Effects Of Key Design Parameters Research Articles

Efficient Sensitivity Analysis for Enhanced Heat Transfer Performance of Heat Sink with Swirl Flow Structure under One-Side Heating

Excellent heat transfer performance has increasingly become a key issue that needs to be solved urgently in the development process of large-scale fusion equipment. The study of heat transfer performance improvement to scientifically and reasonably determine the design parameters of the high heat flow (HHF) components of fusion reactors based on the efficient in-depth analysis of the heat transfer mechanism and its sensitive factors is of great significance. In this paper, a liquid-vapor two-phase flow model with subcooled boiling for a large length-diameter ratio swirl tube structure in the HHF calorimeter component is proposed to analyze the effects of key design parameters (such as inlet temperature of cooling water flow, swirl tube structure parameters, etc.) on its heat transfer performance. Then, considering the high computational cost of the liquid-vapor two-phase flow model, and in order to improve the efficiency of the sensitivity analysis of these design parameters, the polynomial response surface surrogate model of heat transfer performance function was constructed based on Latin hypercube sampling. On this basis, by combining the proposed surrogate model, the sensitivity index of each design parameter could be obtained efficiently using the Sobol global sensitivity analysis method. This method could greatly improve the calculation efficiency of the design parameter sensitivity analysis of HHF components in the fusion reactor, which provides vital guidance for the subsequent rapid design optimization of related components.

Влияние относительного продольного и поперечного шага на характеристики потока шахматного пучка каплевидных труб

The present work has been conducted to clarify flow behavior across staggered drop-shaped tubes bundle at various longitudinal and transversal pitch ratios (the tubes bundle configures in 18 cases). The investigation covers the effects of key design parameters of Reynolds numbers Re = (1,78–18,72)  103, longitudinal pitch ratios (PL = 1,44, 1,54, 1,64, 1,74, 1,84 and 2.04) and transversal pitch ratios (PT =1,24, 1,44, 1,64 and 1,82). ANSYS Fluent software package is used to predict the flow pattern around tubes. The results of this study showed that at a constant longitudinal pitch ratio, the minimum friction factor varies with the Reynolds number and transversal pitch ratio. As the Re increases, the friction factor decreases. The minimum values of the friction factor were achieved for (PL = 1,24 and PT = 1,44) at Re = 1,78  103, and (PT = PL = 1,64) at Re > 1,78  103. Correlation of the friction factor for the studied models were presented.

Effect of key design parameters on high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures

• Four key design parameters were selected to study their effect on the high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. • The uniaxial penetration shear test was applied to analyze the variation of high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. • The multi-way (one way and two-way) ANOVA was adopted to understand the role of factors on the high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. Rutting is one of the main distresses for asphalt pavements and it has adverse effect on service life. It is associated with the high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. The paper attempts to investigate the effect of key design parameters on high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. Initially, the factors consisting of air void ratio, compaction effort, maximum nominal particle size and asphalt binder grade were selected and then the uniaxial penetration shear test was applied to analyze the variation of high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. Accordingly, the maximum penetration load and the shear strength were used as evaluating indicators. Eventually, the multi-way (one way and two-way) ANOVA was adopted to understand the role of factors on the high temperature performance. The results indicate that the high temperature performance increases an average of 30 % when compaction effort and maximum nominal particle size rise. In contrast, the raise of asphalt grade and air void ratio decrease of 10 %∼30 % of high temperature performance. At the same time, the increase of compaction effort improves the high temperature performance about 20 %∼50 % at two variables condition. In one-way ANOVA, there is no statistically significant difference in the maximum penetration load when changing the air void ratio levels. The compaction effort, maximum nominal particle size, asphalt binder grade significantly influence the change of maximum penetration load. In terms of two-way ANOVA, any combined two factors significantly affect the high temperature results. This provides some guidance for design of asphalt mixtures to elevate high temperature performance.

Techno-economic assessment of integrated spectral-beam-splitting photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems

Promising solar-based combined heating and power (CHP) systems are attracting increasing attention thanks to the favourable characteristics and flexible operation. For the first time, this study explores the potential of integrating a novel spectral-beam-splitting (SBS), hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technologies to maximise solar energy utilisation for electricity generation, while also providing hot water/space heating to buildings. In the proposed collector design, a parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) directs light to a SBS filter. The filter reflects long wavelengths to an evacuated tube absorber (ETA), which is thermally decoupled from the cells in the PVT tube, subsequently enabling a high-temperature fluid stream to be provided by the ETA to an ORC sub-system for secondary power generation. The SBS filter’s optical properties are a key determinant of the system’s performance, with maximum electricity generation attained when the filter transmits wavelengths between 485 and 860 nm onto the PVT tube, while the light outside this range is reflected onto the ETA. The effect of key design parameters and system capacity on techno-economic performance is investigated, considering Spain (Sevilla), the UK (London) and Oman (Muscat) as locations to capture climate and economic impacts. When operated for maximum electricity generation, the combined system achieves a ratio of heat to power of ∼1.3, which is comparable to conventional CHP systems. Of the total incident solar energy, 24% and 31% is respectively converted to useful electricity and heat, with 54% of the electricity being generated by the PV cells. In Spain, the UK and Oman, respective electricity generation of 1.8, 0.9 and 2.1 kWhel/day per m2 of PTC area is achieved. Energy prices are found to be pivotal for ensuring viable payback times, with attractive payback times as low as 4–5 years obtained in the case of Spain at system capacities over 2.7kWel. Integrating the ORC sub-system with the concentrating SBS-PVT collector design reduced the levelised cost of electricity (LCOEel). A LCOEel of 0.10 £/kWh is attained in Spain at an electrical capacity of only 4 kWel, demonstrating the significant potential of exploiting the proposed systems in practical applications, as highly competitive with established combustion-based CHP systems.

SMA-based self-centering eccentrically braced frame with vertical link member

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation on a self-centering eccentrically braced frame (SEBF) with a vertical link member consisting of inner and outer link components. These components are respectively bolted to floor beam and Chevron braces using shape memory alloy bolts, which provide self-centering driving forces. When a lateral load is applied, the inner link component freely slides inside the outer one to shorten the length of the vertical link member to prevent additional forces and deformations in the floor beam and braces. The seismic input energy is dissipated through the superelastic deformations of the shape memory alloy bolts and the friction between the link components. To prove the efficiency of the proposed self-centering system, a comprehensive finite element analysis is carried out using Abaqus software. In this regard, first, the numerical modeling results are validated using the existing experimental studies in the literature. Then, the effect of key design parameters on the cyclic behavior of the proposed SEBF is investigated. The proposed self-centering system demonstrated stable hysteresis behavior with almost no residual drifts. The proposed system also offered moderate energy dissipation with equivalent viscous damping of up to 15%.

Performance analysis of auxiliary entrainment ejector used in multi-evaporator refrigeration system

• Effect of diffuser angle on auxuiliary ejector performance is identified. • Effect of diffuser angle on auxiliary inlet position, angle and, ER is investigated. • An optimal parameters (θ = 4°, LR = 1.9, and γ = 45°) of the new-type ejector exists. • An optimal operating scheme exists under different evaporating temperatures. In this paper, a numerical method is used to maximize the performance of an auxiliary entrainment ejector used in multi-evaporator refrigeration system developed for refrigerated trucks in tropical and humid climates. The Computational Fluid Dynamics model based on the previous study is developed to discuss the effects of key design parameters of an auxiliary entrainment ejector. The simulation model is validated against experimental data of an R134a test rig. The numerical models agree fairly well with the experiments. In order to maximize the efficiency of the auxiliary inlet, the diffuser angle is considered critically. The influence of diffuser angle on the optimal position and angle of the auxiliary inlet is then discussed. As well, the effect of secondary flow and auxiliary flow at varying temperatures on the efficiency of auxiliary entrainment ejector is analyzed. The main results are given as follows: (1) optimal auxiliary inlet position as well as angle and entrainment ratio depend on diffuser angle, and optimum parameters combination (length ratio of 1.9, inlet angle of 45°, and diffuser angle of 4°) of the new-type ejector exists; (2) with the secondary flow working temperature of −10 °C, the entrainment ratio reaches its maximum value of 0.658, and the corresponding entrainment ratio at secondary inlet is 2.60; (3) the auxiliary entrainment ejector can only function if the auxiliary flow working temperature is between −30 °C to −22 °C; (4) it is best to connect the secondary inlet to the medium temperature evaporator, with the auxiliary inlet to the low temperature evaporator, when using the secondary and auxiliary inlet connections to separate evaporators with varied operating temperatures.

Design of spatial variability in thermal energy storage modules for enhanced power density

Peak load shifting requires strategies to efficiently and cost effectively absorb and discharge various forms of energy, including thermal energy. The energy storage rate of a thermal energy storage (TES) module containing phase change materials (PCMs) depends on the module geometry and dimensions, the internal distribution and orientation of PCMs and thermally conductive elements, the thermophysical properties of the materials composing the module, the characteristics of the heat transfer fluid responsible for transporting heat to the module, and the rate of conjugate heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid and the internal TES volume. Due to the complex interactions between design variables in such a system, routes for efficient optimal design of a TES module remain unresolved. To overcome these challenges, we implement and validate a reduced-order dynamic model of a metal-PCM composite TES module that accounts for spatial variability of a composite PCM layer. This manuscript reports a sensitivity analysis to understand the effects of key design parameters on performance metrics of interest, using the Ragone plot formalism to characterize tradeoffs in energy and power density. Finally, a case study is presented in which the model is used to optimize a tube-fin TES module to maximize its power density at different timescales. Improvements in both power density and average power are demonstrated when the metal fraction within the PCM is allowed to vary spatially.

Flexural capacity of steel-UHTCC (ultra-high toughness cementitious composite) bridge deck considering different shear connection degrees

Due to the excellent cracking prevention behavior of ultra-high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC), the stud number and reinforcement ratio of composite bridge decks could be reduced, and hence the fatigue properties could be improved. In this study, a theoretical model was proposed to predict ultimate flexural capacity of steel-UHTCC composite bridge decks with different shear connection degrees. To evaluate the accuracy of the theoretical model, 10 examples were designed for finite element (FE) validation and parametric study, and the results indicated that the theoretical model can predict the ultimate flexural capacity of steel-UHTCC composite bridge decks with satisfactory accuracy. Then, quantitative analysis was conducted to reveal the effect of key design parameters on the ultimate flexural capacity. The design parameters involved in the parametric study included: (1) normalized stud number; (2) shear span length; (3) thickness of UHTCC slab; (4) reinforcement ratio; and (5) the number of longitudinal plate ribs. The reasonable range of the normalized stud number in a shear span can be determined between 0.5 and 1 in practical design and increasing of longitudinal reinforcement ratio has limited effect on ultimate flexural capacity of steel-UHTCC composite bridge decks.

How to Model the Cathode Area in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries?

AbstractIn this study, a 1‐D electrochemical model was employed to predict the effect of key design parameters, such as carbon‐to‐sulfur (C/S) ratio, electrolyte‐to‐sulfur (E/S) ratio, and sulfur loading on the discharge capacity and voltage profile of a lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) battery. Herein, a novel definition for the electrochemically active area is proposed based on the weight fraction of carbon and a reference porosity in the cathode. The experimental trends of the discharge behavior of a Li−S cell were captured by the model regarding the change in key design parameters. Results were given in comparison with the predictions of two other models that use different active area definitions, and it was concluded that a sensible representation of the electrochemically active area is critical for modeling the effect of cell design on the discharge performance of a Li−S battery.

Thermoeconomic analysis and multi-objective optimization of a novel trigeneration system consisting of kalina and humidification- dehumidification desalination cycles

Low-temperature geothermal heat sources have the highest share of geothermal energy in the world. Utilization of these heat sources for energy and freshwater generation can play an important role in meeting energy and freshwater demands. To do so, this study aims to propose a novel trigeneration cycle powered by low-temperature geothermal sources. The proposed system, which is an integration of Kalina and humidification-dehumidification (HDH) cycles, is used for the generation of electricity, heating, and freshwater. For the Kalina cycle, an evaporative condenser is used. It also acts as a humidifier and heater of the humidification-dehumidification desalination cycle, resulting in a reduction in the complexity of the trigeneration system. A comprehensive thermoeconomic analysis and multi-objective optimization of the new trigeneration system are performed. First, a detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the effects of key design parameters, including turbine inlet pressure, condenser temperature, basic solution ammonia concentration, air mass flow rate and heat source temperature, on the thermoeconomic criteria. Then, a multi-objective optimization is conducted to determine the best design parameters, considering exergy and total cost rate as the objective functions. The optimal solution Pareto frontier indicates that the exergy efficiency and total cost rate vary in the range of 14.9–41.6% and 1.13–2.19 $/h, respectively. Analyses of the scattered distributions of design parameters reveal that lower heat source temperatures tend to optimize the objective functions. However, altering other design parameters has a significant effect on the trade-off between exergy efficiency and total cost rate.

Cold-formed steel beam-to-column bolted connections for seismic applications

Cold-formed steel (CFS) portal frames are gaining increased popularity around the world. The structural performance of these frames is to a large extent controlled by the CFS beam-to-column connections, which in most practical applications transfer the loads through the beam web using a gusset plate, while the flanges are left unconnected. This can lead to premature local buckling failure of either the CFS beam web in the connection zone or the gusset plate, leading to poor seismic performance. This paper aims to develop two new connection configurations which engage the flanges in the connection behaviour. In conjunction, practical seismic design recommendations are presented, which allow a balance between the load carrying capacity of the connections and their seismic performance to be reached. Detailed Finite Element connection models, taking into account material nonlinearity and initial geometric imperfections, are developed and validated against experimental data. The validated FE models are then used to conduct a comprehensive parametric study to investigate the effects of key design parameters, including the beam thickness and the gusset plate shape and thickness, on the moment–rotation behaviour of the connections. Based on the results, suitable connections, which balance strength with seismic performance, are introduced. Their seismic performance is evaluated in terms of ductility, energy dissipation and damping coefficient, leading to some practical design recommendations commensurate with different seismic performance levels.

Modeling, Investigation, and Mitigation of AC Losses in IPM Machines with Hairpin Windings for EV Applications

Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines with hairpin windings have attracted significant attention in EV applications owing to their low DC resistance and excellent thermal capabilities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation of AC winding losses in IPM machines for traction applications, including analytical modeling, the influence of design parameters, and finite element (FE) verification. The proposed analytical model can predict the trends in AC winding losses for any number of bar conductors and slot/pole combinations. The results of the parametric study, obtained via the analytical model, are presented to examine the effects of key design parameters, such as conductor width and height, phase arrangement, and slot-per-pole-per-phase (SPP). To incorporate more practical issues into the analysis of IPM machines with hairpin windings, extensive FE simulations were conducted. The results indicated that the AC winding losses decrease with an increasing number of conductor layers and phases inside the slot.

Hydrothermal performance of twisted elliptical tube equipped with twisted tape insert

Twisted elliptical tube heat exchangers are promising in terms of improving the heat transfer efficiency on the tube side, decreasing the pressure drop on the shell side, and reducing the size of the equipment. Although offering immense potential, the examination of heat transfer enhancement techniques inside a heat exchanging twisted elliptical tube is less understood in the literature. In this study, the thermo-hydraulic performance of a twisted elliptical tube equipped with twisted tape insert is investigated. A three-dimensional steady-state laminar flow of the above-mentioned computational domain is developed in ANSYS Fluent. The effect of key design parameters including geometrical configurations, Reynolds number, and different pitches of twisted elliptical tube and twisted tape insert is analysed over the Nusselt number, the friction factor, and the PEC (performance evaluation criterion) number. The simultaneous implementation of twisted elliptical tube and twisted tape inserts at the pitch number equivalent to one-third of the tube length (L/3) and Reynolds number of 1000 increases the Nusselt number and friction factor by 123.9% and 131.9% compared to the smooth elliptical tube case. The PEC number is above unity in most of the considered cases, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The highest PEC of 1.6 is achieved at the optimum P = L/3 for both twisted elliptical tube and twisted tape insert and Reynolds number of 1000.

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid System Coupled Cooling, Heating and Liquid Dehumidification Powered by Geothermal Energy

The utilization of geothermal energy is favorable for the improvement of energy efficiency. A hybrid system consisting of a seasonal heating and cooling cycle, an absorption refrigeration cycle and a liquid dehumidification cycle is proposed to meet dehumidification, space cooling and space heating demands. Geothermal energy is utilized effectively in a cascade approach. Six performance indicators, including humidity efficiency, enthalpy efficiency, moisture removal rate, coefficient of performance, cooling capacity, and heating capacity, are developed to analyze the proposed system. The effect of key design parameters in terms of desiccant concentration, air humidity, air temperature, refrigeration temperature and segment temperature on the performance indicators are investigated. The simulation results indicated that the increase of the desiccant concentration makes the enthalpy efficiency, the coefficient of performance, the moisture removal rate and the cooling capacity increase and makes the humidity efficiency decrease. With the increase of air humidity, the humidity efficiency and moisture removal rate for the segment temperatures from 100 to 130 °C are approximately invariant. The decreasing rates of the humidity efficiency and the moisture removal rate with the segment temperature of 140 °C increases respectively. Six indicators, except the cooling capacity and heating capacity, decrease with an increase of air temperature. The heating capacity decreases by 49.88% with the reinjection temperature increasing from 70 to 80 °C. This work proposed a potential system to utilize geothermal for the dehumidification, space cooling and space heating effectively.

Enabling contactless rapid on-demand debonding and rebonding using hysteresis heating of ferrimagnetic nanoparticles

Rapid and contactless on-demand debonding and rebonding of high-strength joints is a promising solution for quick attachment, repairs, disassembly, and recycling of structural systems. Herein we show that rapid and contactless on-demand debonding and rebonding can be achieved by incorporating ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) into poly(ethylene-methacrylic acid) (EMAA). When subjected to an external alternating magnetic field, the ferrimagnetic nanoparticles generate localized heat which melt the EMMAA, resulting in quick (<1 min) debonding and rebonding. The strength of the adhesive bond matches that achieved by conventional oven heating, exceeding the highest value reported for reversible adhesives in the literature. The results also show that, for the first time, the ferrimagnetic nanoparticles are effective in retaining 100% of the original bond strength for up to five cycles of repeated debonding and rebonding. Analytical and computational models have been developed to characterize the effects of key design parameters, such as Fe3O4 mass loading and magnetic flux on the heating performance and bond strength. The model correlates well with experimental results and reveals that magnetic hysteresis loss is more efficient than eddy current generated by conductive fillers for heating the adhesive. The high-strength EMAA/Fe3O4 adhesive is a very promising solution for contactless, on-demand, repeated adhesion applications to complex geometries and in hard-to-access locations.

Modelling bioelectrochemical denitrification in absence of electron donors for groundwater treatment

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) have become a widely studied technology in recent years due to the need for sustainable biotechnologies. The scope of this work is the development of a mechanistic biokinetic model, based on first principles and a robust thermodynamic basis, to provide a theoretical accurate description of a MET system that would treat water contaminated with nitrate, the most common aquifer water pollutant, in absence of external electron donors. The model aims at describing the complex processes occurring including the competition between bioelectroactive and non-bioelectroactive reactions as well as the dynamics and kinetics of multiple bioelectrochemical reactions (both in series and in parallel) taking place in the same electrode. The bioelectrochemical denitrification of groundwater was then evaluated using the model as a case study. The evaluation focused on theoretical removal rates and energy expenditure, as well as the effect of key design parameters on the system's performance. The model successfully described how changes in the applied voltage and/or hydraulic retention time may impact the performance in terms of removal rate and effluent quality. The theoretical results also predict that the impact of electrode area is potentially more significant on the energy efficiency rather than on the effluent quality.

Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Slender Walls Subjected to Coupled Axial Tension\u2013Flexure

Under strong earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) walls in high-rise buildings, particularly in wall piers that form part of a coupled or core wall system, may experience coupled axial tension–flexure loading. In this study, a detailed finite element model was developed in VecTor2 to provide an effective tool for the further investigation of the seismic behaviour of RC walls subjected to axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. The model was verified using experimental data from recent RC wall tests under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading, and results showed that the model can accurately capture the overall response of RC walls. Additional analyses were conducted using the developed model to investigate the effect of key design parameters on the peak strength, ultimate deformation capacity and plastic hinge length of RC walls under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. On the basis of the analysis results, useful information were provided when designing or assessing the seismic behaviour of RC slender walls under coupled axial tension–flexure loading.

Performance-based assessment of CFS strap-braced stud walls under seismic loading

The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) systems has significantly increased in the past few decades, especially in the construction of low to mid-rise buildings. Compared to hot-rolled sections, CFS members are often more economical and efficient due to their low weight, ease and speed of construction and greater flexibility in manufacture. In most conventional CFS buildings, diagonally strap-braced stud walls provide the primary lateral force-resisting system. This study aimed to develop a better understanding of the structural behaviour of CFS strap-braced stud wall systems under seismic loading. To achieve this, a detailed numerical model was developed, accounting for material nonlinearity, initial geometric imperfections, nonlinear behaviour of the connections and secondary moments due to P-Δ effects. This model was validated against previous experimental results on full-scale wall systems. A comprehensive parametric study was then conducted using the validated model to investigate the effect of key design parameters, namely the number of studs, the presence and intensity of vertical loading, the thickness of the structural elements and the steel grade of the straps, on the seismic performance of the system. The lateral load-resisting capacity, deformation capacity, ductility and energy dissipation under lateral loading were investigated and are here discussed. An efficiency index was proposed for each of these variables, allowing design solutions to be rated in terms of their ability to improve the material efficiency of the system, and design recommendations were derived for performance-based design.

Gradient Boosting Coupled with Oversampling Model for Prediction of Concrete Pipe-Joint Infiltration Using Designwise Data Set

Infiltration of groundwater through reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) joints under hydrostatic pressure has been a major costly challenge in municipal sewer network systems. Analysis of an exclusive designwise infiltration test data of RCP joints showed that conventional regression analysis failed to produce reliable predictions. Accordingly, tree-based machine-learning techniques including random forest, extra trees, and gradient boosting classifiers have been deployed in this study to create reliable models. A large designwise data set identifying failure of RCP joints and the effect of key design parameters was collected using a novel experimental program. Due to the resulting unbalanced experimental data set, oversampling techniques including synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and density based synthetic minority over-sampling technique (DBSMOTE) were employed to enhance predictive performance. Gradient boosting coupled with DBSMOTE offered a robust machine-learning model for predicting RCP joint hydrostatic infiltration. The hybrid gradient boosting classification (GBC)-DBSMOTE model achieved superior predictive accuracy in terms of several classification indicators, with promising capability to create RCP joint hydrostatic infiltration performance charts that capture the effects of key design parameters, such as pressure duration and level, pipe size, and gasket sealing. The robust predictive model could produce design charts that aid municipalities in proactively averting sewage system infiltration problems at low cost, instead of the prevailing reactive approach to this problem.

Development of a multigenerational energy system for clean hydrogen generation

The existing fueling options for many power plants are still dependent primarily on fossil fuel resources, which in return cause serious local and global environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the detrimental effects of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of cleaner production methods has been accelerated to develop and implement environmentally- friendly energy systems. In this regard, the combination of renewable energy systems and hydrogen production methods will definitely play a crucial role in the energy sector’s transition to a carbon-free production. In order to make the use of geothermal energy cleaner and more sustainable, some obstacles need to be eliminated. Most importantly, the hydrogen sulfide emissions may cause serious concerns in public acceptance of geothermal power plants. In the current study, solar, wind and geothermal energy resources are integrated to develop an integrated renewable-based energy system with a key objective of higher environmental and system performance. The underlying motivation is to propose a model which consists of a hydrogen sulfide abatement unit and an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide and hence eliminites the hydrogen sulfide emissions. A detailed thermodynamic analysis is carried out using Engineering Equation solver (EES) software. In addition, the effects of key design parameters and operating conditions (such as wind inlet speed and average hourly solar radiation) are analyzed, and their effects on the system overall performance are investigated. When 60 kg/s of geothermal fluid is supplied to the designed system, assuming that the NCG composition is equal to 15%, 0.7388 kg hydrogen sulfide will be emitted and 0.0433 kg hydrogen will be produced per second. The first-law (energy) and second-law (exergy) efficiencies are found to be 52.97% and 55.69% respectively.