Effect Of Moderate-intensity Exercise Research Articles

Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Serum Ferritin Concentration

Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Serum Ferritin Concentration

The effect of moderate intensity exercise on increasing bone density

The effect of moderate intensity exercise on increasing bone density

Exercise as an Emerging Factor Effecting Cardiovascular Health (An Experimental Approach)

This resaerch study was basically carried out for the purpose to assess the effect of moderate intensity exercise on cardiovascular health. Ten (10) participants were voluntarily selected and thus they were randomly divided into two (02) groups i.e. (Experimental Group (EG)=05+ Control Group (CG)=05.A self-made eight weeks’ self-made moderate intensity exercise protocol was applied on all the subjects. Pre and post test data were collected through Harvard Step Test. A written informed consent was taken from each subject before participation in the study. All participants were informed about the benefits and risk factors of the study. After fulfilling all the ethical protocols, eight weeks self-made moderate intensity exercise protocol was applied on all the subjects. Pre and post test data were collected through Harvard Step Test. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using various statistical tools. On the basis of analysis the researcher arrived at conclusion that exercise has a significant effect on cardiovascular health.

Inflammation and physical dysfunction: responses to moderate intensity exercise in chronic kidney disease.

People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience skeletal muscle wasting, reduced levels of physical function and performance, and chronic systemic inflammation. While it is known that a relationship exists between inflammation and muscle wasting, the association between inflammation and physical function or performance in CKD has not been well studied. Exercise has anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known regarding the effect of moderate intensity exercise. This study aimed to (i) compare systemic and intramuscular inflammation between CKD stage G3b-5 and non-CKD controls; (ii) establish whether a relationship exists between physical performance, exercise capacity and inflammation in CKD; (iii) determine changes in systemic and intramuscular inflammation following 12 weeks of exercise; and (iv) investigate whether improving inflammatory status via training contributes to improvements in physical performance and muscle mass. This is a secondary analysis of previously collected data. CKD patients stages G3b-5 (n=84, n=43 males) and non-CKD controls (n=26, n=17 males) underwent tests of physical performance, exercise capacity, muscle strength and muscle size. In addition, a subgroup of CKD participants underwent 12 weeks of exercise training, randomized to aerobic (AE, n=21) or combined (CE, n=20) training. Plasma and intramuscular inflammation and myostatin were measured at rest and following exercise. Tumour necrosis factor-α was negatively associated with lower $^{^{^{.}}}{\rm V}$O2Peak (P=0.01), Rectus femoris-cross sectional area (P=0.002) and incremental shuttle walk test performance (P<0.001). Interleukin-6 was negatively associated with sit-to-stand 60 performances (P=0.006) and hand grip strength (P=0.001). Unaccustomed exercise created an intramuscular inflammatory response that was attenuated following 12 weeks of training. Exercise training did not reduce systemic inflammation, but AE training did significantly reduce mature myostatin levels (P=0.02). Changes in inflammation were not associated with changes in physical performance. Systemic inflammation may contribute to reduced physical function in CKD. Twelve weeks of exercise training was unable to reduce the level of chronic systemic inflammation in these patients, but did reduce plasma myostatin concentrations. Further research is required to further investigate this.

Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Lungs Functions (IRV &amp; ERV) in Young Athletes

This research study was primarily conducted for the purpose to examine the effect of moderate intensity exercise on lungs functions (IRV &amp; ERV) in young athletes. The participant of the study was randomly selected from the Department of Sports Sciences &amp; Physical Education, Gomal University, KP Pakistan. A written informed consent was taken from all the subjects. A self-made, 08 weeks exercise protocols was applied on the selected subjects. Pretest and posttest data were collected by using spirometer and other helping devices. The collected data were tabulated and were analyzed by using various statistical tools. On the basis of data analysis and findings the researcher concluded there is significant effect of 08 weeks moderate intensity exercise on lungs functions (IRV &amp; ERV).

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: effect of moderate intensity exercise and oxytocin compared to l-arginine in a rat model

BackgroundHepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is considered as a main cause of liver damage and dysfunction. The l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway seems to be relevant during this process of IR. Although acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), regular training improves hepatic antioxidant status. Also, oxytocin (Oxy), besides its classical functions, it exhibits a potent antistress, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatic functional and structural changes induced by hepatic IR injury in rats and to probe the effect and potential mechanism of moderate intensity exercise training and/or Oxy, in comparison to a nitric oxide donor, l-arginine, against liver IR-induced damage.ResultsCompared to the sham-operated control group, the hepatic IR group displayed a significant increase in serum levels of ALT and AST, plasma levels of MDA and TNF-α, and significant decrease in plasma TAC and nitrite levels together with the worsening of liver histological picture. L-Arg, Oxy, moderate intensity exercise, and the combination of both Oxy and moderate intensity exercises ameliorated these deleterious effects that were evident by the significant decrease in serum levels of ALT and AST, significant elevation in TAC and nitrite, and significant decline in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and TNF-α, besides regression of histopathological score regarding hepatocyte necrosis, vacuolization, and nuclear pyknosis. Both the moderate intensity exercise-trained group and Oxy-treated group showed a significant decline in TNF-α and nitrite levels as compared to l-Arg-treated group. The Oxy-treated group showed statistical insignificant changes in serum levels of ALT, AST, and plasma levels of nitrite, MDA, TAC, and TNF-α as compared to moderate intensity exercise-trained group.ConclusionThe combination of both moderate intensity exercise and Oxy displayed more pronounced hepatoprotection on comparison with l-Arg which could be attributed to their more prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects but not due to their NO-enhancing effect.

A Randomized Control Trails for the Assessment of Impact of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Blood Serum Creatinine Concentration among the Male Athletes

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to examine the impact of moderate intensity exercise on blood serum creatinine concentration among the male.&#x0D; Method &amp; Materials: A randomized control trails were conducted for purpose to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on creatinine level among the subjects (Experimental Group (EG) = 10, Control group (CG). A written informed consent from all the subjects and ethical approval was taken from Gomal University Ethical Review Committee before initiating the study protocols. 5ml blood were taken from all the subjects and each blood sample was marked with separate identification code. Twelve weeks exercise (moderate intensity exercise) protocols was employed on the selected subjects. The collected blood samples were tested and thus the collected results were processed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version, 24) by applying Mean and Standard deviation etc.&#x0D; Results &amp; Conclusion: On the basis of analysis, the researcher concluded that inferentially there is no significant effect of moderate intensity exercise on BMI and Creatinine of the subjects but descriptively the experimental group shows better results in BMI and Creatinine (after the treatment)

Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Body Composition Measurements

ABSTRACT The purpose was to determine the effect of 30-minutes of moderate intensity (45–55% of heart rate reserve) on post-exercise (PE) body composition (BC) measurements. Pre-exercise (PreE) BC measurements were taken using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and bioelectrical impedance analysis including lower-body (LBIA), whole-body (WBIA), and upper-body (UBIA). Forty-eight participants (27 females) were assigned to an exercise condition along with 25 (12 females) to the control condition. BC measurements were recorded immediate PE (PE0), 15-minutes PE (PE15), and 30-minutes PE (PE30). PreE body fat percent (BF%) measurements were 19.7 ± 7.7%, 22.2 ± 9.5%, 24.5 ± 8.8%, and 26.0 ± 8.5% for the UBIA, ADP, LBIA, and WBIA. There was no effect of exercise on UBIA or WBIA. Decreases in PE BF% measurements using ADP and LBIA were found (~2.5%). ADP BF% at PreE was equivalent to PE30, but post-exercise BF% measures remained for LBIA. Therefore, it is reasonable to measure body composition via ADP at PE30.

Moderate Intensity of Physical Exercise increased Β (Beta) Cell and Size of Langerhans Islets in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats

Background: The death of β cells Langerhans islets in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can cause loss of Langerhans islet function and worsen the progression of DM. Physical exercise plays a major part in DM treatment.Aim: to observe the effect of moderate intensity exercise to β (beta) cell numbers and Langerhans islets area size in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats.Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus) divided into 3, Group 1 as the control, Group 2 received 35 mg/kg streptozotocin induction treatment, Group 3 received 35 mg/kg streptozotocin induction and physical exercise, swimming, with moderate intensity 70% from the swimming maximal ability, 9% of body weight load, 4 times a week for 4 weeks. Datas collected were in the form of histopathology slide of pancreatic tissue after receiving treatment for 28 days.Results: There are significant differences of β-cell pancreas number between group K1 and K2 (p&lt;0,001), group K2 and to K3 (p&lt;0,001). No significant difference between group K1 and K3 (p=0,102). The Langerhans islets area sizes of pancreas tissue between group K1, K2, and K3 are significantly different (p&lt;0,001).Conclusion: This study shows moderate-intensity physical exercise can increase the number of β cell and average area size of Langerhans islets. The effect of physical exercise depends on the intensity of exercise and the capacity of pancreatic function left of the diabetic.

Moderate Intensity of Physical Exercise increased Β (Beta) Cell and Size of Langerhans Islets in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats

Background: The death of β cells Langerhans islets in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can cause loss of Langerhans islet function and worsen the progression of DM. Physical exercise plays a major part in DM treatment.Aim: to observe the effect of moderate intensity exercise to β (beta) cell numbers and Langerhans islets area size in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats.Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus) divided into 3, Group 1 as the control, Group 2 received 35 mg/kg streptozotocin induction treatment, Group 3 received 35 mg/kg streptozotocin induction and physical exercise, swimming, with moderate intensity 70% from the swimming maximal ability, 9% of body weight load, 4 times a week for 4 weeks. Datas collected were in the form of histopathology slide of pancreatic tissue after receiving treatment for 28 days.Results: There are significant differences of β-cell pancreas number between group K1 and K2 (p&lt;0,001), group K2 and to K3 (p&lt;0,001). No significant difference between group K1 and K3 (p=0,102). The Langerhans islets area sizes of pancreas tissue between group K1, K2, and K3 are significantly different (p&lt;0,001).Conclusion: This study shows moderate-intensity physical exercise can increase the number of β cell and average area size of Langerhans islets. The effect of physical exercise depends on the intensity of exercise and the capacity of pancreatic function left of the diabetic.

Intensity Matters: High-intensity Interval Exercise Enhances Motor Cortex Plasticity More Than Moderate Exercise.

A single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance plasticity in human cortex; however, the intensity required for optimal enhancement is debated. We investigated the effect of exercise intensity on motor cortex synaptic plasticity, using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Twenty healthy adults (Mage = 35.10 ± 13.25 years) completed three sessions. Measures of cortico-motor excitability (CME) and inhibition were obtained before and after a 20-min bout of either high-intensity interval exercise, moderate-intensity continuous exercise, or rest, and again after intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). Results showed that high-intensity interval exercise enhanced iTBS plasticity more than rest, evidenced by increased CME and intracortical facilitation, and reduced intracortical inhibition. In comparison, the effect of moderate-intensity exercise was intermediate between high-intensity exercise and rest. Importantly, analysis of each participant's plasticity response profile indicated that high-intensity exercise increased the likelihood of a facilitatory response to iTBS. We also established that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism attenuated plasticity responses following high-intensity exercise. These findings suggest that high-intensity interval exercise should be considered not only when planning exercise interventions designed to enhance neuroplasticity, but also to maximize the therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation. Additionally, genetic profiling may enhance efficacy of exercise interventions for brain health.

OR-006 Effect of Moderate-intensity Exercise on the Expression of Hypothalamic KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA in Diet Induced Obesity Rats

Objective To observe the effect of high fat diet on the hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1and the G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 54 mRNA and explore the modulatory role of moderate-intensity exercise in the diet induced obesity male rats.&#x0D; Methods After 8 weeks high fat feeding, 20 obesity 11-weeks SD rats were randomly assigned to high-fat diet sedentary (FS, n=8) and high-fat diet exercise (FE, n=8) groups, 20 normal diet 11-weeks SD rats also were randomly assigned to sedentary (SS, n=8) and exercise (SE, n=8) groups. During the following 8 weeks, obesity rats were continued expose to high-fat-diet. SE and FE groups did the 60%-70%V(•)O2max treadmill training (5 days/week, 1 hour/day). The V(•)O2 max of exercise groups were remeasured every two weeks. The hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA were tested in each group.&#x0D; Results &#x0D; After the first 8-weeks high fat feeding, the obesity rats were heavier than normal diet group (491.74±26.19g vs. 410.05±45.77g, p&lt;0.01). After 8-weeks training, the FE group was lighter than FS group (590.23±35.74g vs. 681±52.56, p&lt;0.01). The FS group had higher hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 mRNA (1.51±0.66 vs 0.75±0.27, p&lt;0.05) and GPR54 mRNA (2.45±0.38 vs 0.61±0.15, p&lt;0.01) than SS group. The FE group had lower hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 mRNA (0.69±0.13, p&gt;0.05) and GPR54 mRNA (0.58±0.10, p&lt;0.01) than FS group.&#x0D; Conclusions &#x0D; There is stimulating effect of high-fat diet induced obesity on hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1and GPR54 mRNA. 8-weeks 60%-70%V (•) O2max treadmill training could cure this effect.&#x0D;

Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Body Weight and Blood Estrogen Level Ovariectomized Mice

Estrogen is a hormone which is related to lipid oxidation, lypogenesis inhibition, and lipolysis rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate intensity exercise on body weight and blood estrogen level in ovarectomized mice (ovx). The study was held in the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga during the period of April to May 2017 on old nineteen 3-4 months old female mice, , 20-30 grams of weight, which were divided into two groups: OVX (n=9, ovx without exercise) and OVX+E (n=10, ovx and moderate intensity exercise). Moderate intensity exercise in this study included swimming, three times a week at 3 pm for four weeks using a 6% of body weight load. Experiment data were analyzed by paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS. The average body weights of the OVX group were 26.44 ± 1.94 grams and 29.89 ± 2.62 gram at pretest and posttest, respectively., while for the OVX+E group, the weights were 26.50 ± 2.59 grams and 26.40 ± 2.07 grams. There were asignificant intergroup body weight differences (∆OVX= 3.44 ± 2.55 gram and ∆OVX+E= -1.00 ± 1.37 gram) with p=0.004. Blood estrogen level in OVX+E (12.04 ±10.13 ng/ml) was higher than in control (OVX= 11.24 ± 8.33 ng/ml); however, the difference was not significant (p=0.855). Moderate intensity exercise reduces body weight, without any significant increase in blood estrogen level. Hence, the body weight loss is not caused by estrogen, which may be due to the short period of exercise in this study that the estrogen has not had the time to increase. Pengaruh Olahraga Intensitas Sedang terhadap Berat Badan dan Kadar Estrogen Darah pada Mencit Ovariektomi Estrogen merupakan hormon yang berperan pada oksidasi lipid, kecepatan lipolisis, dan hambatan lipogenesis. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh olahraga intensitas sedang terhadap berat badan dan kadar estrogen darah pada mencit ovariektomi (ovx). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biokimia Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, April–Mei 2017. Sejumlah 19 mencit betina berusia 3–4 bulan, berat 20–30 gram, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: OVX (n=9, ovx tanpa perlakuan) dan OVX+E (n=10, ovx dengan olahraga intensitas sedang). Olahraga intensitas sedang dilakukan dengan renang, tiga kali seminggu pukul 15.00 WIB selama empat minggu dengan beban 6% dari berat badan. Data dianalisis dengan paired t-test dan i ndependent t-test SPSS. Berat badan OVX pra-tes 26,44±1,94 gram dan pascates 29,89±2,62 gram. Berat badan OVX+E pra-tes 26,50±2,59 gram dan pascates 26,40±2,07. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna berat badan antarkelompok (∆OVX= 3,44±2,55 gram and ∆OVX+E= -1,00±1,37 gram), p=0,004. Kadar estrogen darah OVX+E (12,04±10,13 ng/mL) lebih tinggi daripada konrol (OVX= 11,24±8,33 ng/mL), tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,855). Olahraga intensitas sedang menurunkan berat badan, tetapi tidak bermakna meningkatkan kadar estrogen darah. Penurunan berat badan tidak disebabkan oleh estrogen. Peningkatan estrogen belum terjadi mungin disebabkan oleh waktu yang kurang lama.

The effects of self-regulation strategies following moderate intensity exercise on ad libitum smoking

IntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to examine whether self-regulation strategies can further extend the effect of moderate intensity exercise on smoking delay. MethodParticipants were 40 adult smokers who were randomly assigned into two groups: control and self-regulation. A repeated measures design was adopted including a neutral condition (20 min video) and an exercise condition (20 min moderate intensity exercise). ResultsThe results showed that smoking delay increased significantly for both groups; however, the increase for the self-regulation group was significantly larger than that of the control group. ConclusionsThe results support the anti-smoking effects of acute exercise; furthermore, they highlight the usefulness of self-regulation strategies, and in particular goal setting, in extending smoking delay. The present findings provide important evidence for the exercise and smoking literature and useful directions for the development of smoking cessation interventions.

(273) - Dose-dependent effect of moderate intensity exercise on sensitivity to pain in humans

(273) - Dose-dependent effect of moderate intensity exercise on sensitivity to pain in humans

The effect of moderate-intensity exercise on nightly variability in objectively measured sleep parameters among older women

ABSTRACT Objective/Background: Exercise training has been demonstrated to beneficially influence mean-level measures of sleep; however, few studies have examined the impact of an exercise intervention on night-to-night variability in sleep. This study investigated whether four months of moderate-intensity exercise impacted night-to-night variability in sleep among older women. Methods: Participants (n = 49) were randomized to one of two moderate-intensity walking programs with different doses of energy expenditure: low-dose (n = 23: 8 kcal/kg of body weight per week) or high-dose (n = 26: 14 kcal/kg of body weight per week). Sleep parameters were assessed objectively via actigraphy at baseline, mid- (2 months), and postintervention (4 months). Nightly variability in each of the sleep parameters was calculated using the seven-day standard deviation (SD) and a coefficient of variation (SD/mean x 100%). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) was measured at baseline and postintervention using a graded treadmill test. Results: Both measures of nightly variability demonstrated a borderline to significantly lower amount of night-to-night variability in wake time after sleep onset (WASO) and number of awakenings at postintervention in comparison to baseline (p ≤ 0.05). Higher VO2peak levels at baseline were associated with less time in bed and lower total sleep time variability throughout the exercise intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, participation in moderate-intensity exercise was observed to reduce the amount of nightly variability for WASO and number of awakenings over time in older women.

The Effect of a Single Bout of Exercise on the Motor Learning of a Drop Vertical Jump Landing Strategy

PURPOSE: A single bout of cardiovascular exercise improves cognitive learning, but effects on motor learning have been scarcely researched with mixed results. Key questions remain, including the intensity of exercise required to achieve behavioral effects. The purpose of this study is to test the effect of moderate intensity exercise (ModEx) on the retention of a drop vertical jump (DVJ) landing strategy. METHODS: 40 healthy females (mean age: 20.1, range: 18-22) with no history of leg injury in the past 12 months attended a 1 hour session, first performing 2 DVJs to gather baseline data. Peak vertical ground reaction forces (PVGRF) and hip flexion (HF) angles at the deepest point of landing were measured with a force plate and 2D motion capture software. Next they performed 30 DVJs with feedback for enhanced “soft” landing mechanics. Individuals were then randomized to the ModEx group (n=20), to perform 30 minutes of biking at 55-65% heart rate reserve, or the control (C) group (n=20) for 30 minutes of sham electrical stimulation. After 1 week, a retention session was performed to assess PVGRF and HF during 2 DVJs. RESULTS: Baseline performance did not differ between groups (C: mean PVGRF=48 N/kg, (SD=12), ModEx PVGRF=45 N/kg (12), p=0.84; C: HF angle=96° (23), ModEx: HF angle=94° (24), p=0.62). Both groups reduced PVGRF and HF angles after training (C:PVGRF=38.5 N/kg (11.5), 56°(14), ModEx: PVGRF= 39 N/kg (10), 62° (14), p<0.01) and at retention (C:PVGRF=42 N/kg (10), 58°(15), ModEx: PVGRF= 41 N/kg (8), 60° (15), p<0.01). There was a group by time interaction effect on relative retention (percent change from training to retention) for PVGRF (d=0.21) and HF (d=0.31), which failed to reach statistical significance (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Training methods were sufficient to induce motor learning, however the effect of ModEx on retention of the skill was small, and these results fail to statistically support the hypothesis that ModEx enhances motor learning of landing strategies. Recommendations for use of ModEx to enhance motor learning cannot be made on the basis of these results. Due to substantial variability, further study with a larger sample will strengthen conclusions. Other considerations for further investigation include exercise timing and dosage, motor skill complexity, and length of the retention period.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Inflammatory Markers Among Postmenopausal Women.

Declines in ovarian function in postmenopausal women may contribute to increase inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to chronic diseases. However, studies have shown that exercise interventions are important to manage inflammatory conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise intervention on inflammatory markers among obese and postmenopausal women. 70 women composed the sample (Exercise group [EG; n = 35] and nonexercise group [nEG; n = 35]). IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were the inflammatory markers analyzed. Exercise program was 20 weeks long and consisted of aerobic and neuromuscular training. Data about chronic diseases, medication use, dietary intake, body composition and biochemical variables were collected. EG showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference and body fat percentage, as well as increased lean body mass. EG showed significant reductions in TNF-α and significant interaction between group and intervention time. Reductions in IL-10 were identified only in nEG. Substantial effect of exercise intervention was observed with increased ratio of IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α. Combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training was effective in reducing inflammation. Thus, implementation and maintenance of similar exercise programs can contribute to reduce chronic inflammation among obese postmenopausal women.

Regular exercise with an active lifestyle improves the lipid profile of individuals with diabetes mellitus

Incidence of diabetes with its associated morbidities is increasing worldwide and hence needs major lifestyle modifications. Hence, this study was designed to compare the effect of moderate intensity exercise for a shorter period of time with an active lifestyle to a low-intensity exercise for a longer period of time and sedentary lifestyle on the lipid profile of diabetic men. The outpatients of MV Hospital were screened using a structured questionnaire to evaluate their lifestyle and exercise pattern over a period of 12 months. The data of 293 men and women were divided into three groups based on their activity level. Group 1 led a totally sedentary lifestyle with no exercise. Group 2 included individuals who were active throughout the day and walked at moderate intensity for a period of 20–30 min, and group 3 exercised at a low intensity for a period of 45–60 min with a sedentary lifestyle. The anthropometric measurements and the lipid profiles of the three groups were compared. A total 41.8 % of the group which led an active lifestyle as well as a moderate intensity of exercise had good glycemic control. The non-HDL levels were 131 ± 38.4 which was significantly lower than the other groups. Hence, the group which led an active lifestyle with moderate intensity exercise fared better than the sedentary group. An active lifestyle throughout the day with an exercise schedule of moderate intensity maintains the lipid parameters more effectively than a low-intensity exercise for a much longer period of time.

Beneficial Effect of Moderate Exercise in Kidney of Rat after Chronic Consumption of Cola Drinks.

AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on kidney in an animal model of high consumption of cola soft drinks.MethodsForty-eight Wistar Kyoto rats (age: 16 weeks; weight: 350–400 g) were assigned to the following groups: WR (water runners) drank water and submitted to aerobic exercise; CR (cola runners) drank cola and submitted to aerobic exercise; WS (water sedentary) and CS (cola sedentary), not exercised groups. The aerobic exercise was performed for 5 days per week throughout the study (24 weeks) and the exercise intensity was gradually increased during the first 8 weeks until it reached 20 meters / minute for 30 minutes. Body weight, lipid profile, glycemia, plasma creatinine levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were determined. After 6 months all rats were sacrificed. A kidney histopathological score was obtained using a semiquantitative scale. Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis were estimated by point-counting. The oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status were explored by immunohistochemistry. A one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test was used for statistics. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAt 6 months, an increased consumption of cola soft drink was shown in CS and CR compared with water consumers (p<0.0001). Chronic cola consumption was associated with increased plasma triglycerides, AIP, heart rate, histopathological score, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status. On the other hand, moderate exercise prevented these findings. No difference was observed in the body weight, SBP, glycemia, cholesterol and plasma creatinine levels across experimental groups.ConclusionsThis study warns about the consequences of chronic consumption of cola drinks on lipid metabolism, especially regarding renal health. Additionally, these findings emphasize the protective role of exercise training on renal damage.