get information about Narcotics and Drug abuse. With this counselling, the public becomes aware of the Narcotics and Drugs abuse problem. Thus, it is hoped that the people of Lumban Pea Timur will aware and know how to prevent their community from Narcotics and drug abuse.

Лепные сосудики для воскурений из погребений кочевников Южного Приуралья IV–II вв. до н.э.

The article is devoted to one of the categories of ceramic ware of the early nomads of the Southern Suburals. These are the small vessels with a slightly swollen body and high neck ornamented with vertical or oblique flutes or having no ornament. Finds of charred plant remains inside them, including Datura, indicate that such vessels were used for incense including aromatic smoke, obviously, with narcotic effect. A thick layer of carbon is found on the inner surface of the vessels. The burning of plants in vessels was carried out by placing “heating elements” into them – hot stones, fragments of ceramics and so-called “hammers”, often made of talc. Many of them show signs of having been on fire. Small vessels for incense appear in the Southern Urals in the 4th century B.C. and spread widely in the 3rd – 2nd century B.C. The tradition of burning plants, including narcotic ones (hemp), in special molded vessels – incense burners – was earlier revealed in the Middle Dniester region (Glinoye burial). The closest analogies of ornamentation and shape of the Southern Ural vessels for incense are found in the materials of the Prikuban and the Lower Don. We can assume that it was from these regions that the tradition of burning plants in vessels came to the Southern Urals, as well as the form and ornamentation of such small vessels. From the Southern Urals this tradition penetrated to the south, to Central Asia (Chirikrabat culture) and the north-east (“Ai-type” of the Sargat cultural community). It can be assumed that these vessels were used in purification rituals during the funeral rite.

The effect of substance abuse and smoking status on healing time of closed transverse femoral shaft fractures treated with open intramedullary nailing

Introduction Nonunion or delayed union is a known postoperative complication in long bone fractures. Substance abuse may impair bone healing. In this paper, we investigated the effect of narcotics on healing time in femoral shaft transverse fractures and the effect of substance abuse and smoking on postoperative healing time. Material and methods This cohort study was conducted at the Orthopedic Clinic of Poursina Hospital, Rasht from 2017–2019. Patients with transverse fractures of the femoral shaft who underwent intramedullary rod insertion were followed for 6 months. Bone healing time based on substance abuse and smoking status was evaluated. Results There was a significant association between various groups (categorized based on cigarette smoking and using drugs) in terms of bone healing status (P = 0.006). There was a statistically significant difference in healing status among the control group, smoker group, and addict and smoker group (P = 0.034 and P = 0.004, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference in healing status between control and addicts group (P = 0.517). Conclusions Treatment efficiency and performance in addicted and smoker patients are more unfavorable and hence which, in turn, requires more follow-up periods; therapies such as bone grafting and other methods are more frequently considered in addicted and smoker patients in case of lack of healing reaction. Therefore, prevention plans in high-risk groups can play a significant role in primary identification, treatment, and reducing the complications of fractures.

Ligand‐Dependent Reversal Kinetics of Mu Opioid Receptor Agonists by the Novel Antagonist, Methocinnamox

Naloxone (NLX) is a competitive antagonist at the mu opioid receptor and is currently the only pharmacological intervention available to treat an opioid overdose. Unfortunately, NLX is limited by its surmountability and its rapid metabolism/clearance can lead to a reemergence of narcotic effects (renarcotization). Methocinnamox (MCAM) is a long‐acting antagonist at mu receptors both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to its orthosteric antagonism, we have found that MCAM differentially modulates orthosteric properties (affinity and/or efficacy) of mu agonists via an allosteric mechanism (Zamora, Smith, et al. (2021). Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.887). To further explore the interactions between MCAM and the human mu opioid receptor, we compared the rate by which MCAM and NLX reverse cAMP inhibition by the mu receptor agonists DAMGO and fentanyl. Treatment with either DAMGO or fentanyl (~ 30 x EC50) inhibited forskolin (FSK)‐stimulated intracellular cAMP levels. When administered 20 min after agonist, NLX (400 nM; ~100 x Ki) reversed DAMGO‐ and fentanyl‐mediated inhibition of cAMP production at a similar rate (25.4% ± 2.5 min‐1 vs 26.8% ± 5.5 min‐1, respectively). Since reversal by NLX was driven mostly by dissociation of the agonists, the similar rate of reversal by NLX indicate that DAMGO and fentanyl dissociate from the receptor at similar rates. Reversal by MCAM (100 nM; ~ 100 x Ki) however was ligand‐dependent. The rate of reversal of DAMGO‐mediated inhibition by MCAM was 11.7% ± 1.3 min‐1, whereas reversal of fentanyl was slower (4.1% ± 0.9 min‐1; P&lt;0.001). The ligand‐dependence of MCAM’s reversal kinetics on DAMGO vs fentanyl’s inhibition of cAMP production is consistent with the reported allosteric action of MCAM, and may be explained by modulation of ligand dissociation by MCAM. Together, these data suggest in addition to its orthosteric antagonism, MCAM may allosterically modulate the binding of mu agonists.

EEG functional connectivity is sensitive for nitrogen narcosis at 608 kPa

Divers commonly breathe air, containing nitrogen. Nitrogen under hyperbaric conditions is a narcotic gas. In dives beyond a notional threshold of 30 m depth (405 kPa) this can cause cognitive impairment, culminating in accidents due to poor decision making. Helium is known to have no narcotic effect. This study explored potential approaches to developing an electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity metric to measure narcosis produced by nitrogen at hyperbaric pressures. Twelve human participants (five female) breathed air and heliox (in random order) at 284 and 608 kPa while recording 32-channel EEG and psychometric function. The degree of spatial functional connectivity, estimated using mutual information, was summarized with global efficiency. Air-breathing at 608 kPa (experienced as mild narcosis) caused a 35% increase in global efficiency compared to surface air-breathing (mean increase = 0.17, 95% CI [0.09–0.25], p = 0.001). Air-breathing at 284 kPa trended in a similar direction. Functional connectivity was modestly associated with psychometric impairment (mixed-effects model r2 = 0.60, receiver-operating-characteristic area, 0.67 [0.51–0.84], p = 0.02). Heliox breathing did not cause a significant change in functional connectivity. In conclusion, functional connectivity increased during hyperbaric air-breathing in a dose-dependent manner, but not while heliox-breathing. This suggests sensitivity to nitrogen narcosis specifically.

THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON TEENS

Teenagers often experiment with a variety of activities and substances. Drug addiction has become a worldwide problem, especially in teenagers. Many young people become dependent on different types substances and stimulating medicines that comes hand-in-hand with narcotic effect. The life of addicts becomes spoiled in all aspects, as they lose contact with their family and live in a different world. They spend lots of money on drugs, and then look for ways to earn money illegally. If we compare the health problems, there are many dangerous effects of drugs.

Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block using bupivacaine alone or combined with dexmedetomidine for hand and forearm surgeries

Background Pain was identified by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The incidence of inadequate pain management seems to be high, even in the developed countries. Traumatic upper limbs injuries are accountable for a considerable number of patients, who require care by medical facilities (5–10% of emergency department visits). Regional anesthesia [e.g. brachial plexus block (BPB)] is increasingly taking place in patients with upper limb injuries as it is a logical choice avoiding the side effects of muscle relaxants, narcotics, and potent volatile anesthetics used in general anesthesia. Different additives have been used as an adjuvant with local anaesthetics to achieve dense and prolonged block and adequate postoperative analgesia. Objective To evaluate the effects of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine versus bupivacaine alone in infraclavicular BPB with ultrasound guidance for plastic and reconstructive surgeries of the hand and forearm as regards the duration of postoperative analgesia, onset, and the duration of sensory and motor block and postoperative analgesic requirements. Patients and methods This randomized double-blind study carried out in Alexandria Main University Hospital on 70 adult patients of both sexes aged from 20 to 40 years, who were evaluated as American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II physical status and were scheduled for plastic and reconstructive surgeries of the hand and forearm. Results The results of our study show that the duration of analgesia ranged from 450 to 690 min with a mean value of 588.90±73.15 min in group C ‘control,’ while the duration of analgesia ranged from 990 to 1440 min with a mean value of 1295.10±121.60 min in group D ‘dexmedetomidine.’ Comparing the two groups, there was significant statistical difference in the duration of analgesia between the two groups, showing prolonged duration of analgesia in group D more than in group C. Conclusion Administration of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine in infraclavicular BPB provides prolonged postoperative analgesia without causing a significant hemodynamic instability. Also, coadministration of dexmedetomidine leads to significantly decreased total analgesic doses required postoperatively with minimal side effects.

Oxygen-enriched air reduces breathing gas consumption over air.

Owing to the unfamiliar environment, recreational and professional diving is confronted with several challenges. Usage of self-contained under-water breathing apparatuses during the dive provides the indispensable breathing gas supply for the diver. Instead of air, oxygen-enriched breathing gases (EANx or nitrox) are used with increasing frequency. Unfortunately, their usage implies negative effects because the elevated oxygen partial pressure (pO2) increases oxidative stress. As a result, the increased formation of reactive oxygen species exerts negative effects on the central nervous system, lungs, vasculature and eyes. However, these disadvantages can be avoided if appropriate rules are followed, e.g. a pO2<1.4bar. EANx breathing gases have, on the other hand, major advantages as they help reducing narcotic nitrogen effects and bubble formation. Several land-based studies had proven a reduced ventilation of exercising subjects if EANx was used instead of air. As breathing gas is the most valuable under-water good, we wanted to translate the on-land results into under-water results. Appropriate studies now demonstrate a novel EANx property as under-water ventilation is also reduced with EANx. In this short communication, we present this additional advantage of EANx-breathing. This benefit seems to be of particular importance as it delays unforeseen running-out-of-gas and thus, contributes to further improving diving safety.