Effect Of Low Protein Diet Research Articles

Efficacy of the Essential Amino Acids and Keto-Analogues on the CKD progression rate in real practice in Russia - city nephrology registry data for outpatient clinic.

BackgroundRenal replacement therapy (RRT) is growing by 10 % per year in Russia, but pre-dialysis care which can retard CKD progression and delay the start of RRT remains limited. We evaluate the effect of Essential Amino Acids and Keto-analogues (EAA/KA) on CKD progression.MethodsThe effect of low protein diet (LPD), supplemented by EAA/KA, on GFR slope changes between first and second treatment period (five sequential visits per period) in 96 patients withs CKD Stage 3B-5 was compared to GFR slope changes in the control group of 96 patients, randomly selected from matched (by gender, age, diagnosis and CKD Stage) cohort of 320 patients from the city Registry. The mean baseline eGFR was 23 ± 9 ml/min/1.73 m2; 29 % had CKD3B, 45 % - CKD4, 26 % - CKD5.ResultsThe rate of eGFR decline changed from −2.71 ± 2.38 to −2.01 ± 2.26 ml/min/1.73 m2 per year in the treatment group and from −2.18 ± 2.01 to −2.04 ± 2.18 ml/min/1.73 m2 per year in the control group. Only in the treatment group the difference was significant (p = 0.04 and p = 0.6). Standardized effect size for intervention was significant in treatment group: −0.3 (of pooled SD), 95 % CI −0.58 ÷ −0.02 and non-significant in control group: −0.07 (−0.35 ÷ +0.22). The univariate and multivariate analysis of EAA/KA therapy effect demonstrated that it was probably more effective in patients of older age, with higher time-averaged proteinuria (PU), lower phosphate level, in patients with glomerular v. interstitial diseases, and in females. Only the latter factor was significant at pre-specified level (<0.05).ConclusionsLPD combined with EAA/KA supplementation lead to the decrease of the CKD progression both in well-designed clinical study and in real nephrology practice in wide variety diseases and settings. Registry data can be helpful to reveal patients with optimal chances for beneficial effect of LPD supplemented by EAA/KA.Trial registrationISRCTN28190556 06/05/2016.

Effect of low-protein diet, gender and age on the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens raised under hot-humid tropical condition

The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of feeding low-protein diet, gender, and age on the apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of broilers raised under hot-humid environmental condition. Broiler chicks (320) of either sex were fed on diets varying in crude protein (CP) levels (standard vs. low), and were assessed for apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA at 3 and 6 week of ages, respectively. Birds were fed on 2 diets, i.e starter (CP 22.2%; 16.2%) and finisher (19.5% and 13.5%) ad lib. from 1–42 days. Results showed that birds fed on low-CP diet significantly increased the apparent ileal digestibility of CP and all AA except for Lys, regardless of sex and age. Sex had no influence on the AID for CP and all AA except for Val and Cys, as measured in this study. At 42 d, a significant increase was found in the AID for CP, Ser, including other 7 essential amino acids (EAA), irrespective of sex and diet. In conclusion, feeding broilers with low-CP diets caused a higher AID for the CP and most of AA under tropical condition. Gender had no effect on the CP and AA digestibility, whereas birds’ age influenced the AID highly at 42 days that of 21days.

Fetuin-A decrease induced by a low-protein diet enhances vascular calcification in uremic rats with hyperphosphatemia.

Although dietary phosphate restriction is important for treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, it remains unclear whether a low-protein diet (LPD), which contains low phosphate, has beneficial effects on malnutrition, inflammation, and vascular calcification. The effects of LPD on inflammation, malnutrition, and vascular calcification were therefore assessed in rats. Rats were fed a normal diet or diets containing 0.3% adenine and low/normal protein and low/high phosphate. After 6 wk, serum and urinary biochemical parameters, systemic inflammation, and vascular calcification were examined. The protective effect of fetuin-A and albumin were assessed in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Rats fed the diet containing 0.3% adenine developed severe azotemia. LPD in rats fed high phosphate induced malnutrition (decreases in body weight, food intake, serum albumin and fetuin-A levels, and urinary creatinine excretion) and systemic inflammation (increases in serum tumor necrosis factor-α and urinary oxidative stress marker). LPD decreased the serum fetuin-A level and fetuin-A synthesis in the liver and increased serum calcium-phosphate precipitates. A high-phosphate diet increased aortic calcium content, which was enhanced by LPD. Reduced fetal calf serum in the medium of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells enhanced phosphate-induced formation of calcium-phosphate precipitates in the media and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells, both of which were prevented by fetuin-A administration. Our results suggest that phosphate restriction by restricting dietary protein promotes vascular calcification by lowering the systemic fetuin-A level and increasing serum calcium-phosphate precipitates and induces inflammation and malnutrition in uremic rats fed a high-phosphate diet.

Protein Malnutrition and Brain Development

Malnutrition is one of the major factors affecting brain development. In particular, protein malnutrition can result in abnormal development with behavioral consequences. Protein malnutrition reduces brain size, dendritic arborization and cell maturation. In addition, perinatal low protein diet produces changes on neurotransmitters and oxidative status of the brain. As a consequence, failure in normal development produces social and behavioral disabilities that persist during the adult life. The duration and point of onset of dietary restriction is important to comprehend the detrimental effects of low protein diet on brain function. Although during last decades a lot of effort has been done to understand the long lasting effects of perinatal malnutrition, several questions are still unsolved. The present review is focused on neuroanatomical, neurochemical and functional changes observed in rodent models of perinatal malnutrition as well as the future directions of the field.

Effect of Low-Protein Diets with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Egg Production, Blood Parameters and Nitrogen Balance in Laying Japanese Quails

A total of 120 Japanese quails were randomly distributed into six dietary groups to evaluate the effect of low-crude protein (CP) diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids on productive and reproductive performance, blood parameters and nitrogen (N) balance. Treatments consisted of six different diets: a control diet (20% CP), a low-CP (16%) diet supplemented with threonine (Thr), valine (Val) and tryptophan (Trp), three low-CP diets supplemented with individual Thr, Val or Trp, and a low-CP diet supplemented with all aforementioned amino acids. None of the growth traits examined were influenced either by dietary treatments or by egg production (P &gt; 0.05). The highest fertility percentages (88.2%) were observed in quails fed the low-CP diet without crystalline amino acids supplementation followed by low-CP diet supplemented with Val (86.2%), whereas the highest hatchability (from fertile eggs) percentage was observed in quails fed low-CP diet plus Trp. Egg shell percentages from quails fed the control diet were higher (P &lt; 0.05) compared to other dietary treatments during the whole feeding period. Yolk percentage was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with the low-CP diet supplemented with amino acids. Blood protein and ammonia levels were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by reducing the dietary CP level or by supplementing amino acids to the low-CP diet. Reducing the CP level in the diet with amino acids supplementation in laying quails decreased the daily N excretion (P &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that reducing the CP level in a diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids supports reproductive performance in quails, and is a valuable strategy for decreasing feeding cost and mitigating ammonia emission.

Effect of low protein diet with balanced amino acids with protease on performance and litter quality of commercial broiler

An experiment was carried out to evaluate nutritional interventions to minimize nitrogen excretion in broilers. Three dietary treatments with 42 birds each were subjected to standard protein diet (T1), low protein with balanced amino acids (T2) and low protein with balanced amino acids plus enzyme (T3). Production performance (body weight, feed efficiency and liveability) and litter quality was assessed on second, fourth and sixth week of age. No significant difference was noticed in body weight, liveability and feed efficiency between treatment and control groups. Statistical analysis also revealed that treatments with high protein (T1) had high pH, moisture and litter nitrogen value. The present study revealed that low protein diet with balanced amino acid profile plus protease supplementation can minimize nitrogen excretion in litter without affecting production performance of the bird and also a cost effective approach.

Effects of low protein diets on performance of pigs with a lean genotype between 40 and 115 kg liveweight

The aim of the work was to assess the effects of three dietary protein regimes on pig performance and nitrogen (N) excretion, in particular, whether performance can be maintained in lean, fast growing pigs when protein levels are reduced to limit N excretion. Entire male pigs of a lean genotype (Pietrain × Large White × Landrace), 192 in total in four batches, were grown from 40 to 115 kg in pens with four pigs per pen. The diets were: (i) a high-protein control regime; (ii) a low-protein regime in which protein was reduced by ~2 percentage units in each growth stage, but with levels of five essential amino acids the same as in the control (LP1); (iii) an even lower protein regime in which levels of essential amino acids were not maintained beyond 60 kg (LP2). The LP2 regime was designed to promote intramuscular fat deposition rather than efficient growth. Excretion of N was reduced by 17% and 19% in LP1 and LP2, respectively, compared with the control. Average daily gain was lower and feed conversion ratio higher in LP2 than the other regimes, as expected. The control and LP1, which differed in protein but not essential amino acid levels, produced broadly similar results for performance, but pigs in LP1 had poorer feed conversion than control pigs, which could be due to slightly greater fat deposition. The results show the difficulty in maintaining consistently high levels of performance in fast-growing, lean pigs when dietary protein levels are reduced.

Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with High Amino Acids (Methionine or Lysine) on Performance of Broilers

Aims: This study is to evaluate the effects of high level methionine or lysine supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low crude protein diets. Study Design: The experiment employed a complete randomized design; all data generated were subjected to analysis of variance. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria between April and July 2011. Methodology: One hundred and ninety two unsexed day old broiler chicks were used in a six-week feeding trial. For each study four experimental diets were formulated such that they contained methionine at four dietary levels of 0.0%, 0.35%, 0.45% and 0.55% while the other four set contained lysine at four dietary levels of 0.0%, 0.60%, 0.70% and 0.80% respectively. The crude protein (CP) levels of T1-T4 in methionine or lysine diets are 24.25%, 19.70%, 15.15% and 10.60%. Results: Results indicated that broilers fed diet 1 with normal protein level without methionine and lysine had higher (P<0.05) body weight gain compared with others. Feed conversion also had the same statistical trend. It was observed that level of crude protein, lysine and methionine significantly reduced feed intake of the broilers. It was reported that Original Research Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(5): 525-531, 2014 526 reduction of CP levels in the diets of the broilers with methionine or lysine supplementation did not give desirable result. This supplementation resulted in reduced feed intake, poor feed conversion and reduced body weight gain of the experimental broilers. Conclusion: The aim of the poultry farmer is to achieve optimum production with least inputs. From this study, it was concluded that reduction of crude protein content supplemented with lysine or methionine in broiler diets resulted in reduced feed intake and suboptimal body weight gain of the broilers.

Sex-specific effects of low protein diet on in utero programming of renal G-protein coupled receptors.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important risk factor for development of hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Maternal low protein (LP) intake during rat pregnancy leads to IUGR in male and female offspring, although females may be resistant to the development of effect. Current evidence suggests that changes in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in utero contribute to this programmed hypertension, via sex-specific mechanisms. The previously orphaned G-protein coupled receptor (GPR91) was identified as a central player in the development of hypertension in adult mice, through a RAS-dependent pathway. However, whether the GPR91 pathway contributes to fetal programming is unknown. Furthermore, the nature of involvement of downstream modulators of the RAS including Gqα/11α and GαS has not been investigated in IUGR-LP rats. Therefore, we postulated that renal GPR91, in conjunction with RAS, is differentially impacted in a sex-specific manner from LP-induced IUGR rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control (C, 20% protein) or LP (8% protein) diet until embryonic day 19 (E19) or postnatal d21. At E19, GPR91 protein and mRNA were increased in both male and female LP kidneys (P<0.05), whereas renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were only increased in males (P=0.06 and P<0.05, respectively). On d21, AT1R and Gqα/11α were increased in LP males, while in LP females, AT2R protein was elevated and renin expression was decreased (P<0.05). This study demonstrates that in IUGR-LP rats, up regulation of GPR91 in fetal kidney is mirrored by increased ACE and renin in males. These in utero alterations, when combined with postnatal increases in AT1R-Gqα/11α specifically in male offspring, may predispose to the development of hypertension.

Ренопротективные эффекты малобелковой диеты с применением кетоаналогов незаменимых аминокислот

В статье рассматривается роль малобелковой диеты и кетоаналогов незаменимых аминокислот у больных с нарушением функции почек. По результатам исследования закономерности формирования уровня моноцитарного хемоаттрактантного протеина (МСР-1), в зависимости от генеза гломерулярных повреждений и стадии хронической болезни почек, и его динамики под воздействием различных подходов в комплексном лечении сделан вывод, что назначение малобелковой диеты с включением Кетостерила необходимо уже на ранних стадиях заболевания с целью ренопротективного действия. Применение Кетостерила должно быть длительным и постоянным с целью увеличения додиализного периода и улучшения качества жизни больных с хронической болезнью почек.

Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype 2. Compositional traits measured with computed tomography (CT)

The effects on compositional changes across the growing-finishing period (40–115kg) of feeding pig diets with different protein and amino acid levels were investigated using CT scanning (at 60, 85 and 115kg live weight). Pigs of a lean commercial genotype were fed a commercial control regime (C), or a low protein regime with either high (LP1) or low (LP2) essential amino acid levels, all balanced for net energy. In vivo CT measurements agreed well with post-slaughter sample joint dissection results for carcass tissue weights/proportions, and CT-measured muscle density predicted intramuscular fat accurately. Pigs on C and LP1 regimes did not differ significantly in composition during growth. However, pigs on the LP2 regime had significantly more fat (in carcass, internal and intra-muscular depots) and less muscle, from 85kg onwards. Although fat levels differed depending on diet regime (LP2>others), proportions of fat in different body depots were unaffected.

Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype. 1. Carcass composition measured by dissection and muscle fatty acid composition

Pigs with a lean genotype were fed diets differing in protein and amino acid contents between 40 and 115kg live weight. A high protein control regime (C) was compared with one supplying 11% less total protein but the same essential amino acid levels (LP1) and one supplying 16% less protein but lower amino acid levels (LP2). Regime LP2 produced fatter pigs in terms of subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular fat (IMF), the latter measured in longissimus and semimembranosus muscles. The percentage of linoleic acid was lowest and that of oleic acid highest in IMF from LP2 pigs (11.57 and 34.59% respectively in longissimus). Pigs in regime LP1 had more longissimus IMF than C but similar semimembranosus IMF although both muscles had lower percentages of linoleic acid in LP1 than C, suggesting a tendency towards greater fat deposition in LP1. The high IMF content in LP2 produced the most tender, juicy steaks.

Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens

We investigated the effects of a low crude protein (CP) diet and a low CP diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids (EAA) on the meat quality of broiler chickens. Twenty-one-day-old chickens were assigned to one of three diets: control, low CP (LCP), or low CP supplemented with EAA (ELCP). The chickens received these diets for 10 days. The shear force value (SFV) and free glutamate content of the Pectoralis major muscle were measured as indicators of the meat toughness and taste. The collagen and crude fat content of the muscle and the cross-sectional area of myofibers were measured to evaluate the effects of the LCP and ELCP diets on meat toughness. The SFV of the ELCP group was 47% lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). However, the LCP diet did not affect the SFV. The collagen and crude fat content were not affected by the dietary treatment. The cross-sectional area was lower in the LCP and ELCP groups (P<0.05) than the control group. The free glutamate content of muscle was not affected by the dietary treatment. Thus, a low CP diet supplemented with EAA is an effective means of producing tender meat.

Effects of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission of barrows and gilts

The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission from barrows and gilts during the growing and finishing periods. For each period, three diets were formulated. A control diet (C) with 160 and 155 g crude protein (CP)/kg for the growing and finishing, respectively, a medium level diet (M) and a low level diet (L) with 10 and 20 g CP/kg less than the C, respectively. All the diets were supplemented with crystalline amino acids on an ideal protein basis. Barrows (90) and gilts (90) were sorted by bodyweight and sex and housed in three identical manually ventilated chambers. No significant effects of diet on pig performance were observed. In the finishing period, barrows were heavier (P &lt; 0.001) and had higher average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) and average daily feed intake (P &lt; 0.01) than gilts. Pigs fed the L diet had higher backfat thickness than those fed the other diets in the growing period (P &lt; 0.05). Backfat thickness was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in barrows than in gilts. Muscle depth decreased in pigs fed the L diet in the finishing period. Muscle depth was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by sex. Average ammonia emissions during the last 6 days were 117.7, 94.2 and 85.5 mg ammonia/kg pig.day for pigs fed the C, M and L diets, respectively. The results show that a reduction in dietary CP of 10 g/kg, accompanied by supplementation with crystalline amino acid reduced ammonia emission by 19.9% with no detrimental effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics, and a reduction of 20 g/kg reduced ammonia emission by 27.3% with no detrimental effects on growth performance but reduced muscle depth at slaughter.

Effects of low protein diets on lean genotype pigs – growth, feed/ N-intake and fat indicators

The EU nitrate directive and the increasing cost of protein sources are leading farmers to reduce the nitrogen content in livestock feed. UK pig production often employs high protein ration to ensure high growth rate and low fat deposition. The aim was to compare the performances of pigs of a lean genotype fed with a conventional (C) or 2 low protein (LP) diets, lysine supplemented (LP1) or not (LP2). 64 animals on each diet were reared from 40 to 115 kg and fed ad-libitum. Liveweights (LW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded and after slaughter backfat (P2 site) thickness was measured and samples of longissimus muscle were analysed for total fatty acids. Pen-based data were analysed examining diet and batch as main factors. There were no significant diet effects on FI. Pigs on LP2 had a lower average daily weight gain (ADG) and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than C or LP1 from 60 kg onwards. Between diet strategies there were no significant differences in backfat thickness, but body fat deposition was higher in the LP2 group, followed by the LP1, and C the lowest. Results confirm that the LP1 strategy allows growth performance similar to the C diet but with 11% higher intramuscular fat (IMF). Pigs on LP2 diet show an increased body fat and IMF, although subcutaneous fat thickness was little affected. LP1 results indicate that reduced nitrogen intake (C vs. LP1 by 11 to 15%) can be achieved without compromising the growth performance, however feed conversion is significantly poorer (−6%) compared to the C diet probably due to amino acids (AA) deficiencies.

Long term effects of low protein diet on depressive symptoms and quality of life in elderly Type 2 diabetic patients

The long term effects of a low protein diet (LPD) on depressive symptoms and the quality of life in elderly Type 2 diabetic are unclear. 38 elderly Type 2 diabetic patients with CRD (Stage 3 - 4) were enrolled in the study. After 4 weeks on a normal protein diet regimen (NPD) providing 1.0 g/kg per day, all participants were assigned for 30 months, randomly, to a LPD (0.7 g/kg per day), either 7 days a week (LPD 7/7) or 6 days a week (LPD 6/7). Mini mental state examination (MMSE), activities daily living (ADL), cumulative illness severity (CIRS-IS), geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) and short-form healthy survey (SF- 36) were evaluated every 3 months. Before the LPD regimen creatinine clearance (CrCl), MMSE, ADL, CIRS-IS, GDS-15 and SF-36 were similar in both LPD 7/7 and LPD 6/7 groups. After 30 months, the mean GDS- 15 increased significantly more in LPD 7/7 group than in LPD 6/7 group (p < 0.05). Both mean SF-36 MCS and SF-36 PCS were decreased significantly more in LPD 7/7 group than in LPD 6/7 group (p < 0.05). After 30 months, the decline in CrCl observed was similar in LPD 7/7 and LPD 6/7 groups (2.77 ± 0.3 and 2.84 ± 0.3 ml/min/year, respectively). In elderly Type 2 diabetic patients, long term effects of LPD 6/7 regimen in comparison to LPD 7/7 are associated with a similar decline in CrCl, but with decreased depressive symptoms and a better quality of life.

Effect of low protein diets and lysine supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs

The present study was to assess the effect of feeding low protein diet with or without supplemental lysine to meet NRC (1998) requirement on growth performance, carcass trait, meat composition, and meat quality of pigs. An experiment of 126 days was conducted on 21 crossbred Landrace pigs (average weight 11.72 ± 0.57 kg, average age 7.59 ± 0.14 weeks). Animals were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups T 0 , T 1 and T 2 each comprising 7 animals. A basal diet (T 0 ) was formulated as per NRC (1998). Basal diet (T 1 ) reduced crude protein by 10% with supplemental lysine identical in T 0 ; while without supplemental lysine in T 2 (that is, reduced protein by 10% and lysine by 15%). All the diets were iso-caloric and offered in phases according to change in body weight (10 to 20, 20 to 50, 50 to 80 and >80 kg). Growth performance, carcass parameters, meat composition and meat quality were evaluated at the end of the trial on four animals per group. The results show no significant difference on growth parameters and carcass and meat quality traits among the groups. Thus, it was concluded that the crude protein and lysine concentration can be reduced safely by 10 and 15%, respectively to that of NRC (1998) in diet of crossbred Landrace pigs without any compromise on performance during growing and fattening stage of production. Keywords: Carcass trait, low protein, lysine, meat quality, pigs

Effec Of Low Protein Diet On Chronic Renal Failure Due To Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

There are few reports about therapeutic effects of low protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure due to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), although the disease is common.The annual incidence rate for end-stage renal disease caused by ADPKD is around 6 per million.In this retrospective study in one center, ten chronic renal failure patients due to ADPKD with creatinine clearnce of 17.0±3.3 mL/min /1.73 m 2 and serum creatinine (Cr) level of 4.4±0.7 mg/dL were studied for 40 months after the introduction of severe low protein diet (SLPD) (0.48±0.03 g/kgBW/day) without supplementation of essential amino acids or keto-analogues. Dietary protein intake was estimated by urea appearance rate from 24hr urine sample according to Mitch-Maroni's formula. The results clearly showed that ▵1/Cr/month(×10 −3 ) was significantly suppressed from 5.8±0.9 to 2.0±0.6 following the introduction of SLPD ( p p

EXPERIMENT ON EFFECTS OF LOE-PROTEIN DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH α-KETOACIDS ON HYPERTROPHY OF DIABETIC GLOMERULUS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LEVEL OF CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P27

Low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids was reported to have renoprotective roles in diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting glomerular hypertrophy, however, the mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27 play an important role in hypertrophy of diabetic glomerulus, The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27 and the effect of low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids on hypertrophy of diabetic glomerulus in rats. STZ-induced diabetic rats were given low-protein diet(5□ protein in fodder, LPD group)or low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids(5□ protein in fodder including 1□ protein supplied by α-keto acids, LPD+α-KA group)or normal-protein diet(10□protein in fodder, NPD group)for 8 weeks□The p27 protein of glomerular lysate was detected with Western Blot. The extracellular matrix (ECM)protein(type IV collagen and fibronectin) of glomerular lysate and 24 h urine albumin were examined with ELISA□ Image analysis system was used to detect the diameter of each glomerulus. Glomerular p27 protein increased in diabetic rats no matter what kinds of diet were given, meanwhile,the 24h urine albumin, glomerular ECM,glomerular diameter elevated as well as the ratio of kidney weight over body weight in diabetic rats□Both low-protein diet and low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids could attenuate changes occurred in diabetic rats with normal-protein diet□Glomerular p27 level(8.6±2.3 vs 11.1±3.6,P〈0.01),24 h urine albumin(13.21±2.49)μg□24 h vs (18.13±3.23)μg□24 h,P〈0.01,glomerular diameter(652±73)μm2 vs (721±75)μm2,P〈0.05,and the ratio of kidney weight over body weight(11.02±1.72 vs 12.03±1.85,P〈0.05)were lower in LPD+α-KA group than LPD group. Solely glomerular p27 level was linearly related with the ratio of kidney weight over body weight in diabetic rats□The blood glucose and serum albumin remained constant in diabetic rats no matter what kinds of diet were given. In conclusion, Low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids can further inhibit glomerular hypertrophy,and may protect diabetic glomerulus through decrease of glomerular p27 level.

Effect of low-protein diets and single sex on production performance, plasma metabolites, digestibility, and nitrogen excretion in 1- to 48-day-old broilers

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of low-CP diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids, according to an ideal amino acid ratio, on the performance, plasma metabolites, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and water intake in male and female chickens from 1 to 48 d of age using a 4-phase feeding program: prestarter (1–7 d), starter (8–21 d), grower (22–35 d), and finisher (36–48 d). Three experimental diets were formulated for each phase: a control diet with a CP level of 24.5, 23.0, 21.5, and 20.5%, respectively, and medium- and low-CP diets containing 1.5 and 3% less than that of the control, respectively, but the same ME and digestible lysine levels. In experiment 1, in males, the reduction in dietary protein content by 3% increased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the starter, grower, and finisher phases, and plasma albumin levels were reduced (P < 0.05) during the prestarter, starter, and finisher phases. In females, the same effect on plasma album levels was observed (P < 0.05) only in the starter phase. Sex affected plasma albumin levels during the prestarter, starter, and finisher phases, being higher in females. In experiment 2, the reduction in dietary protein content linearly decreased water consumption in both sexes (P < 0.05). The reduction of dietary protein by 1.5 or 3% reduced nitrogen excretion to the environment by 9.5 and 17% in males and by 11.8 and 14.6% in females, respectively. In summary, the low-CP 4-phase feeding reduced water intake and nitrogen excretion with an adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio in males but not in females. So, single-sex rearing could be used to reduce the environmental impact of chicken farms.