Effect Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization, and ameliorative effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on saline-stressed Zea mays

High soil salinity induces osmotic and ionic stress that threaten crop production worldwide and affect food security. This study evaluated the ameliorative effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on salinized Zea mays. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous leaf extract of Diodella sarmentosa, and the results of the characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV–visible spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the presence of polydisperse spherical iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) with a light absorption peak at 290 nm, and a size ranging from 3.03 nm to 87.04 nm. Daily foliar application of FeONPs on the salinized Zea mays for 10 days, significantly (p < 0.05) improved the plant’s photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyl (175.71 %), chlorophyll a (256.34 %), chlorophyll b (77.01 %), carotenoid (39.36 %), root length (9.87 %), and antioxidant enzyme activities, compared to the untreated and bulk FeCl3·6H2O-treated controls. Since iron is known to promote photosynthetic pigment synthesis, the enhanced photosynthetic indices observed in the FeONPs-treated pot compared to the bulk FeCl3·6H2O-treated pot, may have resulted from the size-aided absorption of the FeONPs more than FeCl3·6H2O From the findings, it can be deduced that FeONPs can improve the growth and development of saline-stressed Zea mays by enhancing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, while improving the photosynthetic pigments of the plant.

Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on the Growth and Genotoxicity of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)

The interaction of nano-fertilizers with commercially important crops can be a promising solution to increase both crop yield and quality. This study investigated the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) on four-week-old garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings. Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants but is not always available in sufficient quantities, which can lead to chlorosis and even plant death. The seedlings were grown hydroponically, with three concentrations (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L) of the NPs, alongside a control group with no additions. During the experiment, the following methods were employed: measurement of stem and root length, spectrophotometry to determine chlorophyll absorbance and concentration, and the RAPD technique to assess the genotoxicity of Fe3O4 NPs. The study demonstrated a significant increase in the shoot length of cress at all concentrations compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05; p &lt; 0.01). The light absorption and chlorophyll concentration levels in the experimental groups significantly increased compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Genotoxicity analysis revealed that the genotoxic impact of the NPs on the garden cress genome was only 10%, a statistically insignificant level. The findings suggest that Fe3O4 NPs exhibit low genotoxicity and have the potential to enhance the growth and chlorophyll content of cress seedlings in hydroponic conditions.

Effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella spp. for biofuel production

The current study investigated the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on mixotrophic microalgae cultivation in wastewater for biofuel production. Optimal IONPs doses of 10 and 20 mg L−1 increased Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth by 16% and lipid accumulation by 53 %, respectively, compared with the control group. Conversely, the protein content declined drastically, while carbohydrates remained relatively unchanged. A maximum of 15% rise in biomass growth was observed for Chlorella sorokiniana IITRF at an IONPs dose of 20 mg L−1, with no significant variation in biochemical composition. Microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions with IONPs in a biofilm reactor were more suitable for biogas production than biodiesel, increasing biogas and methane content by 38 and 48%, respectively. The findings suggest that low doses of IONPs can enhance microalgal biomass, biogas production and methane content. Further, metabolomics studies are warranted to investigate the interaction between microalgae and nanoparticles to achieve high-quality biodiesel.

The effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on antioxidant capacity and response to oxidative stress in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters 1852).

Recent research has raised concern about the biocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), as they have been reported to induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whilst prolonged exposure to high IONP concentrations may lead to cyto-/genotoxicity. Besides, there is concern about its environmental impact. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of IONPs on the antioxidant defence system in freshwater fish Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters 1852). The fish were exposed to IONP concentration of 15 mg/L over 1, 3, 4, 15, 30, and 60 days and the findings compared to a control, unexposed group. In addition, we followed up the fish for 60 days after exposure had stopped to estimate the stability of oxidative stress induced by IONPs. Exposure affected the activity of antioxidant and marker enzymes and increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in the gill, liver, and brain tissues of the fish. Even after 60 days of depuration, adverse effects remained, indicating long-term nanotoxicity. Moreover, IONPs accumulated in the gill, liver, and brain tissues. Our findings underscore the potential health risks posed to non-target organisms in the environment, and it is imperative to establish appropriate guidelines for safe handling and disposal of IONPs to protect the aquatic environment.

Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on the gene expression profiles of cerebral endotheliocytes and astrocytes

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are considered as the most biocompatible magnetic materials suitable for biomedical applications. Nevertheless, there are many evidences of their toxicity for living organisms and partially neurotoxicity. The central nervous system is protected from undesirable substances circulating in the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). And even if being small enough, some nanoparticles could be able to penetrate cell membranes in other cells but will often be delayed by the BBB cells. However, the neurotoxicity of iron oxide is described even in the cases when IONPs should not uptake to the nervous system by experimental design. The aim of this study was to investigate what molecular changes in the cells-components of BBB – endotheliocytes and underlying astrocytes – may be caused by IONPs in the blood vessels of the brain. For this, a two-layer in vitro BBB model was created, consisting of rat cerebral endothelial cells and astrocytes. It was revealed that 100 and 200 mg/L of the nanoparticles induce metabolism alteration in the cells under study. Using RNA-sequencing, the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines encoding genes and changes in the expression of genes associated with detoxification in the endotheliocytes were demonstrated under the influence of 100 mg/L IONPs.

Comparative study on the morpho-physiological responses and alkaloids content in Eschscholzia californica cham to foliar applied α-Fe2O3 NPs and ferric ions

The effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on medicinal plants biomass biosynthesis and antioxidant defense compounds should be assessed critically to ensure their safe and sustainable use within the agricultural fields and food chains. Current focus has been given to the effects of hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs, ∼ 27 nm) and ferric ions (Fe3+) at different concentrations [(0, control), 10, 100 and 1000 mg L−1)] on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters and benzophenanthridine alkaloids content in Eschscholzia californica plants. Upon exposure to α-Fe2O3 NPs, a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition (by 26.6%) of root biomass was observed at the high concentration (1000 mg L−1) over the control. As for the total dry weight of plants, significant (P < 0.01) increase (by 22.7%) was observed at all exposures, except that of 1000 mg L−1 α-Fe2O3 NPs/and Fe+3 treatment which was reduced by 12.8%. The treatment of 100 mg L−1 α-Fe2O3 NPs and Fe3+ caused significant increase in chlorophyll a (29.2% and 40%,), chlorophyll b (59.8% and 49.3%,) and carotenoids (14.3% and 25.4%%,) content when compared to control, respectively. However, accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), in root and leaf tissues was similar (73.5% vs control) that was induced by 1000 mg L−1 α-Fe2O3 NPs. No significant change in MDA content was observed in leaves and roots of Fe+3 treated plants at all exposure doses. Furthermore, total phenolics and flavonoids content of the leaves and roots exposed to α-Fe2O3 NPs at 100 mg L−1 were significantly (P < 0.01) increased by 41–45%, 27–29%, and 44–48%, respectively, over the control. All obtained extracts revealed strong and significant scavenging effects on DPPH˙ as compared to control, but only exposure to 100 mg L−1 Fe+3 and α-Fe2O3 NPs treatment revealed the highest free radical scavenging/antioxidant activity by 44.2% and 37.65%, respectively. The alkaloid accumulation in leaves exhibited significant (P < 0.05) differences between the control plants and those treated with α-Fe2O3 NPs and Fe+3 of all concentrations. The eshchschollzine and sanguinarine contents showed no significant change in plants treated with Fe+3 concentrations; however, the exposure of high Fe+3 concentration increased (33.4%) the content of chelerythrine compared to control. Foliar applied α-Fe2O3 NPs enhanced the content of californidine (35.4%), eshchschollzine (22.3%), and eshchschollzine (19.1%) compared to control. The observed toxicity was dose-dependent for both α-Fe2O3 NPs and Fe+3. The synthesized endogenous secondary metabolites (e.g., phenolics, flavonoids and benzophenanthridine alkaloids) induce defense mechanism in exposed plants. These results suggest that specific concentrations (10–100 mg L−1) of α-Fe2O3 NPs have extra benefits both as a nanoregulator and nanoelicitor for plant growth promotion and biosynthesis of alkaloids and cellular antioxidants.

Investigating the toxic mechanism of iron oxide nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress in tadpole (Duttaphrynus melanostictus): A combined biochemical and molecular study

Metal oxide nanomaterials have toxicity towards aquatic organisms, especially microbes and invertebrates, but little is known about their impact on amphibians. We conducted a study on Duttaphrynus melanostictus (D. melanostictus) tadpoles to explore the chronic toxicity effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the underlying mechanisms of IONPs-induced oxidative stress. IONPs exposure led to increased iron accumulation in the blood, liver, and kidneys of tadpoles, significantly affecting blood parameters and morphology. Higher IONPs concentrations (10 and 50 mg L−1) triggered reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and pronounced toxicity in tadpoles. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes/proteins (SOD, CAT, albumin, and lysozyme) decreased after IONPs exposure, and immunological measures in the blood serum were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Molecular docking analysis revealed that IONPs primarily attached to the surface of SOD/CAT/albumin/lysozyme through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Overall, this study emphasizes the ability of IONPs to induce oxidative damage by decreasing immunological profiles such as ACH50 (34.58 ± 2.74 U mL−1), lysozyme (6.94 ± 0.82 U mL−1), total Ig (5.00 ± 0.35 g dL−1), total protein (1.20 ± 0.17 g dL−1), albumin (0.52 ± 0.01 g dL−1) and globulin (0.96 ± 0.01 g dL−1) and sheds light on their potential toxic effects on tadpoles.

Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with Glucose and conjugated with Safranal (Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal NPs) inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cell line (HepG2)

Magnetic nanoparticles can be considered a reliable tool for targeted drug delivery to cancer tissues. Based on this, in this study, the anticancer effect of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with glucose and conjugated with Safranal (Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal NPs) on a liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was investigated. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, VSM, EDS-mapping, SEM and TEM imaging, zeta potential, and DLS analyses. MTT test was used to investigate the inhibitory effect of nanoparticles on cancer and normal cell lines. Also, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, the population of apoptotic cells, and cell cycle analysis were evaluated in control and nanoparticle-treated cells. The synthesized particles were spherical, in a size range of 17–49 nm, without impurities, with a surface charge of − 13 mV and hydrodynamic size of 129 nm, and with magnetic saturation of 22.5 emu/g. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Safranal, Fe3O4, Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal and Cisplatin drug on liver cancer cells were 474, 1546, 305 and 135 µg/mL, respectively. While, the IC50 of Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal for normal cell line was 680 µg/mL. Treating liver cancer cells with nanoparticles significantly increased the population of apoptotic cells from 2.5% to 34.7%. Furthermore, the population of the cells arrested at the G2/M phase increased in nanoparticle-treated cells. Due to the biocompatibility of the constituent compounds of these nanoparticles, their magnetic properties, and their inhibitory effects on cancer cells, Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal NPs can be further considered as a promising anticancer compound.

Biogenic synthesis of ferric nanoparticles of Phyllanthus emblica exhibited breast cancer effect via alteration of mTOR/Maf-1/PTEN signaling pathway

Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in females worldwide. Chemotherapeutic effects via utilizing natural, edible or synthetic drugs gaining an attention now a days and best approach against Breast cancer. In this experimental study, we fabricated the ferric oxide nanoparticles of Phyllanthus emblica extract (PEFeNPs) and scrutinized against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in rodents and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Ferric nanoparticle of Phyllanthus emblica were synthesized, characterized using different spectroscopy method and its efficacy were tested against tumour bearing rats. Different biochemical parameter such as antioxidant profile, proinflammatory cytokines, biotransformation enzymes, gene expression, mitochondrial parameter, glycoprotein were analyzed in the serum or breast tissue. Histology study was performed to determine the reduction in the mammary tissue architecture. Fabricated PEFeNPs showed well defined structure and presence of iron in EDX. Rats treated with PEFeNPs exhibited improved body weight and alteration in organ weight. PEFeNPs significantly (P < 0.001) altered the antioxidant, glycoprotein, mitochondrial, inflammatory cytokines, hematological and biotransformation enzymes. It also altered the mRNA expression of Pi3K, phospho mTOR, phospho AKT, Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), Liver X receptor beta (LXRβ) and Maf1. Histopathological study also supported the potential anticancer activity of PEFeNPs with well-organized tissue architecture. In short, the results of present research suggested the chemopreventive effect of iron oxide nanoparticles against the DMBA induced mammary cancer via alteration of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction.

Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles capped with curcumin against a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

The current study aims to investigate the protective effect of iron oxide nanoparticles capped with curcumin (FeONPs-Cur) against motor impairment and neurochemical changes in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by reserpine. Rats were grouped into control, PD model induced by reserpine, and PD model treated with FeONPs-Cur (8 rats/group). The open field test was used to assess motor activity. The concentration of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), lipid peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO), and the activities of Na+,K+,ATPase, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were determined in the midbrain and striatum. Data were analyzed by ANOVA at P-value<0.05. The PD model exhibited a decrease in motor activity. In the midbrain and striatum of the PD model, DA, NE, and 5-HT levels decreased significantly (P-value<0.05). However, an increase in MAO, NO, and MDA was observed. GSH, AchE and Na+,K+,ATPase decreased significantly in the two brain areas. FeONPs-Cur prevented the decline of dopamine and norepinephrine and reduced oxidative stress in both areas. It also prevented the increased MAO activity in the two areas and the inhibited activity of AchE and Na+,K+,ATPase in the midbrain. These changes were associated with improvements in motor activity. The present data indicate that FeONPs-Cur could prevent the motor deficits induced in the PD rat model by restoring dopamine and norepinephrine in the midbrain and striatum. The antioxidant activity of FeONPs-Cur contributed to its protective effect. These effects nominate FeONPs-Cur as an antiparkinsonian candidate.

Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, Meat Quality, and Jejunal Basal Morphology in Broilers.

The current research aimed to evaluate the supplemental effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on production performance, viscera development, blood metabolites, redox status, meat quality, and jejunal histology in broilers. A total of 300 day-old broilers were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates per group. Birds were fed on a corn soybean-based diet supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg/kg IONPs or 80 mg/kg of FeSO4 for 35 days. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in birds supplemented with 60 mg/kg IONPs. The pH24h was lower in birds supplemented with 40 mg/kg IONPs compared to that of the bulk group. Pectoral muscle fascicle diameter and fiber density were significantly increased in 20 mg/kg IONP-supplemented birds compared to those of the bulk group, respectively. The muscle fiber diameter was higher in 40 mg/kg IONP-supplemented birds compared with the bulk group. The jejunal villus height, crypt depth, and villus surface area were significantly increased with 60 mg/kg IONP supplementation, whereas villus width was decreased in birds supplemented with 40 mg/kg IONPs. The villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio was lower in IONP-supplemented birds compared to the bulk group. IONP supplementation improved the FCR, jejunal, and pectoral muscle morphology without affecting the carcass characteristics and redox status of broilers.

Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Chemical Method on the Kidneys, Liver and Brain of Male Mice

This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the histological changes of the vital organs of male mice. The iron oxide nanomaterials were prepared by chemical method; several doses of it were used at different concentrations, which are 12, 10, 8, 6%. The dose is administered to the mice orally every 48 hours for a period of 60 days. The mice were divided into 6 groups in addition to the control group during the mentioned period; weights were taken for all groups throughout the experiment period. After the completion of the experimental period, the mice of all the mentioned groups were killed. The results of the histological examination with the first and second concentrations did not show any toxic effects or changes in the functional structures of the mentioned organs. while slight changes appeared in the high concentrations of nanoparticles, as it was found that there was some blood congestion and inflammation in the kidneys. There is also congestion in parts of the liver with enlargement in some cells, as well as congestion in the brain, at concentrations of 12.10%. While no structural changes appeared in the first and second concentrations, also in the control group, no changes appeared in the functional structure of the above members. From the results of the study, we conclude that the use of high concentrations of nanoparticles of iron oxide may lead to changes in the functional structures of the kidneys, liver and brain, and may lead to toxic effects on the rest of the body.

Evaluating the hepatotoxic versus the nephrotoxic role of iron oxide nanoparticles: One step forward into the dose-dependent oxidative effects

The present study has been designed to detect the dose-dependent effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on the liver and kidney of rats by evaluating three different doses 30, 300, 1000 mg/kg/day IONPs for 28 days. Forty rats were divided into four groups; I (control), II (low dose), III (medium dose) and IV (high dose).There also was a statistically-significant elevation in the serum levels of hepatic enzymes; AST and ALT in medium & high dose. The elevation of serum ALP, on the other hand, was significant in all IONPs doses.There was significant elevation in the levels of urea creatinine, and MDA in the medium and high doses of IONPs. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) showed significant decrease in the high dose only compared to the control group.The serum iron levels increased in a dose-dependent manner in the IONPs-treated groups with highly significant increase in the moderate and high dose groups.On comparing the effect of different doses of IONPs between the liver and kidney, the high dose revealed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the area percent of collagen deposition (54.4 ± 3.9 versus 6.1 ± 2.6) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) reaction (7.7 ± 1.5 versus 17.8 ± 4.3) in the liver relative to the kidney. The medium and high doses revealed statistically significant difference in optical density of Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction (45 ± 3.4 versus 50.3 ± 1.8 in the medium dose, and 38.9 ± 6 versus 63 ± 3 in the high dose) and area percent of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) reaction (12.98 ± 2.7 versus 3.5 ± 0.5 in the medium dose, and 27.91 ± 1.5 versus 7.7 ± 0.6 in the high dose) in the liver relative to the kidney.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Cell Responses and the Potency to Improve Radiosensitivity.

The main concept of radiosensitization is making the tumor tissue more responsive to ionizing radiation, which leads to an increase in the potency of radiation therapy and allows for decreasing radiation dose and the concomitant side effects. Radiosensitization by metal oxide nanoparticles is widely discussed, but the range of mechanisms studied is not sufficiently codified and often does not reflect the ability of nanocarriers to have a specific impact on cells. This review is focused on the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles while they occupied a special niche among the prospective radiosensitizers due to unique physicochemical characteristics and reactivity. We collected data about the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the main approaches to increase their therapeutic efficacy by variable modifications.

Cytotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) on liver cancer, HepG2, cell line

Liver cancer is a severe and frequent disease that is the 3rd leading cause of cancer related-death, worldwide. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer treatment has gained interest. This work aimed to synthesize novel iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with Glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) and characterize their anticancer effects on liver cancer cells. Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Thermogravimetric/ Derivative Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses, which confirmed the synthesis, purity, magnetic property, and stability of the NPs. The NPs were in a size range of 29–43 nm and their zeta potential and hydrodynamic size were −15 mV and 290 nm, respectively. The antiproliferative effect of Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs on HepG2 (liver cancer cell line) and THLE2 (normal hepatocyte cell line) was studied by the MTT assay. Further, apoptosis induction in NPs treated cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. According to the results, Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs had considerably higher cytotoxicity for liver cancer cells than for normal human cells and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 121 and 273 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, treating THLE2 cells with Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs at their IC50 concentration significantly increased the frequency of cell apoptosis, compared with the untreated cells and resulted in the appearance of apoptotic nuclear characteristics. In our opinion, the anticancer feature of Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs is mainly related to the coumarin molecule and, the synthesized NPs could be used for drug delivery approaches after further study.

The Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles of Acalypha wilkesiana Ethyl Acetate extract on Ehrlich ascites Carcinoma Cells.

Nanoparticles' precise targeting properties are becoming increasingly important in treating cancer and starting to outweigh cancer therapies. The in vivo anticancer activity of ethyl acetate iron oxide nanoparticles (NPS EAE) of Acalypha wilkesiana Müll. Mosaica was tested using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC). The value of the median lethal dose LD50 limit was found to be 3000 mg/kg. The value count of EAC cells was significantly decreased to 150±2.01 (106) and 275±2.01 (106) cells for each preventive and therapeutic group related to the positive group (525±4.3 (106) cell. Moreover, the results of biological markers decrease in alanine amino transferase activity (ALT), aspartate amino transferase activity (AST), creatinine (CREAT), UREA, albumin, globulin, and total protein level according to the confident group by restoring the abnormal dissimilarity in the biomedical parameters to normal values. Ethyl acetate nano particles induced apoptosis in hepatic and kidney cells. This was designated by increasing the apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 associated X (BAX) level and significantly reducing antiapoptotic assay B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) level as an antiapoptotic marker. In the apoptotic marker BAX, there was a significant rise in therapeutic activity with a change of 273.87% and a significant increase in the preventive group with a change of 144.69% according to the positive group. However, in the antiapoptotic marker, Bcl-2 highly decreases in the therapeutic group and preventive group with changes -83.20% and -87.82% according to the positive group, which has a highly significant increase with a change of 5855%. Histopathology tests showed anticancer activity against (EAC) in both the preventive group and therapeutic group, especially in the preventive group in kidney organs showed no pathology with normal glomeruli and normal tubules, it also showed in liver foci of lobular inflammation with mild development of a portal tract accompanied by inflammation, but in the therapeutic group showed less activity than the preventive group as in the kidney many tubules displayed appearances of slight tubular injury with mild acute tubular injury and in the liver, the therapeutic group becomes a more effective representation in normal liver architecture, with no detected lobular or portal inflammation or confluent necrosis. So the preventive group was considered as protecting agent for the kidney organ. However, the therapeutic group is supposed to be the treatment agent for the liver organ. This is due to the fact that it has a defensive effect rather than a curative effect. There is a possibility that it is a favorable anticancer agent. Green synthesis of Fe3O4- NPS was successfully done using plant extract acting as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent.

Evaluation of the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by glucose and conjugated with coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) on the expression of CASP8, CASP9, p53, mTOR1, and MAPK1 genes in liver cancer cell line

Due to the high morbidity and mortality of liver cancer, many researchers are seeking novel anticancer formulations. Complex iron oxide containing compounds could be used for site directed drug delivery using a magnetic force. Due to the anticancer property of Coumarin, this study aimed to study the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) on the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulating genes in a liver cancer cell line. Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs were synthesized and their physicochemical properties were evaluated by FT-IR, XRD (X-Ray diffraction), EDS mapping, and electron microscope imaging. Anti-proliferative activity of the NPs on HepG2 cells was studied by MTT assay. The effect of Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs on the expression of CASP8, CASP9, p53, mTOR1, and MAPK1 genes was investigated by quantitative PCR. Moreover, the apoptogenic impact of the Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs was assessed using annexin V- Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) - propidium iodide (PI) staining and cell cycle analysis. The synthesized NPs were spherical, with a moderate level of aggregation and in a size range of 26–46 nm. FT-IR, XRD, and EDS mapping confirmed the proper synthesis and purity of the synthesized NPs. The zeta potential value of the NP was −23 mV. According to the MTT assay, Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs showed a considerable anti-proliferative effect on liver cancer cells, and the 50 % inhibitory concentration was determined 120 μg/mL. Quantitative PCR assay showed that the NPs significantly increased the expression of CASP8, p53, and MAPK1 genes by 1.94, 4.87, and 3.87 folds, respectively, while the mTOR1 gene was reduced by −6.33 folds. The expression of the CASP9 had an insignificant reduction by 0.06 folds. Annexin V/PI staining assay showed an increase in frequency of apoptotic cells in comparison to control cells. Cell cycle analysis confirmed an increase in the number of the cells in G0/G1step among nanoparticles treated cells. Our results showed that Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs could induce cell apoptosis by interfering with the expression of the cell regulatory genes.

Development and antibacterial investigation of Linezolid loaded SPIONs and HPLC method development for quantitative analysis of Linezolid.

Linezolid (LNZ) is extremely prone to resistance. The development of resistance to LNZ should be taken into consideration when selecting this drug as a therapeutic option. By considering the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) could kill the infecting bacteria. So, we hypothesized the synergistic antibacterial effect of iron oxide nanoparticles and LNZ. To study the release and antibacterial effects of LNZ loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ferrofluid containing SPIONs was synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method and stabilized by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). SPIONs were then loaded with LNZ and characterized for particle size, FT-IR, XRD, and entrapment efficiency. Further antibacterial activity of SPIONs and LNZ-loaded SPIONs was investigated. For the in-vitro release findings, a HPLC analytical method development and validation was performed. Isolation of LNZ was accomplished on a C-18 column with methanol: TBHS (Tetra butyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, 50:50 v/v). The eluate was monitored at 247 nm with retention time of 4.175 min. The MNP's DLS measurement revealed monodispersed particles with an average size of 16.81 ± 1.07 nm and PDI 0.176 ± 0.012. In optimized formulation, 25 ± 1.75% (w/w) of the drug was found to be entrapped. XRD revealed uniform coating of oleic acid covering the entire magnetic particles surface with no change in its crystallinity. An effective antimicrobial activity was observed at the lowered dose of drug. A robust HPLC method was developed to quantify the LNZ in MNPs and outcomes showed that the reduced dose of LNZ incorporated in SPIONs was able to show similar activity as the marketed product. Successfully reduction of dose of LNZ was established with the aid of biocompatible MNPs to attain the equivalent antibacterial activity.

The Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Menaquinone-7 Isomer Composition and Synthesis of the Biologically Significant All-Trans Isomer.

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most therapeutically valuable K vitamin owing to its excellent bioavailability. MK-7 occurs as geometric isomers, and only all-trans MK-7 is bioactive. The fermentation-based synthesis of MK-7 entails various challenges, primarily the low fermentation yield and numerous downstream processing steps. This raises the cost of production and translates to an expensive final product that is not widely accessible. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) can potentially overcome these obstacles due to their ability to enhance fermentation productivity and enable process intensification. Nevertheless, utilisation of IONPs in this regard is only beneficial if the biologically active isomer is achieved in the greatest proportion, the investigation of which constituted the objective of this study. IONPs (Fe3O4) with an average size of 11 nm were synthesised and characterised using different analytical techniques, and their effect on isomer production and bacterial growth was assessed. The optimum IONP concentration (300 μg/mL) improved the process output and resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in the all-trans isomer yield compared to the control. This investigation was the first to evaluate the role of IONPs in the synthesis of MK-7 isomers, and its outcomes will assist the development of an efficient fermentation system that favours the production of bioactive MK-7.

Research progress on the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles in macrophage polarization

Macrophages are important immune effector cells with significant plasticity and heterogeneity in the body immune system, and play an important role in normal physiological conditions and in the process of inflammation. It has been found that macrophage polarization involves a variety of cytokines and is a key link in immune regulation. Targeting macrophages by nanoparticles has a certain impact on the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Due to its characteristics, iron oxide nanoparticles have been used as the medium and carrier for cancer diagnosis and treatment, making full use of the special microenvironment of tumors to actively or passively aggregate drugs in tumor tissues, which has a good application prospect. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of reprogramming macrophages using iron oxide nanoparticles remains to be further explored. In this paper, the classification, polarization effect and metabolic mechanism of macrophages were firstly described. Secondly, the application of iron oxide nanoparticles and the induction of macrophage reprogramming were reviewed. Finally, the research prospect and difficulties and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles were discussed to provide basic data and theoretical support for further research on the mechanism of the polarization effect of nanoparticles on macrophages.