Effect Of Mutual Inductance Research Articles

Modeling and analysis of crosstalk induced effects in graphene-carbon nanotube composite interconnects

This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model for two-line coupled multilayer graphene nanoribbon - single-wall carbon nanotube (MLGNR-SWCNT) composite interconnects (MSCs), incorporating the effects of coupling capacitance and mutual inductance. We also examine the temperature-dependent crosstalk effect on the victim line of MSCs in the time domain using decoupling techniques and the ABCD parameter matrix approach. This analysis is conducted at the global level of 7 nm, 14 nm, and 22 nm technology nodes, comparing the performance of MSCs with MLGNR, SWCNT, and copper (Cu) interconnects, validated through HSPICE simulations. Our results reveal that the crosstalk delay of all interconnects induced by dynamic crosstalk exhibits superior performance in the in-phase crosstalk mode compared to the out-of-phase mode at room temperature. In particular, MSCs demonstrate less crosstalk delay in both crosstalk modes compared to SWCNT and Cu interconnects. In addition, we analyze the crosstalk delay of the victim line for two-line coupled MSCs at varying temperatures in out-of-phase crosstalk mode, comparing them with MLGNR, SWCNT, and Cu interconnects. Simulation results indicate that the crosstalk delay is temperature-dependent, increasing with rising temperatures, and the crosstalk delay of MSCs is the least of all interconnects. Furthermore, we investigate the crosstalk noise of MSCs induced by functional crosstalk at different temperatures, comparing it with MLGNR, SWCNT, and Cu interconnects. It is observed that the crosstalk noise peak remains constant with temperature changes across all interconnects; however, the holding time and width of crosstalk noise increases with rising temperatures and MSCs have the least crosstalk noise peak and crosstalk noise width of all interconnects. Also, numerical results exhibit that reducing interconnect temperature, SWCNT diameter, and edge roughness of MLGNR are effective strategies to diminish the crosstalk delay of MSCs. In addition, increasing line spacing is identified as an effective method to reduce crosstalk noise peak of MSCs of different lengths. The proposed model results show excellent agreement with HSPICE simulation data. Therefore, our analysis of crosstalk effect manifests that MLGNR-SWCNT composite can be a promising material to replace SWCNT and copper as an ideal material for global interconnect applications in thermally variable environments.

Robust Fiber Strain Sensor by Designing Coaxial Coiling Structure with Mutual Inductance Effect

Robust Fiber Strain Sensor by Designing Coaxial Coiling Structure with Mutual Inductance Effect

Analysis of the effect of mutual inductance on reducing output current ripple of the modified DC-DC Cuk converter

DC-DC converters exhibiting minimal input and output ripple are extensively employed across a diverse range of applications. This paper presents a proposed modification to the DC-DC Cuk converter. The converter is developed by modifying a conventional Cuk DC-DC converter to exhibit boost characteristics. The DC-DC converters possess the capability to function as versatile units that can be employed in a multitude of applications, ranging from DC-DC conversion to DC-AC conversion (inversion). This paper presents a novel DC-DC converter design that aims to achieve reduced ripple in both input and output currents. By employing the principle of mutual inductance, it is possible to further mitigate the presence of ripple current. The analysis of the impact of mutual inductance on the output voltage and ripple current of the proposed converter has been conducted. The validity of the derived analytical method has been confirmed through both simulated and experimental investigations. The utilization of mutual inductance in the proposed modified Cuk converter has been demonstrated to result in reduced current ripple.

Current imbalance analysis of multichip influenced by parasitic inductance within PP-IEGT

The Press-Pack Injection Enhanced Gate Transistor (PP-IEGT) technology is frequently employed in converters for high power systems. In the device packaging, the imbalanced current sharing among chips has become a significant issue for device reliability. Considering the semiconductor structure of IEGT is different from the conventional power devices, the main prerequisite for fully quantifying the current distribution is to establish a suitable electrical model for IEGT. Thus, this paper proposes an IEGT single chip lumped-charge model taking into account the effect of carrier injection enhancement in the emitter. Furthermore, as for the parallel branches in PP-IEGT, the parasitic inductance of the drive board and pillars within the package are extracted by Ansys simulation, and the validity of Ansys simulation is verified by the port S-parameter method. Finally, combining the electrical model and the effect of mutual inductance, the switching inconsistency is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the farther the branch from the gate inlet, the greater the gate inductance withstands. Besides, the mutual inductance is an important factor to influence the electrical parameter distribution. Both mutual coupling coefficient and current density display degressive trends with the increases of the gap between parallel chips.

Influence of Load Conditions on the Propeller Wake Evolution

The present work presents numerical research on the wake flows behind a propeller operating under three advance coefficients. Large eddy simulations are adopted to obtain the viscous flow information behind the propeller. In particular, the study highlights the comparison of the evolution characteristics and the flow physics within the propeller wakes with three advance coefficients. The predicted global force and moment coefficients and phase-average statistics of streamwise velocity agree well with the available experimental data. Compared to all other flow structures in the wake, the tip vortices are found to play the most significant role according to the results. During the pairing process of adjacent tip vortices, the tip vortices diffuse circumferentially, leading to enhanced mutual-induction effects. When the advance coefficient is low, the wake becomes distorted, and the pairing process takes place in the middle region of the flow field. As a result of their unstable motion, the four tip vortices generated by the propeller cannot be distinguished individually in the far field. Instead, they break down into smaller vortices and tend to distribute themselves uniformly in the azimuthal direction. The increase in the advance coefficient delays the pairing process. This study offers valuable insights for the design and optimization of marine propellers.

Highly tunable and ultrasensitive hybrid plasmonic platform for multi-spectral sensing: Non-invasive diabetes surveillance and global warming directives

The development of tunable and extremely sensitive devices, as well as the emergence of metamaterials, has tremendously aided the evolution of plasmonic sensing technologies. However, the natural property of metamaterials severely restricts the scalability and application potential of mono-functional sensor systems. To address this shortcoming, we have investigated an ultranarrow five-band plasmonic sensor with structural tunability and high sensing behaviors in compatibility with multi-purpose application scenarios, using the finite-difference time-domain approach rigorously. Meanwhile, we theoretically formulated a hybridization model for the mutual induction of Fabry–Pérot resonances and localized surface plasmon polariton resonance, providing a theoretical basis for the utilization and conception of the highly-sensitive tunable plasmonic sensor. Most notably, we discovered and interpreted far-field phase extinction inducing separation of polarization resonance peaks in physical mechanisms. The tunability of its mutual inductance effect at the intersection distances from two-intersecting silver nanogroove was adequately exploited to further validate and effectively attain five ultra-narrow absorptivities of 96.70%, 93.93%, 99.73%, 100.00%, and 89.72% by top-level optimization. In addition, the redundant proximity between nearby peaks is compensated, extending the operating band and enhancing the practicability in multi-purpose scenarios. As a reliable source for future optical sensing, it performs well in the visible to near-infrared region, enabling detection response to non-invasive diabetes mellitus, global climate warming, and unrestricted temperature and pressure measurement. Meanwhile, minimum FWHM = 4.806 nm and maximum FOM = 115.13 RIU−1 are obtained at 293.15 K, with an associated highest sensitivity of 557.93 nm/RIU. Moreover, the fabrication technologies development of electron beam lithography and focused ion beam etching technologies enables large-scale mass production at low cost and long-term stability.

Numerical Analysis of Propeller Wake Evolution under Different Advance Coefficients

Propeller wake fields in an open-water configuration were compared between two loading circumstances using large-eddy simulation (LES) with a computational domain of 48 million grids and an overset mesh technique. To validate the results of the numerical simulation, available experimental data are compared, which indicates that the grid systems are suitable for the present study. The results indicate that the present LES simulations describe the inertial frequency range well for both high and low-loading conditions. Under high-loading conditions, the interlaced spirals and secondary vortices that connect adjacent tip vortices amplify the effects of mutual inductance, ultimately triggering the breakdown of the propeller wake systems. At a great distance from the propeller, the vortex system loses all coherence and turns into a collection of smaller vortices that are equally scattered across the wake. In contrast, under light-loading conditions, the wake vortex system exhibits strong coherence and has a relatively simple topology. The elliptic instability and pairing processes are only observed at a far distance from the propeller. The convection velocity transferring tip vortices downstream is larger under the light-loading condition, which leads to the larger pitch of the helicoidal vortices. The larger pitch weakens the mutual inductance or interaction effects among tip vortices, which delays the instability behaviors of the whole vortex system. The results and implications of this study serve as a guide for the development and improvement of next-generation propellers that function optimally when operating behind aquaculture vessels.

Receiver noise correction in semi-airborne transient electromagnetic method with an electric source

Semi-airborne transient electromagnetic method (SATEM) has been widely used in geophysical investigations. This method uses a grounded-wire to transmit the source signal and installs the receivers on an aircraft so that the data with a large depth of investigation can be acquired efficiently. However, the instability of aircraft when collecting the data will introduce the non-geological factors that distort the recorded data sets, which further affect the precision of the investigation result greatly. The researching of the mechanism and the correction method of these factors, including geometric effect, geomagnetic effect and mutual inductance effect between transmitter and receivers, is of great significance to the SATEM method. Thus, we proposed a thorough scheme to suppress noise generated by the non-geological factors of the SATEM configuration. We first derived the formulas for calculating the mutual inductance coupling between transmitter and receiver. The formulas of the geometric noise and geomagnetic noise that are affected by the roll, pitch, and yaw of the aircraft are further derived to analysis the influence interval of the motion noise. Then a hybrid correction scheme that uses a two-stage strategy to correct the receiver noise is put forward. The results show that the geomagnetic field and the mutual conductance contribute more noises than the geometric effect. The geomagnetic field will distort the data at all time channel, while the effect of the mutual inductance mainly focused on the early time channels. A field example demonstrated that the proposed method could well suppress the non-geological noise and improving the signal to noise ratio.

Comparison of Series/Series and Parallel/Series Resonance Circuit in 1.5 kW Inductive Wireless Power Transfer for EV Applications

Wireless power transfer system plays a key role in the present and future days, because of their upgraded comfort and safety and their merits of less green-house gas (GHG) emissions, cell phones, laptops and electric vehicle charging. In this paper, the basic two resonance circuits were analyzed using an inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) system, at 1.5 kW, 120-mm, and 85 kHz resonance frequencies. It includes analyzing, designing, and comparing this resonance circuit to choose a suitable resonant circuit for the particular application of an IWPT system. The main analysis and comparison were: Mutual Inductance Effect (Misalignment), stresses on the components, Effect of mutual inductance on the efficiency, Effect of distance on the efficiency, Effect of frequency on the efficiency, Effect of the coupling coefficient (k) on the efficiency and transferred power, Effect of coupling coefficient (k) on the input impedance, Effect of distance on the coupling coefficient (k) and Mutual inductance, and both S/S and P/S circuits have same battery output dc power, current, voltage levels. Both resonance circuits designing formulas derived, electrical parameters are calculated for the given wireless power charger level reaches SAEJ2954 standards. In the end, both resonance circuits are verified through MATLAB simulation of the equivalent circuits.

Analyzing the Effect of Mutual Inductance on the Grid Integrated Distributed Energy Sources: A Case Study of KEPCO Distribution Network

Analyzing the Effect of Mutual Inductance on the Grid Integrated Distributed Energy Sources: A Case Study of KEPCO Distribution Network

Numerical Study on the Unsteady Flow Field Characteristics of a Podded Propulsor Based on DDES Method

The podded propulsor has gradually become an important propulsion device for high technology ships in recent years because of its characteristics of high maneuverability, high efficiency, low noise, and vibration. The performance of podded propulsor is closely related to its flow field. To study the unsteady flow field characteristics of podded propulsor, the DDES (delayed detached eddy simulation) method was used to carry out high-precision transient numerical simulations. Results showed that the pod has a significant influence on the unsteady flow field. The rotor–stator interaction between the propeller and pod can be observed, leading to the periodic fluctuation of thrust on the propeller. On the surface of pod, pressure distribution changes with time, leading to the difference of local lateral force. In the spatial region affected by the propeller wake flow, pressure distribution presents a spiral characteristic, both in the region far away from the pod, and in the region of the wake flow of strut and fin. The vortex structures of podded propulsor are complex since the interference of the pod. In addition to the tip, root and hub vortex, strut and fin vortices also occur. The vortices generated by the effect of mutual inductance between vortices are also discussed.

High-Precision Control for Switched Reluctance Motor With Current Information

Magnetic characteristics of the SRM can be monitored directly in the detection of commutation instants. However, the mutual inductance effect between the adjacent phases is prominent for the switched reluctance motor when the adjacent phases are energized simultaneously. Consequently, mutual coupling will distort the response current profile of the injection voltage phase, thereby affecting position estimation precision. In order to acquire a precise estimation and accommodate it for the SRM drive system, it is necessary to take into consideration the modifications for the sensor-less scheme. This study presents a unique rotor position estimation approach to eliminate the mutual inductance effect by using the phase current slope difference method. The sensor-less scheme is achieved by setting a low and a high threshold, and a series of voltage pulses are injected in the idle phase alternately, synchronizing with the chopping current control. Without prior knowledge of mutual inductance and any additional position sensor, a precisely estimated rotor position is achieved. A dynamic model of a 12/8 SRM model is established to evaluate its validity, and both simulation results and experimental evaluation indicate that the proposed sensor-less control can be accomplished with an adequate precision used in a variety of applications.

Design and Implementation of the New Sensorless Rotor Position Estimation in Homopolar Salient-Pole Brushless DC Motor

This article presents a novel method for indirect sensing of the rotor position in a homopolar salient-pole brushless dc (BLDC) motor and driving the motor smoothly from a standstill using an inductance bridge. Based on the characteristic of the phase inductance variation, the rotor position can be determined by using the inductance bridge to estimate the inductance of unknown phases. The proposed technique uses the motor winding in Hay’s bridge, and it is adjusted to achieve a balanced condition in an unaligned position when the minimum inductance occurs. In a running mode, by rotating the rotor, an idle phase inductance is changed and Hay’s bridge goes into an unbalanced condition. Then, by injecting extra voltage pulses into idle phases, the bridge output state changes. It then continues to sense the rotor position, while the motor is running by applying the same procedure. Moreover, the proposed method does not have problems like those in previous researches such as mutual inductance effects, need of large memory for locking up of the data, and losing of the estimation accuracy by the change in the sampling rate. As the main salient features of the proposed method, load independent, simplicity in implementation, and flexibility in tuning can be pointed out. Finally, experimental tests have been carried out to confirm the feasibility and practicability of the proposed method.

THz Periodic Array Sensor Design

Closed-form relations with equivalent circuits including mutual inductance effects for periodic array structures operating at terahertz (THz) ranges are developed and presented using the network synthesis method. The complete equivalent circuits taking into account of mutual inductances between unit cells and the periodic structures are given. The closed-form relations developed and given for unit cells and periodic arrays have been verified with 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulator and Advanced Design System (ADS) circuit simulator. Several prototypes including <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$36\times35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> periodic array have been built and measured. It has been confirmed that the closed-form relations developed using the equivalent circuits for the periodic array structures including all the mutual inductance effects agree with the simulation and measurement results from microwave frequencies to THz ranges.

Effect of common branch impedance coupling and mutual inductance on current sharing of paralleled SiC MOSFETs with different layouts

Overcurrent failure caused by imbalanced current distribution is one of the universal failure forms of the SiC MOSFET module. The current sharing of parallel SiC MOSFETs is an important guarantee for the safe and reliable operation of parallel devices even the whole system. The existence of current coupling has a significant influence on the current sharing among paralleled SiC MOSFETs. Here, the mechanism of dynamic and static current imbalance under the different layouts resulting from current coupling generated by common branch impedance coupling and mutual inductance is comprehensively investigated by theoretical analysis and simulation validations. It is concluded that dynamic current imbalance is more serious when the drain confluence point and power source confluence point are on both sides than they are on the one side. While, the influence of the arrangement of two confluence points on the static current distribution is in reverse. Finally, a flexible and adjustable test bench is designed to verify the current sharing performance on the different layouts. The experimental results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Based on these results, some guidelines are provided for the parallel-connected application of SiC MOSFETs.

Theoretical analyses of magnetoelectric effects for magnetostrictive/radial mode piezoelectric transformer composite under dual ac stress and magnetic field modulation

Magnetoelectric (ME) composite based on the converse magnetoelectric (CME) effect is promising for the high sensitivity dc and low-frequency magnetic field detection application, however, the performance is restricted by the stress modulation ability of piezoelectric phases and the narrow bandwidth. This work presents a nonlinear equivalent circuit model to design a new ME composite consisting of magnetostrictive layers/radial mode piezoelectric transformer/magnetostrictive layers under dual ac magnetic field and stress modulation. The theoretical model is based on the nonlinear constitutive relationships of magnetostrictive material, motion equation with imperfect interface condition, and improved ME equivalent circuit. This model cannot only predict the resonant ME effects of electrically modulated ME composite under the dual ac stress and magnetic field drive, but can also predict the conventional CME and mutual inductance effects separately. Specifically, the theoretical prediction indicates that with negligible extra power consumption, the dual modulated ME composite provides higher dc and low-frequency magnetic field sensitivity with frequency conversion method and significantly wider bandwidth compared to the conventional CME effect. Such theoretical predictions are further verified by the experimental results of Metglas/piezoelectric transformer/Metglas and Terfenol-D/piezoelectric transformer/Terfenol-D laminate. The theoretical study plays a guiding role in designing the new ME magnetometer with low power consumption, high sensitivity, and wide bandwidth.

Three-Phase AC–AC Converter With Diode Rectifier for Induction Heating Application With Improved Input Current Quality and Coil Modeling

In this article, a three-phase ac-ac resonant converter for an induction heating application is proposed. The system employs three coils in a coaxial arrangement, which is characterized using an resistive-inductive-capacitive (RLC) passive network. For obtaining the parameters of this network, a nonlinear regression from the experimental data was executed using the shuffled complex evolution optimization method, which stands out for its rapid convergence and for providing a well-structured and systematic search for the cost function minimization. The operation stages of the resonant converter are discussed in detail allowing to observe a zero voltage switching (ZVS) behavior for the resonant load inductive region. In addition, the converter operates at unitary power factor because of the smooth dc-link bus voltage and the input current filter. Finally, a 10-kW prototype was built to verify the theoretical analysis and the simulations. As from this comparison was established that the mutual inductance and stray capacitive effects were modeled accurately allowing to reproduce the induced voltages in the coils. Besides, it was corroborated that the coils arrangement influences in the distortion of the input currents, but this distortion can be minimized through the adequate selection of the switching phase angles.

Research on Bipolar Non-salient Pole Transmitter for High-power EV Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System

In this article, a design of bipolar nonsalient pole (BNSP) transmitter, which originates from motor theory, for high-power EV dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system is proposed. To analyze and evaluate BNSP transmitter in aspect of principle, characteristic, and performance, the existing I-type, S-type, and N-type transmitters in DWPT application are classified as bipolar salient pole (BSP) transmitter, which establishes a reference for comparing. The design parameters and other contrast conditions of BNSP and BSP transmitters are given. Coupling flux and leakage flux of BNSP transmitter are analyzed by comparing the magnetic models and the finite-element models of BNSP and BSP transmitters. Based on the modular design in practical application, the sensitivity of coupling performance to the module gap in BNSP and BSP transmitters is analyzed and compared in simulation. All theoretical results are verified by contrast experiments. The maximum effective mutual inductance of BNSP transmitter is about 31.0% larger than that of BSP transmitter, and the efficiency of the system with output power of 10 kW is 93.5% with BNSP transmitter, about 2.4% higher than that with BSP transmitter. Besides, BNSP transmitter needs 5.9% shorter Litz wire and 53.1% smaller volume of cores, which makes it smaller in size.

Modeling and Control of an Integrated Battery Charger With Split-Phase Machine

The battery charging technology is a rapidly developing area in the electric vehicle (EV) industry. The nonavailability of charging stations, longer battery charging times, and range-anxiety are main concerns for EV users. A fast, light, and efficient on-board charger is the need of the hour. Integrated battery chargers (IBC) are a viable solution since it uses the driving circuit (motor and inverter) already present in the EV for charging the battery. IBC using split-phase machine and three-legged inverter is an interesting topology. It has the advantage of using the existing three-phase machine and three-legged inverter. Also, this topology generates zero instantaneous torque while charging the battery. Due to motor winding reconfiguration during charging, even when the grid supply is balanced, the grid currents were found to be highly unbalanced. In this article, a mathematical model of the IBC using a split-phase machine in stationary and rotating reference frame is developed and presented for the first time. Mathematical proof for zero instantaneous torque production while charging the battery is presented. The effects of mutual inductance, $L_{dq}$ along with $L_d$ and $L_q$ , are presented in the rotating reference frame model of the IBC. This is found to make the system unbalanced, and the grid currents represented the in rotating reference frame are found to contain second harmonic components along with the expected dc terms. Using the mathematical model, new feedforward terms have been developed, and used in the control loop with proportional integral controller (PI) and proportional resonant controllers to mitigate grid current harmonics. Exhaustive simulation and experimental results are included for the proposed system.

Improved sensitivity and bandwidth of hybrid magnetic sensor based on electrically modulated amorphous magnetic alloy/piezoelectric composite

This study reports an electrically modulated dc and low frequency magnetic sensor with high sensitivity and wide bandwidth. It is based on multiferroic composites consisting of amorphous magnetic alloy Metglas/piezoelectric transformer (i.e., Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3)/Metglas layers winded with capacitor connected excitation coils and pickup coils. By electrically exciting the piezoelectric transformer winded with coils, the periodically induced stress and magnetic field modulate the magnetization of Metglas simultaneously and cause the change of magnetic flux within the pickup coils. The output voltage is further enhanced with the resonant converse magnetoelectric (CME) and mutual inductance effects at the mechanical and LC resonance frequency, respectively. Furthermore, the asymmetric wide bandwidth property of hybrid magnetic sensor provides the enhanced low frequency magnetic field sensitivity with negligible extra power consumption compared to the CME effect. When the magnetic sensors are excited with 5 V voltage at the resonance frequency and applied with 10 Hz magnetic field, the hybrid magnetic sensor achieves the maximum magnetic field sensitivity of 2.20 V/Oe and this is about 4.89 times as high as that of CME effect (0.45 V/Oe). The limit of detection for 10 Hz magnetic field is also noticeably improved from 2.97 nT for CME effect to 590pT for the hybrid magnetic sensor.