Effect Of Hydrothermal Reaction Time Research Articles

Combination of multiple routes to enhance DSSC performance: Flower-like structure of SnO2 as photoanode and modification with Ag nanoparticle

SnO2 is an attractive photoanode material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), but it has many drawbacks and needs to be modified. In this study, flower-like SnO2 particles are firstly prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis method respectively, and the effect of hydrothermal reaction time on the growth of the particles is explored. The morphological and structural characterisation reveals that the flower-like particles have a larger specific surface area can provide more adsorption sites for dye molecules and are more suitable for photoanode materials. Then the optimal flower-like SnO2 particles are selected to prepare the photoanode, which is also modified with different concentrations of Ag nanoparticles to successfully introduce the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, and the optimal modification concentration is explored. Conformal characterisation, dye adsorption and light absorption tests revealed that the modification of Ag nanoparticles not only optimises the photoanode conformal structure and improves the dye adsorption, but also works in conjunction with the LSPR effect to improve the light absorption and utilisation, thus increasing the cell efficiency. Many cell performances of DSSC are also greatly improved due to the above work, and the optimal cell performance of DSSC is achieved when the Ag nanoparticles doping concentration is 0.03 M. Compared with the pure flower-like SnO2-based photoanode DSSC, the short-circuit current density of the best Ag nanoparticle-modified DSSC is enhanced by 28.56% to 15.80 mA/cm2, and its efficiency is improved by 20.82%–5.92%.

The Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on the Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles

In the context of growing antibiotic resistance and the associated side effects of traditional antibiotics, this research explores the use of nanosized manganese oxide (Mn3O4) as a novel antibacterial agent. This study pioneers the synthesis of Mn3O4 through an eco-friendly hydrothermal method, varying reaction times (2, 4 and 6 hours) at a consistent temperature of 180 °C. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy, provide insights into their crystallinity, functional groups and morphology. The synthesized Mn3O4 demonstrates remarkable antibacterial efficacy, with larger inhibition zones against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains compared to standard antibiotics. This research presents the synthesizing of an eco-friendly, cost-effective antibacterial agent through a straightforward hydrothermal method. Varying reaction times unveil distinctive antibacterial capabilities, making Mn3O4 a promising candidate for future antimicrobial systems and medical applications.

Optical and structural properties of bare MoO3 nanobelt, ZnO nanoflakes, and MoO3/ ZnO nanocomposites: The effect of hydrothermal reaction times and molar ratios

In this paper, the successful synthesis of bare molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanobelts using a one-step hydrothermal method without the use of surfactants is reported. Additionally, ZnO nanoflakes are synthesized through a green method, employing ginger extract, owing to the presence of phenolic compounds found in ginger, mainly gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. Furthermore, the fabrication of MoO3/ZnO nanocomposites using an uncomplicated and readily accessible ultrasonication method is presented. Also, the effects of hydrothermal reaction time (12, 24, and 36 h) and the molar ratio of MoO3 nanobelts (NBs) to ZnO nanoflakes (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) are investigated on the properties of synthesized MoO3 nanostructures and MoO3/ZnO composites, respectively. The results declare that the optical and structural properties, morphology, and stability of the MoO3 are influenced by hydrothermal reaction time significantly and the uniform MoO3 nanobelts are obtained in a reaction time of 24 h. Also, the formation of nanocomposites with different ratios of MoO3 nanobelt and ZnO nanoflakes by ultrasonication leads to forming uniform distributions of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of MoO3 structures. Indeed, the ultrasonication condition causes the transformation of the biphasic MoO3 structure to a single-phase MoO3 in the composites. Furthermore, the optical properties of MoO3 nanobelts including the reflection especially in the UV region, and also the bandgap energies of the NBs are affected by providing the nanocomposites, and the bandgap energies change from 2.94 eV (bare MoO3 nanobelts) to 3.18 eV (nanocomposites). The reasons for the phenomena are explained in the paper. These insights into the controlled synthesis of MoO3 nanostructures and MoO3/ZnO nanocomposites pave the way for potential applications in fields such as advanced sensors, optoelectronics, and energy-efficient devices.

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Structure, Magnetic, and Biological Properties of Iron Sulfide Nanoparticles

AbstractThree samples of Fe−S were prepared with different hydrothermal periods (6, 12, and 18 h). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) test showed that the first produced sample contained 42.3 wt % of magnetite, 35 wt % of greigite, and 22.7 wt % of pyrite phases. The same phases were formed during the second period but with different wt % ratios. The greigite increased to 67.8 wt % by the third period, while the magnetite and pyrite phases vanished and were associated with a low ratio of the presence of pyrrhotite and FeO2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles. The increase in the hydrothermal time produced a reduction in the saturation magnetization (39.8 to 9.1) emu/g and the remanence magnetization (8 to 2.4) emu/g, and increasing in the coercivity. To assess the viability of Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HdFn) cells, a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity (MTT) was applied to the third sample. The outcome verified iron sulfide‘s cytocompatibility against HdFn cells even at high concentrations and good anticancer activity against MCF‐7 cell lines. The result of the DPPH test confirmed that the third sample had antioxidant activity equivalent to that of ascorbic acid.

Exploring the potential of binder-free synthesized cobalt-based phosphate hydrate and pyrophosphate electrodes for supercapacitors

We used a hydrothermal approach to synthesize electrodes of cobalt phosphate hydrate (CPH) and cobalt pyrophosphate (CPP) on 3D Ni-foam. At a steady reaction temperature, the effect of hydrothermal reaction time (0.5 to 2.5 h) on the electrochemical performance of CPH and CPP electrodes is studied. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations of all the CPH and CPP electrodes were thoroughly investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and Raman study confirm the crystalline and amorphous nature of the synthesized CPH and CPP materials, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation reveals nanoflakes structures of all the electrodes. Electrochemical measurements of CPH and CPP electrodes were conducted in a 1 M KOH electrolyte over −0.2 to 0.55 V versus SCE (for CPH) and −0.2 to 0.3 V versus SCE for CPP. The CPH2 electrode, demonstrated a specific capacity of 244.4 mAh/g (1,173.33 F/g) at a current density of 30 mA/cm2. The charge storage dynamics of the CPH2 electrode is discussed using the power law. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor is assembled with CPH/CPP and activated carbon (AC) for electrochemical measurements.

Deep insights to explain the mechanism of carbon dot formation at various reaction times using the hydrothermal technique: FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopic approaches.

A well-explained mechanism for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs) is not yet explored and is still a subject of great debate and challenge. This study used a one-step hydrothermal method to prepare highly efficient, gram-scale, excellent water solubility, and blue fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with the particle size average distribution of around 5 nm from 4-aminoantipyrine. The effects of varying synthesis reaction times on the structure and mechanism formation of NCDs were investigated using spectroscopic methods, namely FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results indicated that increasing the reaction time affects the structure of the NCDs. As the hydrothermal synthesis reaction time is extended, the intensity of the peaks in the aromatic region decreases, and new peaks in the aliphatic and carbonyl group regions are generated, which display enhanced intensity. In addition, the photoluminescent quantum yield increases as the reaction time increases. The presence of a benzene ring in 4-aminoantipyrine is thought to contribute to the observed structural changes in NCDs. This is due to the increased noncovalent π-π stacking interactions of the aromatic ring during the carbon dot core formation. Moreover, the hydrolysis of the pyrazole ring in 4-aminoantipyrine results in polar functional groups attached to aliphatic carbons. As the reaction time prolongs, these functional groups progressively cover a larger portion of the surface of the NCDs. After 21 h of the synthesis process, the XRD spectrum of the produced NCDs illustrates a broad peak at 21.1°, indicating an amorphous turbostratic carbon phase. The d-spacing measured from the HR-TEM image is about 0.26 nm, which agrees with the (100) plane lattice of graphite carbon and confirms the purity of the NCD product with a surface covered by polar functional groups. This investigation will lead to a greater understanding of the effect of hydrothermal reaction time on the mechanism and structure of carbon dot synthesis. Moreover, it offers a simple, low-cost, and gram-scale method for creating high-quality NCDs crucial for various applications.

Effects of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on the Structure and Optical Properties of ZnO/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

In this research, ZnO/GO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using graphene oxide (GO) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) as the reactants. The effect of the hydrothermal reaction time on the structure and optical property of the ZnO/GO was systematically investigated. The structure, morphology and chemical composition of the samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the optical properties were measured using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The synthesized products consisted of large quantities of one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorods (NRs), which were dispersed uniformly on the GO surface. The XRD and Raman results reveal that the ZnO NRs in the fabricated samples had a hexagonal wurtzite structure with high crystalline quality. The FESEM and TEM images reveal that ZnO NRs with an average diameter in the range of ~85–270 nm and length in the range of ~0.3–6 μm were covered with GO sheets. Additionally, it was found that the crystallographic orientation of ZnO NRs was dependent not only on the hydrothermal reaction time but also on the presence of GO in the nanocomposites. However, the addition of GO did not affect the stoichiometric ratio and the crystal structure of ZnO NRs. The room-temperature PL results indicated that, compared to those of pure ZnO, the luminescence of the GO/ZnO nanocomposites was suppressed and shifted towards a higher wavelength (red shift), which was attributed to the incorporation of ZnO NRs within the GO matrix and the formation of a C-O-Zn chemical bond in the nanocomposites. The hydrothermal technique is considered one of the best routes due to its low cost, high growth rates, low-temperature synthesis, controllable crystallographic orientation, particle size, as well as morphology.

Room temperature H2S gas sensing performance of VO2(A) nanowires with high aspect ratio

Achieving room-temperature detection of H2S gas is crucial for practical applications. In this work, one-dimensional VO2(A) nanowires with high aspect ratio were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal method and applied to the detection of H2S at room temperature for the first time. The effects of hydrothermal reaction time on the phase composition, morphology and gas sensing properties of the samples were investigated. It was found that the aspect ratio of VO2(A) nanowires prepared at hydrothermal time of 36 h could reach up to 144.7, thus possessing a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. The gas sensor based on this structure had an excellent gas-sensing response (up to 2.09) to 10 ppm H2S gas at room temperature, and also showed good selectivity and reproducibility. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explore the adsorption behavior of H2S molecules on VO2(A) surface. The calculation results revealed that H2S gas could be spontaneously adsorbed on the surface of VO2(A), and during the interaction between VO2(A) and H2S, H2S molecules act as donors and transfer electrons to the surface of VO2(A). Combined with the calculated results, the gas sensing mechanism of VO2(A) nanowires to H2S gas could be attributed to the modulation of the potential barrier height at the intersection of nanowires and the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the as-prepared nanowires. Our work shows that gas sensors based on VO2(A) nanowires with high aspect ratio have great potential for detecting H2S gas at room temperature.

The effect of hydrothermal treatment time on the synthesized of Xonotlite using glass cullet (GC) and Calcium hydroxide

In this study, the effect of hydrothermal temperature of glass cullet (GC) and Ca(OH)2 was study. The batch-mixed sample with the Ca/Si 1.0 were hydrothermal reacted at different temperature such as 100, 150 and 180oC for 48 hour to find the suitable temperture to form the xonotlite. The data indicate that at 180oC for 48 hour, the peak of xonotlite at 2theta of 30 degree is highest, thus suggest for further study on the effect of hydrothermal reaction time to form the xonotlite.

Preparation of RGO film based BiVO4 (040) composites with photocatalytic properties

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) film was modified by silane coupling agent KH‐560, then bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) was successfully loaded on the modified GO film via hydrothermal method to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) film based BiVO4 composite. The effects of hydrothermal reaction time on BiVO4 morphology and photocatalytic properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD), ultraviolet visible light absorption spectroscopy (UV‐vis) and photocatalytic activity. The results show that BiVO4 is a porous structure growing towards (040) crystal plane on the composite, and when the synthesis time is 6 h, the degradation rate for Reactive Black 5 by the composite can reach 95 % within 90 min. Furthermore, the composite prepared at the optimal time was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The microphysical process of the separation and combination of photogenerated electron hole pairs was successfully demonstrated by the variations of photoinduced current density with time (i‐t curve) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS). Finally, the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed by free radical capture experiment.

ZnO nanofibers fabrication by hydrothermal route and effect of reaction time on dielectric, structural and optical properties

The hydrothermal approach was adopted for the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofibers. The effect of hydrothermal reaction time (1–20 h) was studied on the basis of dielectric, structural, morphological and optical properties. The techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) were employed for the characterization of ZnO nanofibers (NFs) formation. In XRD studies, reflection planes (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0) and (1 0 3) are well matched with wurtzite ZnO hexagonal structure. The presence of ZnO NFs at 20 h of reaction time can be attributed that intensity along (0 0 2) plane becomes stronger or preferential growth on 1D. Structural defects were calculated by employing the dislocation density. The grain size of ZnO NFs was in 18.4–29.7 nm range. The absorption peak at 605 cm−1 (at higher reaction temperature) confirms the formation of 1D nanostructure. SEM analysis reveals the ZnO NFs formation at higher hydrothermal reaction time and EDS confirms the purity of ZnO samples (77.67% of Zn and 22.33% of O). The optical properties found to be also affected as a function of hydrothermal reaction time. Findings revealed that the ZnO can be fabricated by hydrothermal treatment to enhance the dielectric, structural and optical properties for photocatalytic application.

French Fries-Like Bismuth Oxide: Physicochemical Properties, Electrical Conductivity and Photocatalytic Activity

Bismuth oxide synthesis using hydrothermal method has been conducted. This study aims to examine the effect of the hydrothermal reaction time on product characteristics and photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange dye. Bismuth oxide synthesis was initiated by dissolving bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3.5H2O) and Na2SO4 in a distilled water and added NaOH gradually. The solution formed was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 120 °C with time variations of 8–16 h. The formation of bismuth oxide was indicated by the vibrations of the Bi−O−Bi and Bi−O groups and the crystal structure consisting of a-Bi2O3, β-Bi2O3, and g-Bi2O3. In addition, the highest photocatalytic activity can be examined through several factors, such as: content of Bi−O−Bi and Bi−OH groups, crystal structure, band gap values, morphology, and surface area, acquired as a result of the effect of hydrothermal reaction time. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Effect of hydrothermal reaction time on the photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructured WO3 photoanode

Hydrogen evolution by photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting with the use of semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising method for alternative energy production. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) has been investigated for its PEC performance because of its promising advantages: availability, cost-effectiveness, and proper band gap energy. However, the PEC performance is strongly influenced by morphology, which can be tailored by adjusting the synthesis condition. In this paper, we report the investigation on the effect of hydrothermal time on phase formation, morphology, optical properties, and PEC performance of WO3 films. Nanostructured WO3 films were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by hydrothermal method at 160 ℃. The morphology and optical properties of the WO3 layer were modified by varying the hydrothermal time of 2, 4, and 6 h. Then, a heat treatment at 500 ℃ for 2 h was carried out for all samples. The crystal structure, morphology, and optical properties of WO3/FTO were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–visible spectroscopy, respectively. The PEC performance of the WO3 photoanode was investigated by a potentiostat with a three-electrode system. The results showed that short hydrothermal time provided a better WO3 film for PEC water splitting.

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Structural, Optical, and Catalytic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Structural, Optical, and Catalytic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Development of durable superhydrophobic and UV protective cotton fabric via TiO2/trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane nanocomposite coating

This work was focused on the development of superhydrophobic and UV protective cotton fabric by simple approach. Cotton fabric was coated with TiO2 particles by one step hydrothermal reaction. TiO2 coated fabric was subsequent treated with Trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane (OTMS). The effect of hydrothermal reaction time on synthesis of nanoparticles was studied. The results showed TiO2 particles were uniformly distributed on the fiber surface with a high coating density. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS analysis and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the surface structure of coated fabrics. The analysis of superhydrophobicity, UV protection and oil/water separation was performed. The water contact angle was increased to 146°, 153° and 159° for deposition duration of 4, 8 and 12 h, respectively. The robust superhydrophobic fabric exhibited good stability against physical and chemical insults including mechanical abrasion test, washing durability, and exposures to extreme aqueous conditions (e.g. acidic and alkaline). Further, the superhydrophobic cotton fabrics with special wettability showed great potentials for oil/water separation under various conditions (e.g. floating oil layer or underwater oil droplet or even oil/water mixtures). In addition, this facile approach can be widely used to construct multifunctional textiles with excellent self-cleaning, UV protection, and oil/water separation properties.

Facile designing and assessment of photovoltaic performance of hydrothermally grown kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films: Influence of deposition time

Herein, low cost precursor source Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystalline thin films at various reaction time were successfully synthesized via one step hydrothermal route. Hydrothermal route was employed to achieve control over the size and grain growth of CZTS films. As deposited CZTS films were analyzed for its optoelectronic, structural, morphological and electrochemical properties to investigate the effect of hydrothermal reaction time on growth and photovoltaic performance. The hydrothermal synthesis promoted to high absorption (104 cm−1) of the CZTS film with a decrease in optical band gap energy from 1.52 eV to 1.41 eV. Structural study revealed that, improved crystallinity with A1 mode of vibration for pure phase kesterite CZTS structure. Morphological transition was observed from nanograins to well grown and compact nanospheres. Compositional analysis illustrates, stoichiometric CZTS film formation with the desired valence state of Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+ and S2− elements. Current density-voltage (J-V) measurement of FTO/CZTS/(0.3 M Eu3+/Eu2+)/Graphite cell configuration shows, highest photocurrent of 2.60 mA/cm2 and open circuit voltage of 754 mV was observed for CZTS4 sample with best photoconversion efficiency (η) 3.21% under illumination of 30 mW/cm2 light intensity. Electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that, generation of lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) with increase in reaction time.

Electronic structure and luminescent properties of Sr3Al2O6:Sm3+ orange phosphor prepared by hydrothermal method

A series of Sm3+ ions doped Sr3Al2O6 phosphors was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, morphology and luminescent properties of samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectra. All the samples took on cubic structure with Pa-3 space group. The Sr3Al2O6:Sm3+ phosphors could be excited by 405 nm and emit orange-red light peaked at 565, 609 and 660 nm. The effect of hydrothermal reaction time on the morphology and luminescent properties of phosphor was investigated. The influence of molar fraction of Sm3+ ions on the emission intensity of samples was studied and it has been found that the optimal dosage is 0.01. The calculated results by the first principle indicated that the Sm3+ ions will easily occupy the symmetric center site (Sr1). The results indicated that the luminescent intensity of Sr3Al2O6:Sm3+ phosphors could be modulated by reaction conditions of hydrothermal method.

Fabrication of TiO2 nanofiber assembly from nanosheets (TiO2-NFs-NSs) by electrospinning-hydrothermal method for improved photoreactivity

Hierarchically structured nanomaterials have attracted much attention owing to their unique properties. In this study, TiO2 nanofibers assembled from nanosheets (TiO2-NFs-NSs) were fabricated through electrospinning technique, which was followed by hydrothermal treatment in NaOH solution. The effect of hydrothermal reaction time (0–3 h) on the structure and properties of TiO2 nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) was systematically studied, and TiO2-NFs was evaluated in terms of the photocatalytic activity toward photocatalytic oxidation of acetone and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that (1) hydrothermal treatment of TiO2-NFs in NaOH solution followed by acid washing and calcination results in the formation of TiO2-NFs-NSs; (2) upon extending the hydrothermal reaction time from 0 h to 3 h, the BET surface area of TiO2-NFs-NSs (T3.0 sample) increases 3.8 times (from 28 to 106 m2 g−1), while the pore volume increases 6.0 times (from 0.09 to 0.54 cm3 g−1); (3) when compared with those of pristine TiO2-NFs (T0 sample), the photoreactivity of the optimized TiO2-NFs-NSs toward acetone oxidation increases 3.1 times and the photoelectric conversion efficiency increases 2.3 times. The enhanced photoreactivity of TiO2-NFs-NSs is attributed to the enlarged BET surface area and increased pore volume, which facilitate the adsorption of substrate and penetration of gas, and the unique hollow structure of TiO2-NFs-NSs, which facilitates light harvesting through multiple optical reflections between the TiO2 nanosheets.

Hydrothermal synthesis of DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 nanocomposite as a potential hydrogen storage material

In this study, DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal route as potential hydrogen storage materials, for the first time. The effect of hydrothermal reaction time and calcination temperature was considered to achieve the optimum size and morphology. Although the knowledge of hydrogen energy propagated present days, the application of mixed metal oxide nanocomposites as a hydrogen sorbent has not been studied. The prepared nanocomposites with various sizes and morphologies were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were carried out to consider purity and chemical compositions of nanocomposites. Amongst the hydrogen storage routes, electrochemical method is the best because of in situ hydrogen generation and storage at room pressure and temperature conditions. The electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of optimized nanocomposite was investigated in different currents of 0.5 and 1 mA. After 15 cycles, the discharging capacities of nanocomposite in currents of 0.5 and 1 mA were reported 760 and 1600 mAh.g−1, respectively.

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Electrical, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite

Abstract Cobalt ferrite was synthesized by hydrothermal route in order to investigate the effect of hydrothermal reaction time on structural, magnetic and dielectric properties. The synthesized cobalt ferrite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VMS). XRD data analysis confirmed the formation of cubic inverse spinel ferrite for complete time series as the high intensity peak corresponds to cubic normal spinel structure. The ionic radii, cation distribution among tetrahedral and octahedral sites, lattice parameters, X-ray density, bond lengths were also investigated cobalt ferrite prepared at different hydrothermal reaction time. The crystallite size was found to be in the range of 11.79–32.78 nm. Tolerance factor was near unity that also confirms the formation of cubic ferrites. VSM studies revealed the magnetic nature of cobalt ferrite. The coercivity (1076.3Oe) was observed for a sample treated for 11 h. The squareness ratio was 0.56 that is close to 0.5 which shows uniaxial anisotropy in cobalt ferrite. Frequency dependent dielectric properties i.e. dielectric constant, AC conductivity, tangent loss and AC resistivity are calculated with the help of Impedance Analyzer. Intrinsic cation vibration of cubic spinel ferrites are confirmed from FTIR analysis in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. In view of enhanced properties, this technique could possibly be used for the synthesis of cobalt ferrite for different applications.