Abstract
AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on kidney in an animal model of high consumption of cola soft drinks.MethodsForty-eight Wistar Kyoto rats (age: 16 weeks; weight: 350–400 g) were assigned to the following groups: WR (water runners) drank water and submitted to aerobic exercise; CR (cola runners) drank cola and submitted to aerobic exercise; WS (water sedentary) and CS (cola sedentary), not exercised groups. The aerobic exercise was performed for 5 days per week throughout the study (24 weeks) and the exercise intensity was gradually increased during the first 8 weeks until it reached 20 meters / minute for 30 minutes. Body weight, lipid profile, glycemia, plasma creatinine levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were determined. After 6 months all rats were sacrificed. A kidney histopathological score was obtained using a semiquantitative scale. Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis were estimated by point-counting. The oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status were explored by immunohistochemistry. A one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test was used for statistics. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAt 6 months, an increased consumption of cola soft drink was shown in CS and CR compared with water consumers (p<0.0001). Chronic cola consumption was associated with increased plasma triglycerides, AIP, heart rate, histopathological score, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status. On the other hand, moderate exercise prevented these findings. No difference was observed in the body weight, SBP, glycemia, cholesterol and plasma creatinine levels across experimental groups.ConclusionsThis study warns about the consequences of chronic consumption of cola drinks on lipid metabolism, especially regarding renal health. Additionally, these findings emphasize the protective role of exercise training on renal damage.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, due to renal dysfunction correlates with a striking increase in cardiovascular events
At 6 months, an increased consumption of cola soft drink was shown in cytoplasmic staining for trx1 (CS) and compared to the WR (CR) compared with water consumers (p
Chronic cola consumption was associated with increased plasma triglycerides, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), heart rate, histopathological score, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, due to renal dysfunction correlates with a striking increase in cardiovascular events. Epidemiological studies indicate that high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of CKD. Muntner et al [9] showed that people with low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia at baseline have a higher risk for having a loss of renal function. In agreement with this statement, high triglycerides level is considered an independent predictor of renal disease, as it was confirmed in a prospective study of 297 patients with type 1 diabetes [10]. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was proposed as a marker of plasma atherogenesis because it is increased in people at higher risk for coronary heart disease [11]
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