Effect Of Incubation Temperature Research Articles

Effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development of Labeo rajasthanicus

Effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development of Labeo rajasthanicus

Long-Lasting Effects of Incubation Temperature During Fetal Development on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Broilers.

Increasing evidence indicates that fetal programming may cause permanent effects on offspring adipose tissue and body composition. Previous study showed reduction in newly-hatched broiler chick adiposity by manipulating incubation temperature during fetal development. The present study examined whether incubation temperature during fetal development has long-term effects on post-hatching fat deposition in broilers. Broiler breeder eggs (Cobb-500®) were incubated under constant low (36°C, LT), control (37.5°C, CT) or high (39°C, HT) temperature from day 13 onward, giving to eggshell temperature of 37.3 ± 0.08°C, 37.8 ± 0.2°C, and 38.8 ± 0.3°C, respectively. Male chicks were reared under recommended temperatures until 42 days old. LT 21 days old broilers exhibited higher blood cholesterol than CT broilers, and higher triglycerids, VLDL, and LDL, and lower HDL than CT and HT broilers. LT broilers presented higher liver cholesterol than CT broilers and lower ether extract percentage than CT broilers. Adipocyte count was lower in the abdomen than in the thigh. Until day 21 of age, feed intake was higher in LT than in HT broilers. At day 42 of age, blood cholesterol and LDL were higher in HT broilers than in CT and LT broilers. Liver cholesterol was higher in LT than in HT broilers. LT treatment reduced neck and increased thigh adipocyte size compared to CT treatment, while the HT treatment reduced abdomen and neck adipocyte size compared to other two treatments and in the thigh compared to LT treatment. In CT broilers, thigh adipocytes were smaller than abdomen and neck adipocytes. HT treatment increased adipocyte number per area in the neck compared to LT and CT treatment, and LT and HT treatments reduced adipocyte count in the thigh compared to CT treatment. CT broilers presented higher adipocyte count in the thigh than the abdomen and neck, while HT broilers presented higher adipocyte count in the neck than the abdomen and thigh. Cell proliferation was lower in the abdomen than in the thigh. The results show incubation temperature manipulation during fetal development has long-term and distinct effects on regional adiposity, and can be used to modulate broiler fat deposition.

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Taylor Hartman Department of Organismal Biology, West Liberty University, West Liberty West Virginia, 26074. Incubation Temperature Effects on Hatchling False Water Cobras
 
 In herpetoculture (the keeping of reptiles in captivity), there are often discrepancies between breeders for which incubation temperature for eggs of different snake species is most effective. It is believed by some breeders that warmer temperatures cause eggs to hatch faster and colder temperatures will cause the eggs to incubate longer but produce more robust babies. This study looks at false water cobra (FWC; hydrodynastes gigas) hatchlings housed in two temperatures to determine the effects of incubation temperatures upon hatching. Clutches of eggs were split as evenly as possible between a warm temperature of 82F (27C) and a cold temperature of 77F (25C). Upon hatching, individuals were measured from snout-to-vent (SVL) and weighed for mass. 
 The experiment is still ongoing with other snake species, but results have been calculated for H. gigas. The warmer incubation temperature produced snakes that were lighter in mass than cold incubated eggs, but both temperatures produced snakes of the same SVL. Results were found using an unpaired t-test, which suggested that the mass difference of 3.4 grams between the incubator’s hatchlings’ weight was significant. However, a difference of 0.9 centimeters in length was not significant. 
 Those incubated in the warmer temperature hatched at a faster rate than those in the cold temperature. Fungal infections on the eggs and deformities were more apparent in the warmer eggs, while no fungi or deformities were found in the colder temperatures, despite the incubation substrate and accommodating materials coming from the same source. 

Simple Two‐step, High Yield Protocol for Isolation and Amplification of Bacteriophages Against Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Bacteriophages are bacteria-targeting viruses that may prove useful as therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Though phage therapy is a century-old concept, there is very limited progress on its therapeutic application due to the rapid expansion of antibiotics portfolios in the last few decades. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms has brought our attention back to bacteriophages. The first step towards developing effective phage therapy against multidrug-resistant bacteria is isolation, amplification, and purification of specific bacteriophages. There are many reported protocols for isolating host-specific bacteriophages from the environment. However, most of them are complex, multistep, low-yielding, resource-intensive protocols, requiring elaborate laboratory setup. We have demonstrated a simple two-step, high-yielding protocol for isolating and amplifying bacteriophages against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We have shown that mixing various environmental samples (i.e., sample pooling) and phage amplification at two different temperatures significantly enhance the yield of MRSA phages. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of water sample filtrate for isolation of bacteriophages Basic Protocol 2: Bacterial strain and culture conditions Basic Protocol 3: Native bacteriophage count in water sample filtrate Basic Protocol 4: Isolation and enrichment of MRSA-specific bacteriophages Basic Protocol 5: Quantification of bacteriophages by drop cast method Basic Protocol 6: Effect of incubation temperature and heat shock on bacteriophage yield.

Effects of incubation temperature on the mechanical and structure performance of beeswax-carrageenan-xanthan hybrid gelator system in 3D printing

The effect of incubation temperature on the print performance, rheological properties and microstructure of beeswax-carrageenan-xanthan hybrid gelator inks were studied. When the incubation temperature increased from 25 to 35 °C, the crystal structure of beeswax transferred from amorphous to spherulites. The beeswax particles in hybrid gelator inks were evenly dispersed and tend to aggregate. The hybrid gelator ink's τ0 and n increased from 23.64 to 33.63 Pa and 0.20 to 0.26, respectively, which indicated that the inks have low mechanical strength and were not conducive to molding. When the incubation temperature exceeded 55 °C, a large number of needle-shaped crystals appeared in the beeswax, and the solid fat content increased from 29.98 to 30.60% (p < 0.05). The beeswax was fused to form larger particles, and an interpenetrate/penetrate network was observed on the beeswax surface. The increasing K and n indicated that the inks have larger particles and high viscosity and were adverse to extrusion. When the incubation temperature reached 45 °C, spherulites and needle-shaped crystals simultaneously appeared in the ink. The ink's τ0, K and n values were 113.44 Pa, 248.40 Pa·sn and 0.34, respectively. Inks can be squeezed out smoothly and have good filament fidelity. The hollow cube model was printed with good shape retention. This article provides a methodology for the development and application of novel hybrid gelator system in 3D printing.

The Effect of Incubation Temperature, Substrate and Initial pH Value on Plantaricin Activity and the Relative Transcription of pln Genes of Six Sourdough Derived Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of sourdough related parameters on the growth and plantaricin activity of six Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains against a mixture of 5 Listeria monocytogenes strains and to analyze the transcriptomic response of their pln genes. Parameters included 3 substrates (MRS broth, mMRS broth, WFE), 3 temperatures (20, 30, 37 °C), 2 initial pH values (5.0, 6.0), 2 NaCl concentrations (0.0, 1.8%) and 12 time points (ranging from 0 to 33 h). The transcriptomic response of the plantaricin genes to the aforementioned parameters was assessed after 21 h of growth. In general, plantaricin activity was strain dependent with that of Lp. plantarum strains LQC 2422, 2441, 2485 and 2516, harboring four pln genes, namely, pln423 (plαA), plαΒ, plαC and plαD, reaching 2560 AU/mL. However, strains LQC 2320 and 2520, in which 18 pln genes were detected, namely, plNC8a, plNC8b, plNC8c, plnL, plnR, plnJ, plnK, plnE, plnF, plnH, plnS, plnY, plNC8-IF, plNC8-HK, plnD, plnI, plnM and plnG, exhibited plantaricin activity barely reaching 160 AU/mL. Substrate, temperature, initial pH value and strains significantly affected plantaricin activity, while NaCl had only a marginal effect. Similarly, growth substrate and temperature had a more pronounced effect than initial pH value on gene transcription. A strong correlation between the transcription of the genes belonging to the same locus was observed; however, only a weak correlation, if any, was observed between plantaricin activity and the transcription of the genes assessed.

Hatching Success Rather Than Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination as the Main Driver of Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Nesting Activity in the Pacific Coast of Central America.

Simple SummaryIn marine turtles, sex is determined during a precise period during incubation: males are produced at lower temperatures and females at higher temperatures, a phenomenon called temperature-dependent sex determination. Most predictions about the long-term persistence of sea turtle populations in the face of climate change have focused on the effect of incubation temperature on sex ratios. In Central America, the alternations in dark sand beaches (hotter sand) and light sand beaches (cooler sand) are observed. Due to the higher production of females at high temperatures and the natal homing phenomenon in marine turtles, the largest proportion of nests on dark sand beaches was expected. However, the inverse was observed. We hypothesize that high beach temperatures, being seen in darker sand, increased female-biased primary sex ratios but reduced the output of female hatchlings due to embryo thermal lethality at high temperature. Our study reveals that when we think about sea turtle population dynamics, we should consider a variety of factors and not only sex ratio.In marine turtles, sex is determined during a precise period during incubation: males are produced at lower temperatures and females at higher temperatures, a phenomenon called temperature-dependent sex determination. Nest temperature depends on many factors, including solar radiation. Albedo is the measure of the proportion of reflected solar radiation, and in terms of sand color, black sand absorbs the most energy, while white sand reflects more solar radiation. Based on this observation, darker sand beaches with higher temperatures should produce more females. As marine turtles show a high degree of philopatry, including natal homing, dark beaches should also produce more female hatchlings that return to nest when mature. When sand color is heterogeneous in a region, we hypothesize that darker beaches would have the most nests. Nevertheless, the high incubation temperature on beaches with a low albedo may result in low hatching success. Using Google Earth images and the SWOT database of nesting olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, we modeled sand color and nesting activity to test the hypothesis that darker beaches host larger concentrations of females because of feminization on darker beaches and female philopatry. We found the opposite result: the lower hatching success at beaches with a lower albedo could be the main driver of nesting activity heterogeneity for olive ridleys in Central America.

Influence of temperature on occlusion body production in a Mexican isolate of Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus

ABSTRACT In vivo production of baculoviruses requires optimisation studies for each host-virus system. Considering the potential of a Mexican isolate of Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeSIN6) for developing a biopesticide, here, a compartmentalised tray system and a cool-textured diet were used to determine the effect of incubation temperature on the pathogenicity, speed of kill, and production of occlusion bodies (OBs). All measurements were compared with a characterised American nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate (SeUS2). Incubation of fourth instar S. exigua at 20, 25, and 30°C did not significantly affect the mortality caused by either isolate, although a delay in virus infection was observed at 20°C. The OB production of both isolates in infected larvae was significantly lower at 20°C than at 25 and 30°C. At all temperatures, the OB production of the SeSIN6 isolate was higher than the SeUS2 isolate. The production of OBs per mg larva was significantly higher at 30°C for both isolates. A positive correlation was observed between larval weight gain and the production of OBs/larva at all temperatures, whereas a negative correlation was observed between larval gain weight and OBs/mg of larval weight in most of the treatments. We conclude that incubation temperatures of 25 and 30°C are optimal for OB production per larva in both isolates tested. Further studies are needed to examine other factors that can improve the production of Mexican SeMNPV isolates.

Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by two newly cold-adapted Egyptian marine yeast.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03010-4.

Non-Deep Simple Morphophysiological Dormancy and Germination Characteristics of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara (Gentianaceae), a Rare Perennial Herb in Korea

This study investigated the kind of seed dormancy and seed germination of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara for developing a seed propagation method. The seeds were collected in October 2020 from plants at Mt. Sobaeksan, Korea. In a water imbibition experiment, seed weights increased by >101.9% of their initial masses over 12 h. Effects of incubation temperature (5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C), cold stratification period (5 °C; 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks), and gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg∙L−1) and potassium nitrate treatment (KNO3; 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 mg∙L−1) on seed germination were investigated to characterize seed dormancy. These seeds exhibited underdeveloped embryos during seed dispersal. The seeds failed to reach the final germination of 15.0% after treatment at 5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C. After cold stratification for 8 weeks, the germination increased dramatically by >90.0% compared to that at 0 weeks. After the GA3 treatment, the germination reached >80.0% within 5 days. The final germination was 90.0% in the 100 mg∙L−1 GA3 treatment group. However, the KNO3 treatment had no effect on seed germination. Therefore, the G. triflora var. japonica seeds exhibited non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy.

Divergent incubation temperature effects on thermal sensitivity of hatchling performance in two different latitudinal populations of an invasive turtle.

The incubation temperature for embryonic development affects several aspects of hatchling performance, but its impact on the thermal sensitivity of performance attributes remains poorly investigated. In the present study, Trachemys scripta elegans hatchlings from two different latitudinal populations were collected to assess the effects of different incubation temperatures on the locomotor (swimming speed) and physiological (heart rate) performances, and the thermal sensitivity of these two attributes. The incubation temperature significantly affected the examined physiological traits. Hatchling turtles produced at low incubation temperature exhibited relatively higher cold tolerance (lower body temperatures at which the animals lose the ability to escape from the lethal conditions), and reduced heart rate and swimming speed. Furthermore, the effect of incubation temperature on the thermal sensitivity of swimming speed differed between the low- and high-latitude populations. At relatively high incubation temperatures, the high-latitude hatchling turtles exhibited reduced thermal sensitivities of swimming speed than those of the low-latitude ones. Reduced thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance together with high cold tolerance, exhibited by the high-latitude hatchling turtles potentially reflected local adaptation to relatively colder and more thermally-variable environments.

Physicochemical properties of skim milk gels obtained by combined bacterial fermentation and renneting: Effect of incubation temperature at constant inoculum level

Acid-rennet skim milk gels were formed by simultaneous bacterial fermentation and renneting at three different temperatures at constant inoculum level. Temperatures >24 °C accelerated milk acidification and resulted in firmer and more cohesive gels. It was possible to shorten the acidification process from ∼795 min (28 °C) to ∼600 min (32 °C) without affecting curd quality; there was no significant difference in texture properties between curds formed at 28 or 32 °C. Internal structure of curds, observed using scanning electron microscopy, was substantially affected by acidification rate. More crosslinking and thicker bonds were formed when milk was coagulated at 32 °C compared with 24 or 28 °C. Faster network formation at 32 °C resulted in bigger pores, favouring whey leakage. Increasing temperature significantly increased syneresis, due to intensified intra-network rearrangements. Milk incubation temperature can therefore be used as a process variable to increase syneresis and alter acid-rennet gel texture.

Differential Incubation Temperature Effects on Growth of Hisex Brown Chick Embryos and Development of Their Visceral Organs

Differential Incubation Temperature Effects on Growth of Hisex Brown Chick Embryos and Development of Their Visceral Organs

Effect of incubation temperature and sucrose concentration on callus induction and plant regeneration in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Androgenic and plant regeneration potential from antherculture were investigated in cauliflower genotypes underdifferent incubation temperatures, sucrose concentrationsand regeneration media compositions. Anthers werecultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-Dand 1.0 mg/L NAA growth hormone with four differenttreatments of sucrose i.e. 3%, 5%, 10% and 13%. Maximumandrogenesis has been observed with 10% sucroseconcentration. Anthers of all the varieties were incubatedunder three different temperatures i.e. 25°C, 32°C and 35°C.Among these incubation temperatures, higher androgenesiswas observed at 32°C incubation temperature. Callus werecultured on five shoot regeneration media compositions,among which maximum regeneration has been observed onMS media supplemented with 5.0 mg/L BAP and 1.0 mg/LNAA followed by MS media supplemented with 6.0 mg/LBAP and 1.0 mg/L NAA. Maximum root regeneration hasbeen observed in ½ MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA growth hormone followed by ½ MS mediumsupplemented with 0.4 mg/L IBA. In cytological examination,20.3% of the regenerated plants were found to be haploidwhile 29.8% were spontaneous doubled haploids.

Environmental Effects of Temperature and Water Potential on Mycelial Growth of Neocosmospora solani and Fusarium spp. Causing Dry Root Rot of Citrus.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of environmental factors temperature and water potential (Ψw) on the growth of Neocosmospora (Fusarium) solani and three Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. equiseti and F. brachygibbosum) associated with citrus dry root rot and to determine the optimum and marginal rate for their growth. The effects of incubation temperature (5-40°C), water potentials (Ψw) (-15.54; -0.67MPa) (0.89-0.995aw) and their interaction (5-30°C) was evaluated on the in vitro radial growth rates of Fusarium spp. and on their lag phase. Secondary models were used to model the combined effect of these factors on radial growth rate. The results underlined a highly significant effects (P < 0.001) of Ψw and temperature and their interactions on radial growth rates and lag phases (λ). The Four studied species were shown tolerant to a temperature of 35°C with an optimum mycelial growth at 30 for N. solani and F. oxysporum and at 25°C for F. equiseti and F. brachygibbosum. However, no growth was observed at both temperatures 5 and 40°C and at Ψw of -9.68MPa (0.93aw). The optimum water potential for growth was ≥-2.69 MPA (>0.98aw). The results from the polynomial model and response surface showing good agreement between observed and predicted values. The external validation on citrus fruit indicated slight differences between predicted and observed values of radial growth. The results of this study will be beneficial for understanding the ecological knowledge of these species and thereby limited preventively their occurrence.

Incubation temperature effects on some hatching parameters of silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) egg

ABSTRACT This study aims to observe the effects of incubation temperature on some hatching parameters of silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) egg and determine the optimum temperature to incubate it. A total of 2,000 fertilized eggs were assigned to 20 incubation cylinder plastic tanks (10 L capacity; 30 cm diameter). Every five tanks were placed in four different containers (120 × 80 × 46 cm3) with incubation temperature treatment including 25.0°C–30.0°C (room temperature), 28.0°C, 30.0°C, and 32.0°C. The increase of temperature caused accelerated hatching time, yolk absorption time, and larvae development; it also increased the yolk absorption rate and larvae abnormality rate. A decrease in hatching and survival rate occurred at the highest temperature treatment, so the optimal incubation temperature for silver rasbora egg is 30°C based on the best results of the total hatching rate and survival rate of larvae.

Embryo Development and Sex Ratios in the Red-Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) at Masculinizing Temperatures

Incubation temperature is a factor that can affect several traits in turtles such as body size, growth, shape, and sex in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. A clear understanding of these effects is particularly important in threatened species such as the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius), classified in Colombia as Vulnerable mainly due to the capture of wild individuals to be kept as pets. A previous study on the effect of incubation temperature on sex determination concluded that constant temperatures of 31°C and 33°C are lethal to C. carbonarius embryos and that a temperature of 29°C produces 100% females. Although this showed that C. carbonarius has a temperature-based sex determination mechanism, its full reaction norm is still unknown. To fill in the gaps, we incubated 160 eggs from 47 nests at constant temperatures of 24°C, 26°C, and 28°C. The hatching success rates were 55%, 53%, and 60%, respectively, with extremely long incubation periods of 213, 164, and 138 d. Of the 75 neonates obtained, 58 reached 8 mo of age, at which time 45% (n = 26) were sexed. The sexual proportions (% males) obtained were 88.9%, 60%, and 0% from the 24°C, 26°C, and 28°C treatments. From the calculated thermal reaction norm, we estimated that the pivotal temperature is 26.05°C (95% CI = 25.31–26.69) and the transitional temperature range is from 24.34°C to 27.77°C. Incubation temperature also affected incubation period and hatchling body size and growth. Additionally, we found a significant effect of female body size and mass on egg size and mass, supporting a fecundity selection hypothesis of body size. Finally, we inspected hatchlings for sexual shape dimorphism using geometric morphometrics. We found significant differences in anal notch and plastron shape at 7 d of age, but only differences for anal notch at 1 and 2 mo of age. However, the statistical signal was weak and the results varied with age; thus this sexing technique was unreliable. Given the low critical thermal maxima for embryo survivorship (31°C or less), together with a 100% feminizing temperature of 27.9°C, global climate change coupled with deforestation constitute imminent threats to this species due to demographic impacts such as low recruitment rates and skewed primary sex ratios.

Dormancy cycles in Aquilegia oxysepala Trautv. et Mey. (Ranunculaceae), a species with non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy

Seed dormancy and the formation of a soil seed bank is important plant regeneration strategies, especially if the environment is unpredictable. The present research explores how environmental factors control seed dormancy release, and how seed dormancy is related to the soil seed bank and regeneration of the perennial Aquilegia oxysepala. The effects of incubation temperature, light, cold and warm stratification, gibberellic acid (GA3) along with the germination phenology of A. oxysepala in the field were used to determine the type of seed dormancy. Seasonal change of seed dormancy was determined by regularly exhuming buried seeds and incubating them in laboratory conditions. A. oxysepala seeds has underdeveloped (small) embryos along with physiological dormancy at dispersal. With the increased amounts of cold stratification, the germination of A. oxysepala increased gradually. GA3 served as a substitute for cold stratification. Breaking of physiological dormancy under natural temperatures in the field occurred in winter, while growth of embryos and germination of seeds occurred in early spring. Viable seeds that had not germinated in early spring were induced into secondary dormancy by high soil temperatures. A. oxysepala provides one of a few examples of dormancy cycling in seeds with morphophysiological dormancy. Freshly matured seeds of A. oxysepala seeds have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy. The annual dormancy–non-dormancy cycle maintains the coordination between timing of seedling emergence with favorable seasons, thus increasing the survival chances of seedlings in environments with seasonal changes.

Effect of salt and temperature on the growth of Escherichia coli PSII

AbstractPresence of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in foodstuffs may pose a health risk for a consumer. Therefore, knowledge on the effect of environmental factors on the growth ability of E. coli is of great importance. In this work, the effect of incubation temperature (6–46 °C) and the combined effect of temperature and water activity (0.991–0.930) on the growth dynamic of E. coli PSII were analysed. Based on the growth curves obtained, growth parameters were calculated by using the Baranyi D-model. Growth parameters were further analysed in secondary phase of predictive modelling. Using the CM model that describes the effect of combined factors, cardinal values (Tmin = 4.8 ± 0.4 °C, Topt = 41.1 ± 0.8 °C, Tmax = 48.3 ± 0.9 °C, awmin = 0.932 ± 0.001, and awopt = 0.997 ± 0.003) for the isolate were calculated. Under optimal conditions, the specific growth rate is µopt = 2.84 ± 0.08 h−1. The results obtained may contribute to the assessment of the risk associated with the possible E. coli presence in raw materials and to the search for preventive measures with defined degree of accuracy and reliability.

Good alimentation can overcome the negative effects of climate change on growth in reptiles

Abstract Climate change may lead to higher nest temperatures, which may increase embryo development rate but reduce hatchling size and growth. Larger body size permits better performance, making growth an important fitness trait. In ectotherms, growth is affected by temperature and food quality. To segregate the effects of incubation temperature vs. alimentation on the growth of the Mexican black spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenosaura pectinata, we incubated eggs at 29 or 32 °C, and hatchlings were kept at 30 °C and fed either high- or low-quality food for 1 year, with body size and mass being recorded every 2 weeks. Iguanas incubated at 29 °C grew faster than those incubated at 32 °C. However, food quality had a larger effect on growth than incubation temperature; iguanas fed with high-quality food reached larger body sizes. Growth models suggested that differences in growth between incubation temperatures and food types remain throughout their lives. We found that incubation temperature had long-lasting effects on an ectotherm, and higher incubation temperatures might lead to reduced growth and maturation at a later age. However, food might transcend the effect of increased incubation temperature; therefore, good alimentation might mitigate effects of climate change on growth.