Effect Of Machining Parameters Research Articles

Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on cutting conditions during orthogonal turning of austenite stainless steel

Abstract The 1.4306 austenite stainless steel has been prominently utilized as a material in the automotive and aerospace industry. Considerable interest has been garnered in the machinability of stainless steel owing to its high strength and poor thermal conductivity. The aim of this study is to ascertain the influential cutting parameters, specifically the cutting speed and feed rate, on cut-ting forces, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. Thus, austenite stainless steel was subjected to free-cutting using a carbide recessing tool under dry conditions. The principle of measuring cutting temperature, a complex procedure due to varying thermal homogeneity, was elucidated. For the turning experiments in question, the standard Taguchi orthogonal array L9 (32), featuring two factors and three levels, was employed. The experimental results were analyzed using MiniTab 17 software. The findings reveal a substantial effect of feed rate on cutting force, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. The highest cutting force and cutting temperature were observed at a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. Conversely, the cutting force was minimized at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, indicating potential for increasing the cutting speed. The augmentation of feed rate led to chip compression and discoloration, attributed to elevated cutting force and a larger chip cross-section that efficiently dissipates heat from the cutting zone.

Optimizing tool life in SiCp/Al composites milling with acoustic emission analysis: A comprehensive monitoring and implementation strategy

The machining of SiCp/Al composites is hampered by tool wear monitoring challenges. SiCp/Al composites are used in industries like aerospace where tool wear can lead to workpiece loss, necessitating real-time monitoring. Acoustic emission (AE) sources during machining are complex due to SiC particles. This paper attempts to isolate AE frequencies for plastic deformation and silicon carbide particle behavior through scratch experiments at different depths. The relationship between signal energy distribution and tool wear during milling is analyzed using the wavelet packet method. The frequency band correlating best to tool wear is identified outside the scratch experiment's frequency range. A monitoring strategy is proposed based on this, and the effect of machining parameters on AE monitoring is analyzed, with refinements to the monitoring model. The proposed strategy's effectiveness has been validated through experimental trials, resulting in an average tool utilization rate of 85 % during milling.

Study on the picosecond laser surface treatment and tribological properties of 3D woven carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (Cf/C) composites

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (Cf/C) composites have demonstrated great significance in many fields, especially in aircraft and automobiles as brake materials. The surface physical/chemical states of Cf/C composites significantly affect their tribological properties. Although ultrafast laser machining technology has been proven to be an effective method for modifying material surfaces, there are some issues concerning the ultrafast laser surface treatment of Cf/C composites and the adjustment of their tribological properties by laser treatment. Here, the 3D woven Cf/C composites were treated with an infrared picosecond laser. The effects of machining parameters on the surface microscopic morphology, chemical compositions, and graphitization degree were investigated. The experiment results indicated that the ultrafast laser treatment could eliminate surface defects, improve surface quality, and reduce the porosity of the Cf/C composites due to photothermal-mechanical ablation. More importantly, the laser-induced photothermal effects led to a graphitization transformation of Cf/C composites from a disordered turbostratic structure into an ordered graphite structure with an increased graphitization degree. The abundant micro-nano structures and the graphitization transformation on the Cf/C composite surface contributed to forming a complete and dense friction film on the Cf/C composites. Therefore, the laser-treated Cf/C composites showed lower COF, higher wear rate, and more stable tribological properties. This study demonstrated a method to adjust the tribological properties of Cf/C composites by ultrafast laser surface treatment, which showed great significance for the surface treatment and tribological property enhancement of Cf/C composites.

Investigation on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer combined with graphene nanoparticles subjected to drilling operation using response surface methodology and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II

In this article, drilling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics combined with graphene nanoparticles is investigated. These nanocomposites have the potential to be used widely in different industrial applications such as electrical, biomedical and aerospace engineering due to their superior mechanical and thermal specifications. Nonetheless, to be assembled on different sets, drilling nanocomposites is required especially for rivets and joints. In drilling carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs), delamination is one of the main challenges that should be minimized in order to enhance the produced hole quality. Besides, machining force is a chief factor to control the drilling-induced damages, especially delamination. This article evaluates the effects of machining parameters on machining force and delamination using response surface methodology experimental design and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) multiobjective optimization methodology. Examining delamination is conducted in two parts including peel-up and push-down delamination which are the principal drawbacks in drilling of fiber-reinforced composites. Analysis of variance is also carried out in order to examine the effects of the machining parameters. In addition, predictive quadratic correlations are established by regression analysis. Eventually, multiobjective optimization was implemented by NSGA-II and the optimal values were obtained from pareto-optimal solution set aimed at enhancing the drilling process.

Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on cutting conditions during orthogonal turning of austenite stainless steel

Abstract The 1.4306 austenite stainless steel has been prominently utilized as a material in the automotive and aerospace industry. Considerable interest has been garnered in the machinability of stainless steel owing to its high strength and poor thermal conductivity. The aim of this study is to ascertain the influential cutting parameters, specifically the cutting speed and feed rate, on cut-ting forces, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. Thus, austenite stainless steel was subjected to free-cutting using a carbide recessing tool under dry conditions. The principle of measuring cutting temperature, a complex procedure due to varying thermal homogeneity, was elucidated. For the turning experiments in question, the standard Taguchi orthogonal array L9 (32), featuring two factors and three levels, was employed. The experimental results were analyzed using MiniTab 17 software. The findings reveal a substantial effect of feed rate on cutting force, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. The highest cutting force and cutting temperature were observed at a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. Conversely, the cutting force was minimized at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, indicating potential for increasing the cutting speed. The augmentation of feed rate led to chip compression and discoloration, attributed to elevated cutting force and a larger chip cross-section that efficiently dissipates heat from the cutting zone.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF D3 DIE STEEL MATERIAL AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION

The removal of metal in the form of sludge can be termed an ECM process, having primary salient features consisting of the tool, workpiece, power supply and electrolyte solution. ECM is a potential nontraditional machining process that includes too many factors contributing to process performance. Therefore, obtaining optimal factor combinations for higher efficiency is complex. In this research work, machining parameters are voltage, powder concentration and electrolyte concentration, based on which material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) are derived. Regression analysis, signal-to-noise ratios and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are performed to determine the optimal levels and to examine the effects of machining parameters on MRR and SR. The results derived from the experiments noticed that the MRR decreases when the voltage level is increased and surface roughness decreases for the applied voltage. In case of an increase in powder concentration, MRR decreases from range 4 to 6 and further reduces to 6–8. In case of SR, it additionally decreases on the maximum level of powder concentration. In electrolyte concentration, the MRR decreases on the increment of electrolyte and increases after a short period of time; simultaneously SR is increased from range value 10–20 and decreased with a maximum level 20–30 of NaCl solution. A comparison of MOORA-PCA and TOPSIS-PCA demonstrates the superiority of TOPSIS over MOORA technique. Statistical results (95% confidence level) indicate that the voltage, powder concentration, and electrolyte concentration affect the surface roughness by 69.50%, 8.67% and 14.59% in the electrochemical machining of d3 die steel. Therefore, the optimum combination of process parameters corresponding to voltage: 45[Formula: see text]V, powder concentration: 4[Formula: see text]g/L, and electrolyte concentration: 10 NaCl/L, respectively, were found to yield the desired result. The prediction accuracy of the TOPSIS-PCA hybrid approach model is found better than MOORA-PCA technique.

Study of machining performance for electrochemical grinding of difficult-to-cut alloy U71Mn

PurposeThis study aims to apply an electrochemical grinding (ECG) technology to improve the material removal rate (MRR) under the premise of certain surface roughness in machining U71Mn alloy.Design/methodology/approachThe effects of machining parameters (electrolyte type, grinding wheel granularity, applied voltage, grinding wheel speed and machining time) on the MRR and surface roughness are investigated with experiments.FindingsThe experiment results show that an electroplated diamond grinding wheel of 46# and 15 Wt.% NaNO3 + 10 Wt.% NaCl electrolyte is more suitable to be applied in U71Mn ECG. And the MRR and surface roughness are affected by machining parameters such as applied voltage, grinding wheel speed and machining time. In addition, the maximum MRR of 0.194 g/min is obtained with the 15 Wt.% NaCl electrolyte, 17 V applied voltage, 1,500 rpm grinding wheel speed and 60 s machining time. The minimum surface roughness of Ra 0.312 µm is obtained by the 15 Wt.% NaNO3 + 10 Wt.% NaCl electrolyte, 13 V applied voltage, 2,000 rpm grinding wheel speed and 60 s machining time.Originality/valueUnder the electrolyte scouring effect, the products and the heat generated in the machining can be better discharged. ECG has the potential to improve MRR and reduce surface roughness in machining U71Mn.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2023-0341/

AISI D2 Soğuk İş Çeliğinin Delinmesinde Deneysel ve Sonlu Elemanlar Analizi Yoluyla Delik Kalitelerinin İyileştirilmesi ve İşleme Parametrelerinin Optimizasyonu

Increasing supply chain problems in recent years have a negative impact on costs in many areas. Due to the global crisis, raw material prices increased and the manufacturing sector was seriously affected. Production planning and material saving should be done correctly in order to minimize the losses in the manufacturing sector. The most efficient way to reduce production costs is to use suitable cutting tools and choose the right machining parameters. In this study, the drilling of AISI D2 steel, which is widely used in the mold industry, was examined and optimum machining parameters were determined. TiN coated drills are used for drilling operations. The effects of machining parameters on Surface Roughness (Ra) and Thrust Force (Fz) were investigated by Taguchi and ANOVA. Surface roughness and thrust force values during drilling were measured. Thrust force values were also analyzed numerically by the Finite Element (FE) method. Ra and Fz were also low at low feed rate and low cutting speeds. While the feed rate affected Ra the most, the Fz affected the cutting speed the most. The lowest Ra and Fz were at 30 mm/min feed rate and 25 m/min cutting speed. According to the ANOVA, it was determined that the machining parameters were effective on both Ra and Fz. R2 values for Ra and Fz are calculated over 95%.

INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROEROSION MACHINING PERFORMANCE OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS PRODUCED USING STIR AND INDIRECT SQUEEZE METHOD

In this study, metal matrix composite (MMC) materials were made with an aluminum matrix (AA7075 alloy) and reinforcement silicon carbide (SiC) elements using molten metal stir and indirect squeeze casting. SiC was used as a reinforcing element in the making of MMC material in different amounts (10%, 14%, and 18%) by mass. Electro Discharge Machining (EDM), cut depth (0.5 mm), three different pulse-on times, three different discharge current values, and a fixed pulse-off time (20 s) were used to machine MMC materials. The effects of machining parameters on machining time, average surface roughness, hole diameter, and material wear difference after machining were studied. As a result of the study, the composite material with 75 [Formula: see text]s pulse-on time, 6A current value, and 10% reinforcement element had the lowest machining time, the largest hole diameter, and the smoothest average surface. These machining parameters and materials also had the shortest machining time (5 min). Based on the signal-to-noise ratios, the best parameters for average surface roughness, hole diameter, Processing time, and material wear amount (MMC, discharge current value, and impact time) were found to be [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. Based on the ANOVA results, the [Formula: see text]2 values for the average surface roughness, hole diameter, machining time, and material wear loss value were 99.3%, 98.7%, 77.8%, and 97.3%, respectively.

A Study to Investigate the Influence of Machining Parameters on Delamination in the Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Jute-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: An Integrated Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimization to Minimize Delamination

In recent years, abrasive waterjet machining has emerged as a promising machining technique for the machining of composites because of its non-thermal nature. In the present study, the effect of machining parameters on the quality of machining has been studied and the process parameters have been optimized to machine jute-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The design of the experiment was used to predict the combination of the input parameters for L27 experiments. Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM) techniques were employed to analyze the experimental data and identify the optimum combination of process parameters to achieve as little delamination as possible. The results indicate that an increase in the values of the parameters traverse speed and abrasive mass flow rate leads to an increase in the damage obtained. However, an increase in the value of the parameter stand-off distance minimizes the damage produced. To achieve minimum delamination, the optimum combination of input parameters is obtained through Taguchi and RSM. For the present experimental condition, to achieve minimum delamination, the parameter traverse speed should be set at 20 mm/min, the stand-off distance should be 4 mm, and the abrasive flow rate should be set at 0.25 kg/min. The results confirm that the optimum combination of parameters obtained through both approaches is similar. This investigation results indicated a significant improvement in the cutting quality with reduced damage, achieved through the optimized process parameters. For the considered range of parameters, graphs are plotted such that any intermediate values can be anticipated within the considered range without performing any further experiments. The present work signifies the effect of fiber orientation on delamination.

Determination of the actual deflection of the cutting tool ın turning by the Castigliano theorem

The turning method is a widely utilized technique in machining. The effect of machining parameters on the machining quality in turning is quite high. A longer tool overhang reduces tool rigidity, leading to increased tool deflection and subsequently, a decrease in machining quality. The tool overhang should be as short as possible in order to reduce tool deflection and eliminate the negative effects of vibration. Another critical factor affecting machining quality, as much as the tool overhang length is the distance between the main cutting edge and the tool holder axis. In the turning process, the alteration of the main cutting-edge position significantly influences the amount of tool deflection. When the main cutting edge is positioned farther from the tool holder axis, it generates a greater torsional moment effect, which negatively impacts machining quality. However, although the main cutting edge position of the turning tool has a great effect on the machining quality, it has not been adequately explored in the existing literature.This study examines how deflection values vary concerning the deviation of the main cutting edge from the tool holder axis using various methods and compares the results. In contrast to the commonly used deviation equation, this research applies the Castigliano theorem, which provides results much closer to actual tool deflection values. The outcomes derived from the Castigliano theorem are then compared with finite element analysis (FEM) and experimental studies. The proposed theoretical approach aligns well with the experimental results, highlighting the significance of considering torsional moments alongside bending moments as they both play a substantial role in tool deflection.

Surface damage characteristics and identification based on acoustic emission in diamond point grinding carbon/carbon ceramic matrix composites

This study mainly investigated the effect of machining parameters on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics in grinding three-dimensional carbon/carbon ceramic matrix composites with superabrasive diamond grinding points. Signal processing techniques including fast Fourier transform (FFT) and short-time Fourier transform (SWFT) were applied to evaluate frequency features of AE signals. The RMS values were used as an indicator to detect grinding energy releasing characteristics. Results indicated that grinding speed and grinding depth were the main influencing factors on RMS values, while feed speed presented limited effects. The maximum undeformed chip thickness hmax and active grits number were two key factors affecting RMS variation of the AE signals, which corresponded to the intensity of single AE source and the number of total AE ones, respectively. The material removal mechanisms were studied via detailed SEM micrographs of machined surfaces, revealing that fiber fracture and debonding were the main material removal modes in point grinding carbon/carbon composites. The material removal mode can be possibly identified from the frequency of AE signal, as the band of 12–35 kHz mainly corresponded to fiber fracture, 35–70 kHz referred to debonding between the fiber and matrix, 70–90 kHz indicated the frictions, and the fourth band (90–120 kHz) was related to the matrix cracks.

Optimizing turning parameters for improved surface quality and productivity of Al-MMC under dry, wet, and MQL conditions

The machining of Aluminum-based Metal Matrix Composites (Al-MMCs) is challenging due to their inhomogeneity, anisotropic nature, and dynamic cutting forces. In this paper, the effect of machining parameters, including cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, on surface quality (Ra) and main (Normal) cutting forces (Fc) during turning of Al-MMCs under different cutting conditions (DRY, WET, and MQL) was investigated. Statistical analysis tools were used to analyze the experimental results, and ANOVA and RSM techniques were used to model the relationships between machining parameters and responses. The results showed that feed rate significantly affected both Ra and Fc for all machining conditions. The DRY machining mode was optimal for surface finish, and the MQL mode was effective in reducing cutting forces due to its cooling and lubrication properties. A feed rate of 0.03 mm rev−1 was found to be the most favourable for all cutting environments as it resulted in lower Ra and Fc values. Turning in the WET condition also produced lower Ra due to the effective flushing of chips and cleaning of the cutting zone. In contrast, turning in the MQL condition reduced cutting forces by 17% and 50% as compared with dry and Wet conditions respectively under optimal conditions. Similarly, surface roughness improves under dry conditions by 33% and 3% compared to Wet and MQL conditions.

Optimization of Machining Parameters for Mild Steel in Dry Turning Using Taguchi Method

In present days every manufacturing industry thrives hard to produce quality products at an economical price while fulfilling the requirements of both manufacturer and the customer who happens to the end user of the product. Machining of sophisticated parts has posed a greater challenge to manufacturer. Optimization techniques like Taguchi method has been introduced and widely applied in industries in order to achieve the desiredgoals. In this analysis, an attempt is made to study the effects of machining parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut in a turning operation of mild steel by employing one of the widely used Optimization techniques which is Taguchi Method. The main input machining parameters namely Speed, Feed and Depth of cut are taken Page 7 into consideration, while the output parameter Material Removal Rate (MRR) is considered as the response variable. Taguchi method is applied and signal-to-noise ratio is calculated using L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) with the help of Minitab software. Based on the graphs from the Minitab software optimum levels of machining parameters were obtained and maximization of material removal rate (MRR) is found out and the same is checked experimentally in a machining workshop Keywords: Optimization technique, Taguchi Method, Turning Operation, Material Removal Rate, Minitab software.

Multi-objective optimization for the machining performance during ultrasonic vibration-assisted helical grinding hole of thin-walled CF/BMI composite laminates

In this paper, a helical machining method using ultrasonic vibration in association with a hollow grinding wheel, was proposed for hole-making in carbon fiber/bismaleimide (CF/BMI) composite laminates. Comparative studies between ultrasonic vibration-assisted helical grinding (UVHG) and conventional helical grinding (CHG) were carried out. The effects of machining parameters on the output characteristics (cutting force, hole-wall surface roughness, and exit defect) were investigated. The findings indicated that the thrust force and circumferential resultant force of UVHG were reduced by 9.3–55.9% and 15.4–24.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the UVHG method had an effective impact on surface roughness reduction, and exit defect suppression. The machining parameter optimization model was developed with the objectives of enhancing efficiency while minimizing surface roughness and exit defects. NSGA-II was created to address the multi-objective optimization problem, and the optimal parameter solutions were obtained. Via confirmation tests, the predictions of the optimization model were validated as realistic. The significance of this study lies in the comparative analysis and multi-objective optimization with varied machining parameters, which emphasizes the advanced UVHG method using hollow grinding wheels in the thin-walled laminates hole-making process.

Understanding Machining Process Parameters and Optimization of High-Speed Turning of NiTi SMA Using Response Surface Method (RSM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA).

This study aimed to optimize machining parameters to obtain better surface roughness and remnant depth ratio values under dry turning of NiTi-shape memory alloy (SMA). During the turning experiments, various machining parameters were used, including three different cutting speeds vc (105, 144, and 200 m/min), three different feed rates f (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm/rev), and three different depths of cut ap (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mm). The effects of machining parameters in turning experiments were investigated on the response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD) using the Design Expert 11; how the cutting parameters affect the surface quality is discussed in detail. In this context, the cutting parameters were successfully optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). The optimized processing parameters are vc = 126 m/min, f = 0.11 mm/rev, ap = 0.14 mm, resulting in surface roughness and remnant depth ratio values of 0.489 μm and 64.13%, respectively.

Machinability of 3D printed peek reinforced with short carbon fiber

The new manufacturing technologies are advancing and developing rapidly, gradually causing some conventional processes used until now to become obsolete or relegated to second place. One of the challenges of emerging manufacturing processes is sustainability, decreasing raw materials and recycling used components. Additive manufacturing is among these new technologies, allowing the fabrication of complex geometries and the reduction of waste by producing parts close to their commissioning (i.e., net-shape or near-net-shape manufacturing) and the recycling of used components to develop raw material.One of the most widely used thermoplastic materials in manufacturing is polyether ether ketone (PEEK), mainly due to its good mechanical properties. The use of fibers as a means of reinforcement in polymeric materials has witnessed a significant surge in recent times to enhance mechanical properties. Recycling these fibers from other components after service life, giving a second life to these materials, would have a high impact in terms of sustainability. CFRPs have been widely used in different sectors in the last decades, providing a source of carbon fibers suitable for use as polymer reinforcement in additive manufacturing.Processing operations are often necessary to reach dimensional and joining (e.g., assembly) specifications. Despite its widespread use in the industry requiring certain postprocessing operations, just a few publications analyze the machinability of PEEK polymer. The addition of carbon fiber reinforcement influences the machinability of the polymer. This study uses orthogonal cutting tests to focus on the machinability of 3D printed PEEK with and without short carbon fiber reinforcement through orthogonal cutting tests.The additive process procedure is analyzed in terms of printing orientations. The effect of machining parameters (cutting speed and the depth of cut) on the force generation, the superficial damage, and the temperature reached in the samples are also analyzed and related with the addition of reinforcement.

Optimization of specific energy consumption in CNC turning of a hardened alloy steel roll at low cutting speeds

Purpose This study was conducted to analyze the effects of machining parameters on the specific energy consumption in the computerized numerical control lathe turning operation of a hardened alloy steel roll at low cutting speeds. The aim was to minimize its consumption. Design/methodology/approach The design matrix was based on three variable factors at three levels. Response surface methodology was used for the analysis of experimental results. Optimization was carried out by using the desirability function and genetic algorithm. A multiple regression model was used for relationship build-up. Findings According to desirability function, genetic algorithm and multiple regression analysis, optimal machining parameters were cutting speed 40 m/min, feed 0.2 mm/rev and depth of cut 0.50 mm, which resulted in minimal specific energy consumption of 0.78, 0.772 and 0.78 kJ/mm3, respectively. Correlation analysis and multiple regression model found a quadratic relationship between specific energy consumption with power consumption and material removal rate. Originality/value In the past, many researchers have developed mathematical models for specific energy consumption, but these models were developed at high cutting speed, and a majority of the models were based on the material removal rate as the independent variable. This research work developed a mathematical model based on the machining parameters as an independent variable at low cutting speeds, for a new type of large-sized hardened alloy steel roll. A multiple regression model was developed to build a quadratic relationship of specific energy consumption with power consumption and material removal rate. This work has a practical application in hot rolling industry.

Effect of Machine Parameters on Extraction Efficiency of Seed from Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) Pod

Effect of Machine Parameters on Extraction Efficiency of Seed from Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) Pod

Surface integrity and acoustic emission characteristics during slot milling 3D carbon/carbon composites using superabrasive diamond grinding point

This study mainly investigated the effect of machining parameters on surface morphology and defects in three-dimensional carbon/carbon ceramic matrix composites during slotting with superabrasive diamond grinding points. Specifically, it discussed the mechanisms of burr and uncut fiber formation based on the relationship between grinding and fiber directions. The experimental work was conducted under different spindle speeds and feed speeds, revealing that the poor machining surfaces and severe defects occurred at the minimum spindle speed (2000 rpm) with maximum feed speed (160 mm/min), and most uncut fiber defects occurred when the fiber cutting angle exceeded 90°. Acoustic emission (AE) signals were analyzed via signal processing techniques to capture the energy and frequency characteristics of slotting process under various machining parameters. Results indicated that spindle speed had a significant impact on the frequency band distribution of AE signals, while feed speed primarily influenced the stability of signal profiles. The material removal and tool wear mechanisms were examined through SEM micrographs of machined surfaces and grinding points, revealing that fiber debonding and fracture were the primary material removal mechanisms, and were highly dependent on the fiber cutting angle. Abrasive particles with relatively lower cutting velocity at the center of the grinding tool suffered severe damage/wear.