Effect Of Lauric Acid Research Articles

Effect of Lauric acid against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress/apoptosis signalling and HNF4α in Wistar albino rats

Ethanol (EtOH) is most widely used in alcoholic beverages to prepare alcohol. As EtOH is mainly metabolised in the liver, the excessive consumption of EtOH forms a primary toxic metabolic product called acetaldehyde, as the gradual increase in acetaldehyde leads to liver injury, as reported. Lauric acid (LA) is rich in antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral properties. LA is an edible component highly present in coconut oil. However, no report on LA protective effects against the EtOH-instigated hepatotoxicity exists. Therefore, the experiment is carried out to investigate the potency effects of LA on EtOH-instigated hepatotoxicity in thirty male albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups (n-6): control DMSO alone, EtOH -intoxicated, EtOH + LA 180 mg/kg, EtOH + LA 360 mg/kg, and LA alone were administered orally using oral gavage. The study measured body weight every weekend in all rat groups. The rats were sacrificed and assessed for serum markers (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), histopathological, cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), protein expression (caspase 3 and caspase 8 and Bcl-2 and HNF4α) were evaluated after the 56-days study period. The impact of EtOH intoxication reduces the rat's body weight by 90 g, upregulates the liver enzyme markers, depletes the antioxidant levels, produces malondialdehyde, changes the histoarchitecture (periportal inflammation and hepatocyte damage), downregulates the Bcl-2 expressions and HNF4α, and elevates the expression of cytokines and apoptotic markers. LA alleviated EtOH-induced liver toxicity by significant (p < 0.05) modulation of biochemical levels, caspase-8/3 signalling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and restoring the normal histoarchitecture, upregulating the Bcl-2 and HNF4α Expressions. In conclusion, LA treatment can protect the liver against EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity, evidenced by alleviating Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, apoptosis, and upregulation of HNF4α.

Effect of lauric acid on the grain growth of CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3-La2O3 in different periods

CeO2-ZrO2 based nanomaterials (CZ), as an oxygen buffer and noble metal support, have been widely used in three-way catalysts of exhaust gas purification due to unique oxygen storage/release c apacity. Surfactants are often utilized to modify the properties of CZ during the preparation. In this paper, four kinds of CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3-La2O3 solid solutions were prepared by co-precipitation, and the effects of adding surfactant lauric acid at different stages of grain growth on the properties of the materials were analyzed by correlation characterization. The results show that the addition of lauric acid at the end of grain growth had no effect on the grain growth, but only modified the grain stacking mode, thus enhancing the thermal stability of CZ. However, the lauric acid added at the nucleation and growth stage of grain growth tends to selectively adsorb on the unstable (200) and (220) planes, forming an adsorption layer that inhibits the growth of the planes, which results in anisotropic growth of the (111) plane. Thus, more (200) and (220) planes are exposed, which contributes well to the formation of oxygen vacancies to the largest extent, especially in the nucleation stage. Consequently, the reduction temperature of the fresh sample was decreased by about 160 °C and 140 °C compared with no lauric acid and the addition of lauric acid at the end of grain growth, respectively, which exhibits excellent Pd-only three-way catalytic activity.

Effect of Lauric Acid on the Stability of Aβ42 Oligomers.

While Alzheimer’s disease is correlated with the presence of Aβ fibrils in patient brains, the more likely agents are their precursors, soluble oligomers that may form pores or otherwise distort cell membranes. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, we study how the presence of fatty acids such as lauric acid changes the stability of pore-forming oligomers built from three-stranded Aβ42 chains. Such a change would alter the distribution of amyloids in the fatty acid-rich brain environment and therefore could explain the lower polymorphism observed in Aβ fibrils derived from brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. We find that lauric acid stabilizes both ring-like and barrel-shaped models, with the effect being stronger for barrel-like models than for ring-like oligomers.

Effect of Lauric Acid on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/Starch Composite Biofilms

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer of natural origin, one of the suitable alternatives for synthetic plastics. However, pure PHB has a high production cost, is relatively brittle, and has poor processability, hence its limited application. Combining PHB with biomass fillers and plasticizers can significantly improve the properties of the polymer, leading to its commercial usage. In this study, PHB was incorporated with starch (S) as a cheap biomass filler and lauric acid (LA) as a potential plasticizer. The PHB/S/LA composites were prepared using a modified solvent casting method with the incremental addition of LA. The PHB/S ratio was maintained at a ratio of 80/20 (w/w). Physicochemical characterization via EDS, XRD, and FTIR proved that the composite components have blended through nucleation and plasticization processes. The morphology of the PHB/S blends was found to be a heterogeneous matrix, with decreased inhomogeneity upon the addition of LA in the composite. Thermal characterization done by TGA and DSC showed that the thermal properties of PHB/S films improved with the addition of LA. Mechanical tests (UTM) proved that the elastic strain of the films also increased with the addition of LA, although the tensile strength decreased slightly compared to pure PHB/S. Overall, the results of this study provide baseline information on the improvement of PHB-based bioplastics.

Stability of Aβ-fibril fragments in the presence of fatty acids.

We consider the effect of lauric acid on the stability of various fibril-like assemblies of Aβ peptides. For this purpose, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of these assemblies either in complex with lauric acid or without presence of the ligand. While we do not observe a stabilizing effect on Aβ40 -fibrils, we find that addition of lauric acid strengthens the stability of fibrils built from the triple-stranded S-shaped Aβ42 -peptides considered to be more toxic. Or results may help to understand how the specifics of the brain-environment modulate amyloid formation and propagation.

Analysis of gut microbiota and the effect of lauric acid against necrotic enteritis in Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria side-by-side challenge model.

Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be involved in intestinal nutrition, defense, and immunity, as well as participating in disease progression. This study was to investigate gut microbiota changes in chickens challenged with netB-positive Clostridium perfringens strain (CP1) and/or the predisposing Eimeria species (Eimeria) and fed diets with fishmeal supplementation. In addition, the effects of lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), on necrotic enteritis (NE) reduction and modulation of microbiota were evaluated. The results demonstrated that microbial communities in the jejunum were distinct from those in the cecum, and the microbial community change was more significant in jejunum. Challenge of CP1 in conjunction with Eimeria significantly reduced species diversity in jejunal microbiota, but cecal microbiota remained stable. In the jejunum, CP1 challenge increased the abundance of the genera of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia Shigella, and Weissella, but significantly decreased the population of Lactobacillus. Eimeria infection on its own was unable to promote NE, demonstrating decrements of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lactobacillus. Co-infection with CP1 and Eimeria reproduced the majority of NE lesions with significant increment of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and reduction in Lactobacillus. The advance of changes on these two taxa increased the severity of NE lesions. Further analyses of metagenomeSeq, STAMP, and LEfSe consistently showed significant overgrowth of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was associated with NE. The supplementation of lauric acid did not reduce NE incidence and severity but decreased the relative abundance of Escherichia Shigella. In conclusion, significant overgrowth of C. perfringens as well as other Clostridium species in Clostridium sensu stricto 1 with the decrement of Lactobacillus in the jejunum is the featured microbiota correlated with NE. Controlling proliferation of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and manipulation of Lactobacillus in the jejunum should be the strategy to prevent NE.

Influence of lauric acid on the susceptibility of chickens to an experimental Campylobacter jejuni colonisation.

Among the organic acids, lauric acid has shown a high level of in vitro activity against Campylobacter jejuni. The prevalence and intensity of C. jejuni excretion at slaughter often becomes lower with increasing age. In higher-aged broilers on organic farms which often use other breeds, in turn, the prevalence of C. jejuni is sometimes higher at slaughter. The question then arises as to whether a diet with higher lauric acid concentrations, the age alone or the genetic breed might have an effect in the spread and intensity of an experimental C. jejuni infection in vivo. Therefore, two complete diets with or without 2% lauric acid from palm kernel fatty acids were offered to 450 chickens (ten subgroups à 15 birds, repetitions: n = 3) of two broiler and two layer breeds (Ross 308, Hubbard JA 757, Lohmann Dual and Lohmann Brown-Classic). All breeds were reared for 42 days, Lohmann Brown-Classic also for about 98 days. Twenty-one days before dissection, three seeder birds per subgroup were orally infected with a 1 mL inoculum of C. jejuni (4.46±0.35 log10 CFU/mL). Qualitative detection of C. jejuni in cloacal swabs was performed at days 2, 4, 7, 14 after inoculation and at dissection in all birds. Quantitative detection was performed on excreta samples of seeder birds at days 2, 11 and 17 after experimental challenge and on caecal samples of all birds at dissection. Two days after experimental inoculation, C. jejuni prevalence was higher in control birds without lauric acid supplementation (48.9% vs. 39.6%; P = 0.0462). Depending on age, two days after inoculation the C. jejuni prevalence in young Lohmann Brown-Classic chickens was significantly lower (37.8% vs. 61.1%) whereas at dissection it was higher (99% vs. 67%). At day 2 after inoculation C. jejuni counts in the excreta of young Lohmann Brown-Classic were lower in comparison to those in old ones (log10 CFU/g: 3.30±2.68 vs. 5.24±1.56). Eleven (log10 CFU/g: 5.14±1.13 vs. 4.16±0.82) and 17 days after inoculatioin (log10 CFU/g: 3.77±2.02 vs. 1.72±1.87) it was the reverse situation. At dissection, the carriage of C. jejuni in caecal content was higher in younger than in older birds (log10 CFU/g: 8.57±0.46 vs. 6.66±1.43). An effect of genetic breed on C. jejuni prevalence was seen at dissection, this being lowest in Lohmann Dual chickens (91% vs. 98.9% in other breeds). At d 17 after challenge, C. jejuni counts in the excreta of young Lohmann Brown-Classic were lower in comparison to Ross 308 and Hubbard JA 757 (log10 CFU/g: 3.77±2.02 vs. 5.21±0.85 and 5.62±0.90). Lohmann Dual chickens showed an intermediary excretion, this being only significant lower compared to Hubbard JA 757 (log10 CFU/g: 4.31±0.89). In summary, the effect of lauric acid is limited to the initial phase after experimental inoculation. A higher age at infection seems to lead to a more rapid limitation of the infection. The excretion of C. jejuni appears to decrease more rapidly in layer breeds than in broiler lines after experimental inoculation.

Lipase catalyzed epoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters derived from unsaturated vegetable oils in absence of carboxylic acid

Nowadays the industrial chemistry reactions rely on green technologies. Enzymes as lipases are increasing its use in diverse chemical processes. Epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters obtained from transesterification of vegetable oils have recently found applications as polymer plasticizer, agrochemical, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food additives. In this research article, grapeseed, avocado and olive oils naturally containing high percents of mono and poly unsaturations were used as starting materials for the production of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The effect of lauric acid as an active oxygen carrier was studied on epoxidation reactions where unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were converted to epoxy fatty acid methyl esters using immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase type B as catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor at mild temperature and pressure conditions. After this study it was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC–MS that the addition of lauric acid to the enzymatic reaction is unnecessary to transform the alkenes in to epoxides. It was found that quantitative conversions were possible in despite of a carboxylic acid absence.

Toxicological Effect of Lauric Acid Based Insecticide on the Reproduction System, Growth Development and Feeding Activity of Aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover

The toxicological effect of lauric acid based insecticide was investigated in terms of mode of action on aphids target system. Treated leaves were sprayed with different insecticides, which were lauric acid, cinnamaldehyde and malathion at 50µg/ml concentration to compare the effect of the pesticides on reproduction, growth development and feeding activity of aphids. The total number of new born nymphs produced and the relative development stage of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments compared to untreated leaves. Number of new born nymphs treated using lauric acid based pesticide was 6.0 ± 1.41 nymphs/day and the growth development rate at second day post treatment was rDS=1.07 ± 0.10. This data showed no significant difference with the data obtained when cinnamaldehyde and malathion were used as positive controls but the results were significantly different from the results obtained using untreated leaves (22.5 ± 3.54 nymphs/day, rDS=1.82 ± 0.02). Lauric acid was also shown to reduce the feeding activity of aphids. The study demonstrated that lauric acid was toxic to aphids. It has the ability to slow down the reproduction system, reduce growth development rate and decrease feeding activity of aphids ( Aphis gosyypii Glover).

The Properties of Lauric Acid and Their Significance in Coconut Oil

AbstractThe primary fatty acid of coconut oil is lauric acid, which is present at approximately 45–53 %. The metabolic and physiological properties of lauric acid account for many of the properties of coconut oil. Coconut oil is rapidly metabolized because it is easily absorbed and lauric acid is easily transported. Detailed studies have shown that the majority of ingested lauric acid is transported directly to the liver where it is directly converted to energy and other metabolites rather than being stored as fat. Such metabolites include ketone bodies, which can be used by extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain and heart, as an immediate form of energy. Studies on the effect of lauric acid on serum cholesterol are contradictory. Among saturated fatty acids, lauric acid has been shown to contribute the least to fat accumulation. Lauric acid and monolaurin have demonstrably significant antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria and a number of fungi and viruses. Today there are many commercial products that use lauric acid and monolaurin as antimicrobial agents. Because of the significant differences in the properties of lauric acid relative to longer chain fatty acids, they are typically differentiated as medium‐chain fatty acids covering C6–C12, and long‐chain fatty acids covering C14 and longer.

Effect of lauric acid on the V-amylose complex distribution and properties of swelled normal cornstarch granules

Starch–fatty acid complexes were prepared using swelled normal cornstarch (NC) and lauric acid (LA). Two different modes of adding LA to the starch slurry were employed; i.e. either adding the LA to the heated starch suspension (method I) or adding the LA to the starch suspension and then heating (method II). Effects of the modes of adding LA on the V-amylose complex distribution and digestibility were studied. Lipid content determination indicated that method I is favorable to the formation of V-amylose complex. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopic examination indicated that NC–LA complex prepared by method I seemed to be more swollen, and the V-amylose complex distributed throughout the granules, while NC–LA complex prepared by method II was mainly distributed on the surface of starch granules. The results of X-ray diffraction and thermal property demonstrated that method I was more beneficial to the formation of more crystalline structure than that of method II. The in vitro digestibility investigation showed that the addition of LA through method I had the ability of slowing the hydrolysis of starch.

High power performance of nano-LiFePO 4/C cathode material synthesized via lauric acid-assisted solid-state reaction

A nano-LiFePO 4/C composite has been directly synthesized from micrometer-sized Li 2CO 3, NH 4H 2PO 4, and FeC 2O 4·2H 2O by the lauric acid-assisted solid-state reaction method. The SEM and TEM observations demonstrate that the synthesized nano-LiFePO 4/C composite has well-dispersed particles with a size of about 100–200 nm and an in situ carbon layer with thickness of about 2 nm. The prepared nano-LiFePO 4/C composite has superior rate capability, delivering a discharge capacity of 141.2 mAh g −1 at 5 °C, 130.9 mAh g −1 at 10 C, 121.7 mAh g −1 at 20 °C, and 112.4 mAh g −1 at 30 °C. At −20 °C, this cathode material still exhibits good rate capability with a discharge capacity of 91.9 mAh g −1 at 1 °C. The nano-LiFePO 4/C composite also shows excellent cycling ability with good capacity retention, up to 100 cycles at a high current density of 30 °C. Furthermore, the effect of lauric acid in the preparation of nano-LiFePO 4/C composite was investigated by comparing it with that of citric acid. The SEM images reveal that the morphology of the LiFePO 4/C composite transformed from the porous structure to fine particles as the molar ratio of lauric acid/citric acid increased.

Effect of additives on isothermal crystallization kinetics and physical characteristics of coconut oil

The effect of lauric acid and low-HLB sucrose esters (L-195, S170) on the isothermal crystallization of coconut oil was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The fundamental crystallization parameters, such as induction time of nucleation and crystallization rate, were obtained by using the Gompertz equation. The Gibb's free energy of nucleation was calculated via the Fisher-Turnbull equation based on the equilibrium melting temperature. All additives, investigated in this work, proved to have an inhibition effect on nucleation and crystallization kinetics of coconut oil. Our results revealed that the inhibition effect is related to the dissimilarity of the molecular characteristics between coconut oil and the additives. The equilibrium melting temperature (T(m) degrees ) of the coconut oil-additive mixtures estimated by the Hoffman-Weeks method was decreased with the addition of lauric acid and increased by using sucrose esters as additives. Micrographs showing simultaneous crystallization of coconut oil and lauric acid indicated that strong molecular interaction led to the increase in lamellar thickness resulting in the T(m) degrees depression of coconut oil. The addition of L-195 modified the crystal morphology of coconut oil into large, dense, non-porous crystals without altering the polymorphic occurrence of coconut oil. The enhancement in lamellar thickness and crystal perfection supported the T(m) degrees elevation of coconut oil.

Effectiveness of fatty acids and their monoglycerides against gram‐negative pathogens

SummaryThe effectiveness of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids and their monoglycerides against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella sp. A total of 20 ppm of myristic and palmitic acids and their monolgycerides showed a promising bioactivity (60–80%) against E. coli O157:H7 within 10–24 h; 50 ppm of monolaurin inhibited Y. enterocolitica and E. coli O157:H7 by &gt;90% of control for 96 h; otherwise, 40 ppm of monolaurin and 30–50 ppm of lauric acid reduced Y. enterocolitica growth by &gt;65% of control. The effect of lauric acid and its monoglyceride against Salmonella spp. was moderate (inhibition of approximately 30%). The results of this paper suggested some interesting ideas: the same compound could exert an inhibition or a stimulation of microbial growth; moreover, the studied compounds seemed to act in a reversible manner, as the inhibition of micro‐organism was quite strong within the first 10–24 h and decreased for a prolonged incubation.

Effects of Fatty Acids on Growth and Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Production in Bacteria

The effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (lauric acid, palmitic acid, steric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, soybean oil) on Sphaerotilus natans, 0B17 (Pseudomonas sp.), and recombinant Escherichia coli DH5(/pUC19/CAB were studied. Oleic acid enhances Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production in these three bacterial strains, suggesting that the single double bond of the acid activates the polyhydroxylkanoate accumulation enzymatic reaction. Under the effect of lauric acid and linoleic acid, the growth of S. natans and 0B17 were totally inhibited. However, the enhanced PHB accumulation in recombinant E. coli was observed.

Ion Pair Formation as a Possible Mechanism for the Enhancement Effect of Lauric Acid on the Transdermal Permeation of Ondansetron

Transdermal application can be an alternative drug delivery route for ondansetron, an antiemetic drug. Previous studies found that fatty acids, namely oleic and lauric, were the most effective penetration enhancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the formation of an ion pair between ondansetron and lauric acid as a possible mechanism of its enhancing action. Several techniques were used to reveal the formation of an ion pair complex. Partitioning experiments, where the n‐octanol/water coefficient was measured, showed an increase in the distribution coefficient in the presence of the acid, possibly as a result of the formation of more lipophilic ion pairs between the charged molecules of ondansetron and lauric acid. Further evidence of complex formation between ondansetron and lauric acid, was gained from the 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) spectra of ondansetron, lauric acid, and their mixture (molar ratio 1:1). The NMR spectra revealed alterations to the magnetic environment of the carbon atoms adjacent to the ionized group, which are the carbonyl group of the acid and the nitrogen of the imidazole ring of ondansetron. This evidence substantiates the theory of ion pair formation. Finally, thermal analysis of the binary mixtures of ondansetron and lauric acid revealed the formation of an additional compound, with different melting point from pure ondansetron and lauric acid, which is thermodynamically favored.

Effect of lauric acid and nisin-impregnated soy-based films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna

Research in development of antimicrobial packaging applications for further processed meats has become more common with recent outbreaks of contamination of these products. In this present study, lauric acid (8%, wt/wt) and 2.5% pure nisin (4%, wt/wt) were incorporated singly and together into thermally compacted soy films. Biocide-impregnated films were compared to control films containing no biocide for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in liquid medium and on turkey bologna surface. L. monocytogenes suspended in 1% peptone medium exposed to control films increased from 106 to 10(9) after 48 h exposure at 22 C. Films with nisin alone suppressed cell numbers 1 log cfu/mL after 2 h but cell numbers increased to 10(8) after 24 and 48 h at 22 C. Films containing lauric acid and nisin completely eliminated detectable cells from a 10(6) culture after 8 h of exposure to the liquid medium (22 C). Refrigerated bologna exposed to control films increased by 0.5 log from 10(6) after 21 d at 4 C. Nisin films reduced cell numbers on turkey bologna from 10(6) to 10(5) after 21 d, as did films containing nisin and lauric acid. Films with lauric acid alone reduced L. monocytogenes culture from 10(6) to < 102 after 48 h and by 1 log on turkey bologna after 21 d.

Effect of the lipid hydrolysis products on the phospholipase A 2 action towards lipid monolayer

The effect of lauric acid (LA) and lysolauroyllecithin (LLL) on the hydrolysis of lipid in monolayer by phospholipase A 2 from Bee venom was studied. It was found that LLL inhibits phospholipase action under both high (39 mN/m) and low (25 mN/m) surface pressure. On the other hand, LA inhibits phospholipase action under the low surface pressure (15 mN/m or 25 mN/m), but increases enzyme activity under high surface pressure (39 mN/m). This activating effect can be suppressed by high ionic strength of the aqueous subphase. It is suggested that an increase of the negative surface charge of the lipid monolayer, followed by an increase of the local concentrations of the positively charged enzyme and calcium near the monolayer is a coupling factor between fatty acid accumulation and phospholipase activation. Such an autocatalytic process can only occur when the substrate is organised into monolayer, bilayer or micelles, therefore it can be considered as a reason for the substrate activation and induction time before lipid hydrolysis.

Effect of Exogenous Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Individual Fatty Acid Synthesis by Dispersed Ruminant Mammary Gland Cells

We investigated the effect of exogenously added fatty acids on de novo synthesis of individual fatty acids and their incorporation into triacylglycerols by dispersed lactating ruminant mammary gland epithelial cells. Palmitate addition strongly stimulated synthesis and incorporation of butyrate and, to a smaller extent, palmitate synthesis and incorporation. Oleic acid strongly inhibited synthesis of all fatty acids except butyrate, whereas the effect of lauric acid was nearly neutral. Free fatty acid depletion of the mammary gland cells potentiated the effect of palmitate and made oleate less inhibitory.