Effect Of Phosphate Research Articles

Phosphate and two-stage cooking: Impact on lipid oxidation and tenderness in sous-vide beef semitendinosus.

The study investigated phosphate's effects on tenderness and lipid oxidation in beef cooked sous-vide. Semitendinosus beef cuts were treated with 0.15% and 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and plain water (0% STPP). These cuts were then sous-vide cooked at two different temperatures, 60 °C and 70 °C, for two different durations, 3 h and 6 h. Analytical techniques including Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. STPP concentration did not yield a statistically significant impact on the pH and FTIR spectrum of sous-vide beef (p > 0.05). However, STPP markedly enhanced tenderness by loosening the myofibril structure (observed in SEM) and weakening myosin and actin bands (observed in SDS-PAGE). This improvement led to lower WBSF values with 0.3% STPP, particularly noticeable at 60 °C for 6 h. Additionally, 0.3% STPP delayed lipid oxidation, evidenced by lower oxidation values after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. These findings highlight STPP's potential to improve tenderness and lipid oxidation stability in sous-vide beef.

Effects of inorganic phosphate on stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth

Calcium phosphate-based materials (CaP) are introduced as potential dental pulp capping materials for deciduous teeth. The present study investigated the influence of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on regulating stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). SHEDs were treated with Pi. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined using flow cytometry analysis. Osteo/odontogenic and adipogenic differentiation were analyzed using alizarin red S and oil red O staining, respectively. The mRNA expression profile was investigated using a high-throughput RNA sequencing technique. Pi increased the late apoptotic cell population while cell cycle progression was not altered. Pi upregulated osteo/odontoblastic gene expression and enhanced calcium deposition. Pi-induced mineralization was reversed by pretreatment of cells with Foscarnet, or p38 inhibitor. Pi treatment inhibited adipogenic differentiation as determined by decreased PPARγ expression and reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiles demonstrated several involved pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, EGFR, and VEGF signaling. In conclusion, Pi enhanced osteo/odontogenic but inhibited adipogenic differentiation in SHED.

Effect of orthophosphate and polyphosphate ratios on yield and quality of potato cultivars

Successful potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivation depends on a variety of factors, of which fertilization forms an important component. Phosphorus (P) fertilizers differ not only in formulation (solid or liquid), but also in chemical form (orthophosphate or polyphosphate). To evaluate the response of potatoes to P sources, a study was performed to assess the productivity of potatoes under different ratios of orthophosphate and polyphosphate as P fertilizer. Potato cultivars (Mondial, Sifra, Lanorma, Innovator, Destiny, and Eos) were grown over two seasons using either 100% orthophosphate, 75% orthophosphate + 25% polyphosphate, 50% orthophosphate + 50% polyphosphate, or 100% polyphosphate. Plants demonstrated rapid vegetative development at the beginning when supplied with a balanced nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5 mS cm−1. Phosphorus applied as either 100% orthophosphate or 100% polyphosphate resulted in an increase in tuber number (24.5 and 20.8 tubers per plant, respectively) compared to 17.5 and 15.4 tubers per plant when 25% and 50% of the P was applied as polyphosphate. In both seasons the results indicated that applying P as orthophosphate had a superior effect on potato tuber fresh yield in comparison to applying P as polyphosphate.

Changes in soil pH and addition of inorganic phosphate affect glyphosate adsorption in agricultural soil

AbstractGlyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in Argentina. The strong sorption of glyphosate to the mineral fraction of the soil can be affected by environmental conditions and agricultural management, such as the application of fertilisers. This work aimed to study the effect of pH and the presence of inorganic phosphate on the affinity of glyphosate for nine different surface soils of Argentina. The effect of pH on glyphosate sorption was investigated by batch experiments with pH adjusted between 3 and 12. The greatest glyphosate adsorption occurred at a certain pH value and then adsorption decreased with increasing or decreasing pH. The effects of pH on adsorption could be described by a model that includes changes in electrical potential. The effect of inorganic phosphate on glyphosate adsorption was studied by batch experiments in the presence of 0.5 or 1 mM phosphate. The results showed a significant competition between phosphate and glyphosate in all soils. The Freundlich glyphosate coefficients decreased by 40%–65% with phosphate in solution, and the amount of glyphosate adsorbed decreased between 1% and 5%, depending on the particular characteristics of the soil. For the glyphosate‐phosphate competition, the competition terms were not reciprocal with each other because the competition between ions for adsorption sites also involves electrical effects.Highlights There is a pH at which glyphosate shows a higher affinity for the soil. The presence of phosphate significantly reduces the adsorption of glyphosate to the soil. The effects of pH can be explained by rather small changes in the estimated surface potential.

The effects of inorganic phosphate on contractile function of slow skeletal muscle fibres are length-dependent

Muscle operates across a wide range of sarcomere lengths. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) diminishes force output of striated muscle, with greater influence at short relative to long sarcomere lengths in fast skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres. The purpose of this study was to fill a gap in the literature regarding the length-dependent effects of Pi on contractile function of slow skeletal muscle fibres. Permeabilized slow skeletal muscle fibres from rabbit soleus were assessed at average sarcomere lengths of 2.0, 2.4, or 2.8 μm, with and without 20 mM Pi added to activating solutions (22±1 °C). The magnitude of Pi-induced reductions in peak force (43 ± 7% at 2.0 μm, 38 ± 7% at 2.4 μm, and 31 ± 8% at 2.8 μm) and peak stiffness (41 ± 9% at 2.0 μm, 36 ± 8% at 2.4 μm, and 26 ± 9% at 2.8 μm) were length dependent. Peak stiffness was less affected by Pi than peak force. Pi diminished the Ca2+-sensitivity of the force-pCa and stiffness-pCa relationships to a greater extent at 2.8 μm than 2.0 μm. Comparable results were obtained from a cooperative model of Ca2+ and myosin binding to regulated actin. In conclusion, Pi is more detrimental to the peak force output of slow skeletal muscle fibres held at short relative to long sarcomere lengths, whereas Pi has a greater effect on the Ca2+-sensitivity of force production at long relative to short sarcomere lengths. Stiffness data suggest that Pi-induced reductions in force are primarily due to fewer bound cross-bridges, with a lesser contribution attributable to lower average force per cross-bridge.

SenX3-RegX3, an Important Two-Component System, Regulates Strain Growth and Butenyl-spinosyn Biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora pogona.

SummaryButenyl-spinosyn produced by Saccharopolyspora pogona exhibits strong insecticidal activity and a broad pesticidal spectrum. Currently, important functional genes involved in butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis remain unknown, which leads to difficulty in efficient understanding of its regulatory mechanism and improving its production by metabolic engineering. Here, we present data supporting a role of the SenX3-RegX3 system in regulating the butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis. EMSAs and qRT-PCR demonstrated that RegX3 positively controls butenyl-spinosyn production in an indirect way. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis, regX3 deletion not only strengthens the basal metabolic ability of S. pogona in the mid-growth phase but also promotes the flow of the acetyl-CoA produced via key metabolic pathways into the TCA cycle rather than the butenyl-spinosyn biosynthetic pathway, which ultimately leads to continued growth but reduced butenyl-spinosyn production. The strategy demonstrated here may be valuable for revealing the regulatory role of the SenX3-RegX3 system in the biosynthesis of other natural products.

Effect of Aluminum on Lead Release to Drinking Water from Scales of Corrosion Products.

The occurrence of aluminum in scales on lead pipes is common. This study aimed to identify factors that influence Al accumulation on oxidized lead surfaces and to determine whether the presence of Al impacts Pb release from corrosion products to water. Al accumulation and Pb release were monitored both with and without the addition of phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor. Pb coupons with corrosion scales were exposed to chlorinated water for up to 198 days to investigate Al accumulation and Pb release. Al accumulation was facilitated by Pb corrosion products, but its accumulation was inhibited by phosphate addition. During the study period, the formation of Al deposits did not affect Pb release when phosphate was absent. In an Al-free system, the addition of 1.0 mg/L phosphate (as P) lowered the dissolved Pb concentration below 1.0 μg/L. In a system containing 200 μg/L Al, the emergence of phosphate's effect on Pb control was delayed, and the dissolved Pb concentration decreased but stabilized at a higher value (10-12 μg/L) than in the Al-free system. Phosphohedyphane (Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl) was formed in all phosphate-containing systems, and PbO2 was formed independent of phosphate addition. The effect of Al on Pb release was probably related to its influence on the composition and morphology of Pb-containing minerals on coupon surfaces. The laboratory study has unavoidable limitations in its ability to simulate all conditions in real lead service lines, but this study still highlights the importance of considering the influence of Al when designing Pb corrosion control strategies.

Effect of Inorganic Phosphate on the Photoproduction of Hydrogen Peroxide in Frozen Aqueous Solutions of Adenine Derivatives

The content of hydrogen peroxide in 2 × 10−4 M aqueous solutions of adenine (A), adenosine (Ado) and adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) containing NaCl (0.1 M) irradiated with near-UV light at 77 K and identical solutions containing added inorganic phosphate (Pi) is determined. It is shown that introducing Pi into the solutions considerably improves the yield of H2O2. The results from detecting H2O2 in the studied systems are compared to estimates of the integral intensities of EPR signals (IntS) of the irradiated solutions before defrosting (and the estimates of content of different components of these spectra, obtained by modeling). It is concluded that the basic producers of H2O2 in the studied systems are aggregates of adenine derivatives that form upon the freezing of aqueous solutions.

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Palmitic Acid and ω-Hydroxypalmitic Acid as Inducers of Ca2+-Dependent Permeabilization of Liver Mitochondria and Lecithin Liposomes

The effects of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid as an inducer of Ca2+-dependent membrane permeabilization were studied on isolated rat liver mitochondria energized by succinate oxidation and lecithin liposomes. These Ca2+-dependent effects of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid on mitochondria and liposomes were compared with similar well-studied effects of palmitic acid. It was found that ω-hydroxypalmitic acid induced significantly more intensive mitochondrial swelling than palmitic acid in the presence of cyclosporin A and, therefore, was a more effective inducer of Ca2+-dependent cyclosporin A-insensitive permeabilization of the inner membrane of the organelles. At the same time, ω-hydroxypalmitic acid was a much less effective inducer of Ca2+-dependent release of sulforhodamine B from liposomes compared to palmitic acid. It has been shown that, in contrast to palmitic acid, the action of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid as an inducer of Ca2+-dependent pore in the liver mitochondria was completely blocked by inorganic phosphate in the presence of cyclosporin A. It was found that in this case inorganic phosphate cannot be replaced by vanadate, a permeable anion with similar properties. These results are considered as evidence of significant difference in the mechanisms of action of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid and palmitic acid as inducers of the Ca2+-dependent permeabilization of liver mitochondria. While the Ca2+-dependent effect of palmitic acid can be considered to be due the formation of a lipid pore, the Ca2+-dependent effect of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid in the presence of inorganic phosphate can be due to the formation of a cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The effect of inorganic phosphate as an inhibitor of ω-hydroxypalmitic acid-induced Ca2+-dependent cyclosporin A-sensitive pore in liver mitochondria is discussed.

The effects of inorganic phosphate on muscle force development and energetics: challenges in modelling related to experimental uncertainties

Muscle force and power are developed by myosin cross-bridges, which cyclically attach to actin, undergo a force-generating transition and detach under turnover of ATP. The force-generating transition is intimately associated with release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) but the exact sequence of events in relation to the actual Pi release step is controversial. Details of this process are reflected in the relationships between [Pi] and the developed force and shortening velocity. In order to account for these relationships, models have proposed branched kinetic pathways or loose coupling between biochemical and force-generating transitions. A key hypothesis underlying the present study is that such complexities are not required to explain changes in the force–velocity relationship and ATP turnover rate with altered [Pi]. We therefore set out to test if models without branched kinetic paths and Pi-release occurring before the main force-generating transition can account for effects of varied [Pi] (0.1–25 mM). The models tested, one assuming either linear or non-linear cross-bridge elasticity, account well for critical aspects of muscle contraction at 0.5 mM Pi but their capacity to account for the maximum power output vary. We find that the models, within experimental uncertainties, account for the relationship between [Pi] and isometric force as well as between [Pi] and the velocity of shortening at low loads. However, in apparent contradiction with available experimental findings, the tested models produce an anomalous force–velocity relationship at elevated [Pi] and high loads with more than one possible velocity for a given load. Nevertheless, considering experimental uncertainties and effects of sarcomere non-uniformities, these discrepancies are insufficient to refute the tested models in favour of more complex alternatives.

The Effect of Orthophosphate‚ Nitrate, and Chloride Anions on the Adsorption of Zinc in Some Calcareous Soils in Chaharmahal -va- Bakhtiari Province

The Effect of Orthophosphate‚ Nitrate, and Chloride Anions on the Adsorption of Zinc in Some Calcareous Soils in Chaharmahal -va- Bakhtiari Province

Inorganic Phosphate Effect of on Human Dental Pulp Cell Cultures

This study was designed to investigate the effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) at different concentrations on odontogenesis of the normal human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Normal human dental pulp cells derived from extracted pristine teeth were cultured in growth medium with supplements of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in 0 ppm, 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm and 8 ppm, for the time intervals of 16 hours, 7, 14, and 21 days. Cell proliferation rates were measured by the optical density of crystal violet dye stained cells. ALP activity was measured by fluorometric assay. Expression of Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP) was measured by ELISA. The data were presented as the mean of triplicates. Statistical analysis was conducted using JMP Pro 12 (ver. 12.1.0) in one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests. Cell attachment efficiency was reduced significantly by additional Pi of 2, 4 and 5 ppm (P<0.05). At 21 days, cultures with 2, 4 and 5 ppm supplemental Pi displayed significantly higher cell proliferation rates compared to the control group at day 14 (P<0.05) and at day 21 (P<0.05). At day 7, cultures with 2, 4, 5 and 8 ppm supplemental Pi yield significantly higher levels of ALP activity (P<0.05) compared to the control group. At day 7, cultures with 5 ppm Pi supplement showed significantly higher levels of DSP expression (P<0.05) compared to the control group and the rest of the other groups. Supplemental Pi in concentration of 5 ppm could significantly induce proliferation and odontogenesis of hDPCs. This is the first report to demonstrate Pi-induced odontogenesis, leading to potential development and clinical application of future Pi containing dental pulp capping or root canal filling materials.

Phosphate Favors the Biosynthesis of CdS Quantum Dots in Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ATCC 19703 by Improving Metal Uptake and Tolerance.

Recently, we reported the production of Cadmium sulfide (CdS) fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) by acidophilic bacteria of the Acidithiobacillus genus. Here, we report that the addition of inorganic phosphate to Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ATCC 19703 cultures favors the biosynthesis of CdS QDs at acidic conditions (pH 3.5). The effect of pH, phosphate and cadmium concentrations on QDs biosynthesis was studied by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a multivariate technique for analytical optimization scarcely used in microbiological studies to date. To address how phosphate affects intracellular biosynthesis of CdS QDs, the effect of inorganic phosphate on bacterial cadmium-uptake was evaluated. By measuring intracellular levels of cadmium we determined that phosphate influences the capacity of cells to incorporate this metal. A relation between cadmium tolerance and phosphate concentrations was also determined, suggesting that phosphate participates in the adaptation of bacteria to toxic levels of this metal. In addition, QDs-biosynthesis was also favored by the degradation of intracellular polyphosphates. Altogether, our results indicate that phosphate contributes to A. thiooxidans CdS QDs biosynthesis by influencing cadmium uptake and cadmium tolerance. These QDs may also be acting as a nucleation point for QDs formation at acidic pH. This is the first study reporting the effect of phosphates on QDs biosynthesis and describes a new cadmium-response pathway present in A. thiooxidans and most probably in other bacterial species.

Effects of inorganic phosphate on a high-rate anammox system: Performance and microbial community

Given the prospective application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)-based processes in treating the ammonium-rich and phosphate-containing wastewaters, the effects of phosphate on anammox process were investigated considering the roles of phosphate forms and biomass geometry in this study. Batch experiments showed that phosphate lower than 155mgPL−1 stimulated the specific anammox activity (SAA) of granules or flocs, whereas 310mgPL−1 phosphate inhibited the SAA by 10% and the inhibitory effects were further enhanced with phosphate concentrations increasing. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of anammox granules and flocs were estimated as 1664.7±114.7 and 1205.9±77.5mgPL−1, respectively. The inhibitory effect may be mainly attributed to the dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4−) in weakly basic conditions. However, when the influent phosphate level of the granular sludge reactor gradually increased from 2 to 500mgPL−1, no adverse effects on the nitrogen removal performance were observed during a 195-day operation. The microbial community diversity and the relative abundance of anammox bacteria were reduced, but no shift in dominant anammox strain was recorded by high throughput sequencing. These results will trigger a rational reevaluation regarding the effects of inorganic phosphate on anammox process.

Effect of Inorganic Phosphate and Low pH on the Force-Velocity Relation of Single Skinned Skeletal Muscle Fibers Studied by Applying Parabolic Fiber Length Changes

Although force-velocity (P-V) relation is important to obtain insights into kinetics of actin-myosin interaction in muscle, determination of P-V relation in skinned muscle fibers are difficult mainly due to gradual deterioration at the two cut fiber ends, which makes it impossible to obtain enough data points to construct P-V curve over the whole range of forces. In addition, determination of the maximum shortening velocity Vmax by back extrapolation of limited data points to velocity axis is ambiguous because of the steep force versus velocity relation. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a novel method to obtain continuous P-V curves over the whole range of forces from 0 to the maximum isometric force Po, by applying length changes, with time course L=-kt2, to Ca2+-activated skinned fibers, so that time derivative of length change, i.e. shortening velocity V=-dL/dt=-2kt; namely, V increased linearly with time t. By recording the resulting chane in force P, we could obtain continuous P-V curve in one shot. Using the above method, we examined effect of high inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration and low pH (6.5) on P-V relation of skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers at 20°C and at 5°C with the following results: (1) The P-V curves obtained exhibited a distinct hump at high force region >0.5-0.6Po. The P-V curves, deviated from rectangular hyperbola with forces > ~0.2Po, did not change their shape appreciably by Pi and low pH.; (2) Pi (30 mM) reduced Po by ~30% at 20°C and ~45% at 5°C; (3) Low pH (6.5) showed no significant effect on Vmax at both 20 and 5°C; and (4) Pi (30 mM) at low pH (6.5) reduced Po by ~43% at 20°C and ~45% at 5°C. These results are discussed in relation of other published results.

Organomineral Phosphorus Fertilization in the Production of Corn, Soybean and Bean Cultivated in Succession

The use of organic waste in agriculture has been used aiming at greater productivity, decrease in the cost of production and sustainable use of resources. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of phosphate fertilization with the maintenance of organomineral fertilizers, combining poultry manure and soluble or reactive phosphate, in the production of grains in corn culture and the residual effect for subsequent crops of beans and soybeans. The experiment was conducted in Sete Lagoas, MG, in 2015, using three fertilizers with sources of different phosphorus sources (triple super phosphate—STP, organomineral with STP and organomineral with Bayovar phosphate) applied at the doses of 65, 130, 195 and 260 kg·ha¯1 of P2O5 total, and compared to the control without phosphate fertilization. We evaluated the contents of foliar P, P accumulation in the grains, yields of corn grains, beans and soy, accumulated productivity and export of accumulated P of the three cultures. The three cultures assessed presented higher productivity when compared to the average of the factorial treatments that received phosphate fertilization relative to the control. Organomineral fertilizers increased grain production, obtaining average productivity equal to or greater than those obtained with the exclusive use of STP.

Effect of orthophosphate and calcium on the self assembly of concentrated sodium caseinate solutions

The effect of orthophosphate (0–0.1 m) on the aggregation of sodium caseinate in water (10–80 g L−1) induced by calcium ions was studied using confocal microscopy, sedimentation and 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the presence of calcium ions (0–0.1 m), orthophosphate binds to the caseins leading to the formation of complexes involving all four types of casein. Above a critical molar calcium/protein ratio in the complex, large protein aggregates were formed that sedimented during centrifugation. The critical molar ratio increased from about 6 without added orthophosphate to about 10 in excess orthophosphate. Excess orthophosphate precipitated in the form of calcium phosphate particles and competed with caseins for binding of calcium ions. Binding of calcium ions led to immobilisation of inorganic orthophosphate and organic phophoserines in solid nanoparticles. In excess CaCl2 and orthophosphate, the complexes contained about 13 calcium and 10 orthophosphate ions.

Effects of inorganic phosphate and FGF23 on C2C12 myoblast cells

Effects of inorganic phosphate and FGF23 on C2C12 myoblast cells

Adsorption behavior of methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate on an apatite surface at neutral pH.

This study aimed to quantify the adsorption affinity of neutralized 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP-N) toward hydroxyapatite (HA) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) at pH 7.0 by employing the Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, the effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and fluoride (F(-) ) ions on the adsorption of 10-MDP-N onto HA and DCPD were examined. Fixed amounts of HA and DCPD powders were suspended in different concentrations of 10-MDP-N solutions and were incubated for 18 h. Equilibrated concentrations of 10-MDP-N were measured by spectrophotometry and the adsorption affinity was estimated using the Langmuir model. Moreover, the adsorption was examined by zeta-potential analysis. The results indicated that significant Langmuir correlation was noted in both substrates, along with an increasing negative zeta-potential; however, in DCPD the correlation was less strong. The addition of 1.0 mM Pi slightly delayed the adsorption of 10-MDP-N onto both substrates, whereas 3.0 mM Pi drastically delayed adsorption onto HA but completely inhibited adsorption onto DCPD. Up to 50 ppm, F(-) enhanced the adsorption onto HA, and the adsorption plateaued at higher concentrations of F(-) , whereas no obvious influence of F(-) on the adsorption onto DCPD was noted.

Effects of inorganic phosphate and FGF23 on C2C12 myoblast cells

Effects of inorganic phosphate and FGF23 on C2C12 myoblast cells