Effect Of Muscular Exercise Research Articles

Current Perspectives Regarding The Effects of Muscular Exercise on Neurological Disorders: A Literature Review

Abstract Regular physical exercise is a well-known mechanism for preventing and treating several health conditions, from the general improvement of the overall health condition and the prevention of obesity and increasing the arterial collater-alization and blood flow to the upregulation of antiinflamma-tory and antioxidant signaling cascades. The beneficial effects of regular physical exercise are far-reaching and diverse. Chronic neurological disorders are considered a significant public health concern. Given the fact that the available treat-ment modalities in most neurological conditions are not fully curative and aiming primarily at improving the quality of life and the ability to cope, with a wide side effect profile of the available medications to the high cost of other available methods as electric stimulation devices, this highlight the importance of investigating the beneficial roles of regular physical exercise, both as a preventive and a curative tool, indifferent chronic neurological diseases. This short review of the literature highlights the recent research finding and mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise in different chronic neurological diseases.

근신경 운동이 엘리트 남자 운동선수의 운동 수행력 및 기능성 움직임 검사에 미치는 영향

근신경 운동이 엘리트 남자 운동선수의 운동 수행력 및 기능성 움직임 검사에 미치는 영향

Spirometry improvement after muscular exercise in elite swimmers.

An increased sympathetic activity during muscular effort is a well established physiological response, whose intensity is known to increase with the muscular load. Spirometry was described to improve as an effect of swimming training in healthy and asthmatic subjects, suggesting a decrease in airway resistance The aim was to investigate the possible effect of muscular exercise (swimming) on spirometry, in particular searching for possible differences because of different swimming times. The measurements were performed on 9 highly trained male competitive swimmers (age: 41±12.79 years, height: 1.69±0.06 meters, weight: 66.14±14.28 kg, BMI: 22.8±3.61 kg/m2) during an official competition. The data were collected at the border of the swimming-pool before (control, C) and few minutes after the swimming sessions (exercise, E), which consisted either of 800 meter (7 subjects) or 1500 meter (5 subjects) free style. A general trend indicating a postexercise increase in spirometry was observed. We found post-exercise significant increments in FEV1 and in MEF75 for both the 800 and 1500 meter swimming sessions, and in FEF25-75 and in MEF25 for the shorter distance. We conclude that, as it may be expected, muscular exercise induces an improvement of spirometry both because of a smooth muscle relaxation-induced modulation of airway diameter and resistance to airflow, and because of an enhanced expiratory muscle contraction strength. Both of these mechanisms are related to an increased sympathetic activity which is well known to accompany muscular exercise.

Bone blood flow and metabolism in humans: Effect of muscular exercise and other physiological perturbations

Human bone blood flow and metabolism during physical exercise remains poorly characterized. In the present study we measured femoral bone blood flow and glucose uptake in young healthy subjects by positron emission tomography in three separate protocols. In 6 women, blood flow was measured in femoral bone at rest and during one-leg intermittent isometric exercise with increasing exercise intensities. In 9 men, blood flow in the femur was determined at rest and during dynamic one-leg exercise and two other physiological perturbations: moderate systemic hypoxia (14 O2 ) at rest and during exercise, and during intrafemoral infusion of high-dose adenosine. Bone glucose uptake was measured at rest and during dynamic one-leg exercise in 5 men. The results indicate that isometric exercise increased femoral bone blood flow from rest (1.8 ± 0.6 mL/100 g/min) to low intensity exercise (4.1 ± 1.5 mL/100 g/min, p = 0.01), but blood flow did not increase further with increasing intensity. Resting femoral bone blood flow in men was similar to that of women and dynamic one-leg exercise increased it to 4.2 ± 1.2 mL/100 g/min, p < 0.001. Breathing of hypoxic air did not change femoral bone blood flow at rest or during exercise, but intra-arterial infusion of adenosine during resting conditions increased bone blood flow to 5.7 ± 2.4 mL/100 g/min, to the level of moderate-intensity dynamic exercise. Dynamic one-leg exercise increased femoral bone glucose uptake 4.7-fold compared to resting contralateral leg. In conclusion, resting femoral bone blood flow increases by physical exercise, but appears to level off with increasing exercise intensities. Moreover, although moderate systemic hypoxia does not change bone blood flow at rest or during exercise, intra-arterially administered adenosine during resting conditions is capable of markedly enhancing bone blood flow in humans. Finally, bone glucose uptake also increases substantially in response to exercise.

Effect of muscular exercise on the concentration of uridine and purine bases in plasma—adenosine triphosphate consumption—induced pyrimidine degradation

To identify whether muscular exercise increases the plasma concentration of uridine and of purine bases, the effect of rigorous muscular exercise was determined in five healthy men with a bicycle ergometer. Twenty-five—minute muscular exercise at 65% maximum O 2 consumption increased the concentration of uridine, purine bases, and inorganic phosphate in plasma and of NH 3 and lactic acid in blood. These results suggest that exercise-induced excessive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption enhanced not only purine degradation but also pyrimidine degradation (uridine triphosphate [UTP] → uridine diphosphate [UDP] → uridine monophosphate [UMP] → uridine) in exercising muscles.

Effect of increased physical activity on growth and differentiation of regenerating rat soleus muscle.

Our purpose was to determine the effect of physical exercise on growth and differentiation during regeneration of a slow-twitch muscle. Degeneration/regeneration of the left soleus muscles of Wistar female rats was induced by injection of a snake venom. Muscular differentiation was studied by monitoring the sequential expression of the various myosin heavy chain isoforms (MHCs). Rats were assigned to one of two groups: cage sedentary (n = 14) or exercised (n = 16). The exercise programme began 1-day post-injection and the rats ran 1 h/day on a motorized treadmill. Then, 9 and 25 days after venom treatment, the soleus MHC phenotype as determined by immunohistology, electrophoresis and immunoblotting, was studied. At 25 days the expression of MHCs by regenerating soleus was not changed by the increased level of physical activity (P > 0.05). Exercised and sedentary regenerating muscles contained similar numbers of type-I fibres (100% of total fibres), levels of MHC-1 (85.4 and 89.5% of total MHCs), MHC-2a and M/HC-2x/d and their fibres expressed MHC-1 (100% of total fibres) and MHC-2 (45-50%) in the same way. Moreover, the masses of regenerating and nonregenerating soleus were significantly increased by physical exercise (P < 0.02). At 9 days no effect of muscular exercise was found. In conclusion, endurance exercise did not alter differentiation of regenerating soleus. Moreover regenerating soleus can respond to increased physical activity by enhancing its mass in the same way as mature muscle.

Effect of muscular exercise on serum elastase, alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor and alpha 2 macroglobulin in asthmatic individuals

Effect of muscular exercise on serum elastase, alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor and alpha 2 macroglobulin in asthmatic individuals

Effect of Muscular Exercise by Bicycle Ergometer on Erythrocyte Purine Nucleotides

The effect of muscular exercise by bicycle ergometer on erythrocyte purine nucleotides was investigated in 6 athletes. Muscular exercise increased the concentration of inosine monophosphate from 5.9 +/- 1.1 to 7.3 +/- 1.3 nmol/ml in venous erythrocytes and from 5.7 +/- 1.0 to 6.8 +/- 1.4 nmol/ml in arterial erythrocytes, respectively, while it decreased the concentrations of adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate from 189.3 +/- 42.7 to 141.2 +/- 26.9 and from 26.0 +/- 7.8 to 15.7 +/- 4.3 nmol/ml in venous erythrocytes and also decreased their concentrations from 195.1 +/- 51.0 to 141 +/- 29.2 and from 26.5 +/- 9.6 to 14.8 +/- 3.0 nmol/ml in arterial erythrocytes, respectively. The muscular exercise also increased the concentration of inorganic phosphate in venous plasma from 1.12 +/- 0.12 to 1.46 +/- 0.22 mmol/l, that of NH3 in blood from 41.90 +/- 6.91 to 150.22 +/- 50.80 mumol/l, that of lactic acid in blood from 7.90 +/- 1.71 to 61.03 +/- 18.43 mg/dl and that of hypoxanthine in venous plasma from 1.32 +/- 0.36 to 18.14 +/- 4.87 mumol/l, respectively. Therefore, in vitro study was performed to investigate whether inorganic phosphate, NH4Cl, lactic acid or hypoxanthine affects nucleotides in erythrocytes. After 2 hour-incubation, 2 mM inorganic phosphate increased the erythrocyte concentration of inosine monophosphate 1.6 fold but decreased the erythrocyte concentrations of adenosine monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate 0.72 and 0.89 fold, respectively, in the suspension (pH 7.35), as compared with 1 mM inorganic phosphate. However NH4Cl, lactic acid or hypoxanthine did not affect erythrocyte purine nucleotides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of muscular exercise on muscle leakage in females during menstruation and the mid menstrual cycle periods

Effect of muscular exercise on muscle leakage in females during menstruation and the mid menstrual cycle periods

Effect of Muscular Exercise on Muscle Leakage in Females during Menstruation and the Mid Menstrual Cycle Periods

Effect of Muscular Exercise on Muscle Leakage in Females during Menstruation and the Mid Menstrual Cycle Periods

Vibratory Massage and Short-Term Recovery from Muscular Fatigue

Percussive vibratory massage has long been purported to offset the negative effects of muscular exercise. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of this type of massage on recovery from repeated submaximal contractions. Twelve male subjects performed repeated, static contractions of the quadriceps at 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with periodic MVCs performed after every fourth one. This pattern continued until the subject could no longer produce the required 70% (Tlim). The entire procedure was repeated three times with rest periods between each series. The rate of fatigue (ROF) was calculated from a regression line fit to the decline of the periodic MVCs. We studied the ROF during static exercise alone, as well as during static exercise following cycling for 30 min at 75% VO2max. In the control conditions, the subjects rested for 5 min between each of the three series of contractions. In the experimental conditions the subjects received 4 min of percussive vibratory massage and 1 min of rest. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ROF in either static or following dynamic exercise between the control and vibrated conditions. Although ROF was the same in all experimental conditions. Tlim occurred sooner following dynamic exercise because the initial MVC was significantly lower than static (p less than .008). We have therefore concluded that short-term recovery from intense muscular activity is not augmented by percussive vibratory massage.

Plasma levels of fluphenazine decanoate. Effects of site of injection, massage and muscle activity.

Depot neuroleptics are now commonly used for maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. Their physicochemical composition makes them ideal for such use because they are long-acting and show stable blood levels for prolonged periods. Their absorption from the site of injection may, however, be affected by local muscle factors. This paper describes three such factors in relation to fluphenazine decanoate: varying the site of injection; massage of the injection site; and effects of muscular exercise. Our results suggest that fluphenazine pharmacokinetics are not significantly affected by any of these factors.

The effects of muscular exercise on glucose, free fatty acids, alanine and lactate in type I diabetic subjects in relation to metabolic control.

Metabolic effects of muscular exercise were studied in eleven subjects with type I diabetes mellitus during poor metabolic control, and again during good metabolic control, and in ten healthy control subjects. All the subjects were submitted to a submaximal gradual triangular test on an electrically braked bicycle ergometer; glucose, FFA, alanine and lactate were measured at rest, and after exercise. In poorly controlled patients, glucose and FFA were unchanged after exercise, whereas blood alanine and lactate increased by a percentage similar to that of the controls, and well-controlled diabetic patients. Baseline alanine concentrations were lower and lactate concentrations higher than in the controls and well-controlled patients. After adequate metabolic control was achieved, in the well-controlled diabetic patients a normalization of pre-exercise alanine and lactate levels and a decrease in blood glucose and FFA after exercise was observed.

Effects of muscular exercise on erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate concentration in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Type I diabetes mellitus represents a metabolic disorder in which intracellular glycolytic pathway is inhibited by insulin deficiency, with the subsequent decreased availability of energetic substrates such as ATP. Some aspects of the energetic metabolism in response to an intensive demand (muscular exercise) were investigated, in a group of 10 ketotic diabetic patients, by measuring erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and lactate levels. In the diabetic subjects, in comparison with normal subjects, the decreased levels of erythrocyte ATP at rest did not increase after exercise, while the increased levels of FFA at rest did not diminish after exercise. The results show that the impaired erythrocyte glycolysis may produce reduced levels of ATP not only at rest, but also after exercise, when muscular contraction results in a manifold increase in cellular energy requirements. In addition, other metabolic systems providing energy for the exercising muscle, such as FFA utilization, are impaired in the ketotic diabetic patients.

Effect of muscular exercise on plasma C-peptide and insulin in obese non-diabetics and diabetics, type II.

The levels of plasma insulin and C-peptide during exercise and subsequent recovery have been determined in obese non-diabetics, obese diabetics Type II and middle-aged female controls. It has been found that exercise reduces levels of peptides both in the control and in the obese non-diabetic group. This effect of acute exercise was found blunted in the obese diabetic group. Non-diabetic obese subjects pretreated with phentolamine showed no reduction either in plasma insulin or C-peptide levels during exercise. During the recovery, the level of plasma insulin returned promptly to the pre-exercise value in the control group but increased above the resting value in obese subjects, both non-diabetic and diabetic. In controls and non-diabetic obese the increment of C-peptide: insulin molar ratio occurred early after the onset of exercise and then returned to the resting value despite the exercise being continued. The plasma C-peptide:insulin molar ratios were reduced during the first 15 min of recovery period in obese non-diabetic subjects and returned to normal in the next 15 min. The latter may suggest that reduced insulin removal could also contribute to the increase in plasma insulin values in the obese during recovery.

The effect of muscular exercise on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver.

Regular muscular work--in the form of swimming or running--was studied for its effect on hexobarbital sleeping time and on some components of the hepatic monooxygenase system. Sleeping times became shorter after both kinds of exercise. Thus, the causative factor in this type of enzyme induction is regular physical exercise. Antipyrine elimination was also faster in rats exercised by swimming. Regular exertion elicited a rise in the concentration or activity of some components of the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system (cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5 and NADPH cytochrome reducatase EC 1.6.2.3.). The inducing effect of muscular work appears to be most similar to the phenobarbital type of induction. In the development of this exercise-induced rise of enzymatic activity some as yet unidentified humoral and metabolic changes associated with daily physical training are thought to play a role.

Mobilization of subcutaneously injected tritiated insulin in rats: effects of muscular exercise.

Previous studies in man and pancreatectomized dogs have indicated that alterations of the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected insulin during physical activity may contribute to exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. We have directly measured the appearance of subcutaneously injected insulin in the circulation and assessed its distribution to different tissues using a recently developed semisynthetic homogeneous [3H]insulin as a tracer. Following subcutaneous injection in rats of [3H]insulin in amounts insufficient to exert significant biological activity in intact animals, circulating levels of exogenous insulin were measured as plasma radioactivity co-migrating with insulin during gel filtration chromatography. Strenuous treadmill running accelerated the mobilization of subcutaneously injected [3H] insulin and resulted in a significant elevation of circulating levels of exogenous insulin early during exercise, followed by decreased levels in the post-exercise period. In addition, exercise induced a redistribution of 3H radioactivity in tissues, mainly increasing that found in skeletal muscle. This direct demonstration of altered pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected insulin during exercise provides, at least in part, a mechanism for the exercise-induced hypoglycemia seen following insulin injections in animals and during insulin treatment in man.

The effect of muscular exercise on free fatty acids, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate blood levels.

The effect of muscular exercise on free fatty acids, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate blood levels.

Effect of muscular exercise and glycogen depletion on rat liver and kidney phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

The effect of muscular exercise (physical training) on gluconeogenesis in rat kidney cortex has been reported by Krebs [ 11. Forced exercise (swimming) increases the gluconeogenic capacity of the kidney, almost as much as a low-carbohydrate diet. On the other hand, Yakovlev has found an increase in the activity of rat liver glucose-Gphosphatase in similar conditions [2]. The well established key role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in gluconeogenesis and its sensitivity to hormonal treatment or starvation in liver and kidney 13-71 prompted us to investigate the effect of exercise on this enzyme.

Effect of muscular exercise on insulin secretion.

Studies were carried out to define the possible role of insulin in the increased assimilation of glucose caused by exercise. First, plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response in conventional intravenous glucose tolerance tests was measured in normal subjects at rest and during or immediately after ergometer exercise. In all cases the glucose disappearance rate (K value) was increased by exercise but the plasma IRI level assayed at two minutes after glucose showed no constant change from corresponding values at rest. Secondly, the insulin secretion rate was assessed by giving I-131-labeled insulin as a constant-rate infusion and measuring the plasma IRI specific activity. In the fasting state the insulin secretion rate varied from 0.7 to 6.0 mU. per min., and was highest in obese subjects. Increase of blood glucose level to 130-150 mg. per 100 ml. with a constant-rate glucose infusion doubled the insulin secretion rate. In subjects with a normal working capacity moderate exercise of thirteen to twenty minutes' duration did not significantly change the secretion rate whether the muscular work occurred in the fasting state or with glucose infusion. On the contrary, in all subjects with a reduced performance due to coronary heart disease the insulin secretion rate was strikingly increased by exercise and the plasma IRI level rose. It is concluded that immunoreactive insulin is not the mediator of accelerated glucose metabolism caused by muscular work but that hypoxia of islet tissue may be a stimulus to insulin release.