Effects Of Herbicides Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Herbicidal Activities of Some Transition Metal Ions Complexes with the Tranexamic Acid.

New tranexamic acid (TXA) complexes of ferric(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zirconium(IV) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), conductimetric (Λ), magnetic susceptibility investigations (μeff), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), ultraviolet visible (UV-vis.), optical band gap energy (Eg) and thermal studies (TG/DTG and DTA). TXA complexes were established in 1 : 2 (metal: ligand) stoichiometric ratio according to CHN data. Based on FT-IR and 1H-NMR data the disappeared of the carboxylic proton supported the deprotonating of TXA and linked to metal ions via the carboxylate group's oxygen atom as a bidentate ligand. UV-visible spectra and magnetic moment demonstrated that all chelates have geometric octahedral structures. Eg values indicated that our complexes are more electro conductive. DTA revealed presence of water molecules in inner and outer spheres of the complexes. DTA results showed that endothermic and exothermic peaks were identified in the degradation mechanisms. The ligand and metal complexes were investigated for their antimicrobial and herbicidal efficacy. The Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes showed antimicrobial activity against some tested species. The obtained results showed a promising herbicidal effect of TXA ligand and its metal complexes particularly copper and zirconium against the three tested plants.

Effects of pre-emergence herbicide on targeted post-emergence herbicide application in plasticulture production

Effects of pre-emergence herbicide on targeted post-emergence herbicide application in plasticulture production

Features of the protection of phaseolus vulgaris crops from weeds

Goal. To determine the effect of herbicides on the weediness of crops and the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field research (setting up experiments, observing the development of plants, determining biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collecting and determining the structure of the harvest), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The field experiment design included weeded and weed-protected plots to compare the development of common bean plants under different growing conditions. The results. It was established that the dominant weeds among cereals were chicken millet and gray mouse millet, and among dicotyledonous weeds - ragweed, white quinoa, common sedge, black solanum, field mustard, etc. The use of herbicide protection significantly improves the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. The obtained yield increased on average by 1.93 - 2.01 t/ha compared to the weeded control. Conclusions. Weeding can significantly reduce the yield of common bean crops by competing for resources such as light, water and nutrients. Weed control helps conserve these resources for the Phaseolus vulgaris and increase its yield. The use of herbicides is an effective method of weed control, which promotes optimal growth of Phaseolus vulgaris. The increase in yield due to the application of herbicide protection can offset the costs of purchasing and applying the herbicide. It is important to consider the effectiveness of specific herbicides when choosing crop protection methods. Different herbicides can have different spectrums of action, that is, be effective against different types of weeds. The right choice will help optimize results and save costs. Therefore, weed control in common Phaseolus vulgaris crops through the application of herbicide protection is an important and effective strategy that can increase the yield and economic efficiency of common bean cultivation technology.

Development and characterization of Artemisia argyi essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion for sustainable weed control: Enhanced stability, amplified activity, protected non-target

Nanotechnology contributes to the development of biopesticides with reduced toxicity, increased stability, improved biosafety, and higher activity against targets. It has demonstrated great potential as a solution for practical applications of essential oils. Herein, the HLB method developed two Artemisia argyi essential oil-loaded nanoemulsions (AEOnano). Further systematically optimizing the ratio led to small droplet size (<200 nm) and low PDI (<0.3). As anticipated, the AEOnano demonstrated robust physical stability when subjected to various stressors. Notably, both indoor and outdoor pot experiments demonstrated that AEOnano outperformed ordinary A. argyi essential oil aqueous emulsions (AEOAE) in weed control. These nanoemulsions allowed a 2–4 times reduction in AEO dosage while maintaining the same weed-killing efficacy. The superior improvement attributed to the nanoemulsions enhanced leaf-wetting capability, improved leaf retention, and resistance to wash-off. In addition, biosafety assessment indicated that AEOnano did not affect the plants (Artemisia argyi, Chrysanthemum morifolium, cotton), which provide orientation for its practical application. Therefore, this study introduces a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness of AEO-based herbicides, which will have a broad application prospect in sustainable agriculture.

Effect of herbicides on mixed weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and weed control efficiency

Effect of herbicides on mixed weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and weed control efficiency

Effect of live mulches, cover crops and herbicides on weed flora, growth and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)

A field investigation was conducted during the rainy season of 2014 and 2015 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of live mulches, cover crops and herbicides on weed flora, growth and yield in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). At 60 days after sowing (DAS), amongst the weed management treatments, Sesbania cover crop followed by (fb) bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS reduced weed density of various weeds and dry weight than sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) cover crop fb bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS thus resulting in the lowest weed index except hand weeding at 15 and 35 DAS. Sesbania cover crop fb bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS markedly improved plant height, tillers/m2 , dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index, chlorophyll content and yield attributes, viz. panicle length, panicle weight, panicles/m2, grains/panicle and 1,000-grain weight. Sesbania cover crop fb bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS improved the grain and straw yields with higher gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio than sunnhemp cover crop fb bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS. Sesbania cover crop fb bispyribac Na 25 g/ha + azimsulfuron 30 g/ha at 15 DAS exhibited lower nutrients (NPK and Zn) uptake by weeds and higher nutrients (NPK and Zn) uptake by crop than hand-weedings at 15 and 35 DAS.

Yield, quality and nutrient status of pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus) as replacement crop after stand failure in sandy soil under different tillage, herbicide and planting delay

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Bikaner, Rajasthan, to study the effect of tillage, herbicide and planting delay on nutrient, yield and quality of pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone; syn. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] as replacement crops following pearl millet stand failure in arid Rajasthan. The experiment was laid out in strip-plot design in 3 factors with 24 treatments comprising 4 tillage (T1 : no-tillage; T2 : tillage with disc plough with planking; T3 : tillage with cultivator with planking; T4 : tillage with harrow with planking), 2 herbicide (H0 : control; H1 : atrazine 0.5 kg a.i/ha) and 3 planting delay (P1 : 10 days after herbicide application; P2: 20 days after herbicide application; P3: 30 days after herbicide application) treatments, times replicated 3 time. The disc plough (T2 ) and early planting (10 July) P1 significantly increased N, P, K, total nutrient uptake, partial nutrient balance (PBN), and nutrient efficiency ratio (NER) than the other treatments. The grain, stover, and crude protein yields of pearl millet were found significantly higher with disc plough and early planting (10 July) treatment compared to other treatments on pooled basis. The interactions were found non-significant between tillage × herbicide × planting delay in yield of pearl millet.

Chemical weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum) using ready-mix and tank-mix herbicides

A field experiment was conducted at the Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2011–12 and 2012–13, to evaluate the effect of different grass and broad-leaf herbicides as sole and ready-mix application on weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ready-mix application of herbicides proved better than their alone application in suppressing weed number and dry weight. Application of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) resulted in the highest weed-control efficiency (WCE) as well as herbicide efficiency (HEI) and lowest weed index of 94.8%, 2.97 and 3.3 respectively. The highest grain and stover yield of 4.05 and 6.39 t/ha were obtained from weed-free treatment, although this remained statistically at par with sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) and both the treatments resulted in an increase of 34.6 and 30.2% in grain yield as compared to weedy check respectively. The highest net returns ( 43,200/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.40) were obtained with ready-mix application sulfosulfuron metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) among the tested herbicide treatments.

Guardians of Liver Health: Unveiling the Resilient Shield of Antioxidant Vitamins (C, E) Against Glyphosate-Induced Havoc in Experimental Rats

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, has gained popularity due to its broad-spectrum effects and use in genetically modified, glyphosate-resistant crops. Recent data, however, points to possible adverse effects of glyphosate and herbicides based on glyphosate, such as genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, elevated stress levels, disturbance of the hormones such as estrogen pathway and possible associations with specific cancer types. This has raised concerns about the widespread use of glyphosate and its impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine whether antioxidants vitamin C and E could shield experimental rats' livers from the damaging effects of glyphosate. Animals were grouped as Group I-control, 30 days of oral glyphosate-treated rats as Group II, and Rats that received simultaneous glyphosate treatment and oral administration of vitamins C and E were for 30 days as Group III. We used the user's manual to figure out the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, the histomorphology of liver tissue using H&amp;E staining, and the liver and kidney function tests using Diatek Greiner kits. The study revealed that prolonged exposure to glyphosate can alter the SREBPI and HNF1 pathways, leading to diabetes. As an herbicide, glyphosate can cause harmful changes in vital organs, leading to diabetes and other disorders.

Assessment of the effects of 2,4-D-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-based herbicide exposure in eggs and embryos of golden apple snails using OCT

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicide 2, 4-D-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid on golden apple snail eggs and embryos. Additionally, the study assessed the applicability of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a non-invasive depth cross-sectional microscopic imaging technique, as a novel method, to the best of our knowledge, for studying morphological changes in golden apple snail eggs and embryos, in comparison to the conventional approach of using white light microscopy. The study revealed that the herbicide 2,4-D-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid affected the hatchery rate and morphological changes of the eggs and embryos. The lethal concentration (LC50), representing the concentration of a substance that is expected to cause death in half of the population being studied, of the golden apple eggs and embryos increased with longer exposure time and higher concentrations. The estimated median effective concentration (EC50), which denotes the concentration producing the desired effect in 50% of the exposed golden apple embryos, exhibited a similar trend of change as the LC50. When compared to the microscopic study, it was observed that OCT could be employed to investigate morphological changes of golden apple snail eggs and embryos, enabling evaluation of alterations in both 2D and 3D structures.

The effectiveness of different formulations of glyphosate herbicides under simulated rainfall conditions in controlling various weeds

Herbicide effectiveness is affected by herbicide formulation, rainfall, and weed type. Differences in glyphosate salt formulations and 2,4 D amine mixtures may result in variations in the herbicide's ability to wash off the herbicide due to rain. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different glyphosate herbicide formulations under varying rainfall in controlling various weeds. The experiment took place in a controlled greenhouse environment, utilizing a split plot experimental design with four replications. The main plot was assigned to six different rainfall timings: 0 hours after application (HAA), 1 HAA, 2 HAA, 3 HAA, 4 HAA, and no rainfall. The subplots involved different herbicide formulations, namely isopropylamine glyphosate (h1), potassium glyphosate (h2), sodium glyphosate (h3) and glyphosate herbicide, IPA herbicide glyphosate + 2,4 D Amine (h4) and without any herbicide application (h0). Various parameters were observed, including weed dry weight and percentage of mortality growth. The results showed that the effectiveness of each herbicide formulation was diffent among weed specie under simulated rainfall conditions. Ageratum conyzoides can be controlled using isopropylamine glyphosate and potassium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA. Axonopus compressus can be controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate and sodium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA, while Borreria alata and Cyperus rotundus were effectively controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA.

Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and synthesis of biologically active quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The covered scope extends beyond commonly reviewed antimicrobial derivatives to include synthetic agents with antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Additionally, this review highlights examples of quaternary ammonium compounds exhibiting activity against protozoa and herbicidal effects, as well as analgesic and anesthetic derivatives. The article also embraces the quaternary-ammonium-containing cholinesterase inhibitors and muscle relaxants. QACs, marked by their inherent permanent charge, also find widespread usage across diverse domains such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, detergents, and disinfectants. The effectiveness of QACs hinges greatly on finding the right equilibrium between hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The ideal length of the alkyl chain varies according to the unique structure of each QAC and its biological settings. It is expected that this review will provide comprehensive data for medicinal and industrial chemists to design and develop novel QAC-based products.

Herbicide Strategies for Weed Control in Rice Cultivation: Current Practices and Future Directions

Rice, as a staple food for more than half of the world's population, plays a crucial role in global food security. However, weed competition poses a significant challenge to rice cultivation, affecting yield and quality. To address this challenge, rice farmers have increasingly turned to chemical herbicides as a cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive manual weeding. This review paper explores the current practices and future directions in herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, with a specific focus on diverse approaches adopted in various agro-ecological regions, particularly in Pakistan. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of rice cultivation in global agriculture and the economic significance of the crop, emphasizing the need for effective weed management to ensure sustainable production. It discusses the impact of labor shortages and rising labor costs on weed control practices, driving the adoption of chemical herbicides, especially in direct-seeded rice cultivation. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of integrated weed management systems, which combine cultural practices, targeted herbicide applications, and legislative measures to optimize crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the efficacy of different herbicides and their timing of application in managing weeds and maximizing rice yield. It synthesizes findings from recent studies to provide insights into the effectiveness of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides, as well as their impact on weed-crop competition and overall crop health. By analyzing the strengths and limitations of existing herbicide strategies, the review identifies opportunities for innovation and improvement in weed management practices. Overall, this review paper offers a comprehensive overview of herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, highlighting the need for sustainable and integrated approaches to address weed challenges while ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in rice-producing regions.

Effect of Tank Mix Post-emergence Herbicides on Soil Dehydrogenase Activity and Its Phytotoxicity on Wheat

Effect of Tank Mix Post-emergence Herbicides on Soil Dehydrogenase Activity and Its Phytotoxicity on Wheat

Physiology and Development of Soybean under Light Supplementation Treated with Herbicides in the Field

Soy is Brazil’s main commodity, and due to its importance, farmers have adopted several technological innovations, such as light supplementation, to increase grain productivity and quality. However, the use of artificial light can interfere with weed dynamics and herbicide efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of herbicides on weed control and qualitative and quantitative attributes of soybeans grown under light supplementation. A field experiment was set up in the city of Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil. The treatments were distributed in plots mounted under a central pivot in two environments: with light supplementation (LED panels) and without light supplementation. The treatments were distributed across four blocks, and plots were subdivided in space. The herbicides used were glyphosate, diclosulam and glyphosate, s-metolachlor and glyphosate, fomesafen + clethodim, flumioxazin + clethodim. The variables analyzed were the number of weeds, biomass, and control; chlorophyll levels; initial fluorescence; ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence; and soybean electron transport rate—indicators of soybean yield. Light supplementation increases the density and biomass of weeds and impairs the effectiveness of herbicides. However, light supplementation with LED panels installed on the central irrigation pivot promotes increased productivity and improvements in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of soybeans. Due to these benefits, light supplementation can be considered advantageous for irrigated soybean production.

Plasma Membrane (PM) H+-ATPase Mediates Rhizosphere Acidification and Regulates Herbicide Imazethapyr Toxicity in Wheat.

The plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase is crucial for a plant defense system. However, there is currently no consensus on whether the PM H+-ATPase plays a role in alleviating the toxic effects of herbicides on nontarget plants. We found that under the herbicide imazethapyr (IM) exposure, PM H+-ATPase activity in wheat roots increased by approximately 69.53%, leading to rhizosphere acidification. When PM H+-ATPase activity is inhibited, the toxicity of IM significantly increases: When exposed to IM alone, the total Fe content of wheat roots decreased by 29.07%, the relative Fe2+ content increased by 27.75%, and the ROS content increased by 27.74%. When the PM H+-ATPase activity was inhibited, the corresponding data under IM exposure were 37.36%, 215%, and 57.68%, respectively. This work delves into the role of PM H+-ATPase in mediating the detoxification mechanism in plants exposed to herbicides, offering new insights into enhancing crop resistance against herbicides.

The effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the bovine gametes during an in vitro embryo production model

Roundup® (R), while it is the most used herbicide globally, and its residues are ubiquitous in urban and suburban areas, its impact on vertebrates' safety remains highly debated. Here, in three in vitro experiments, we investigated the effects of a very low dose (1 ppm) of R on the fertilization capacity and embryo development in cattle. In the first experiment, frozen-thawed bull semen exposed to R for 1 h exhibited reduced motility parameters but unaffected fertilization ability. However, after in vitro fertilization, the rates of embryo formation were significantly lower compared to the untreated controls. In the second experiment, oocytes exposed to R during in vitro maturation showed reduced cleavage rates, and the embryo yield on days 7, 8, and 9 of embryo culture was significantly lower than that of the controls. In the third experiment, oocytes were matured in the presence of R and in a medium containing both R and Zinc, chosen to offer antioxidant protection to the oocytes. Day-7 blastocysts were analyzed for the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and epigenetic reprogramming. Exposure to R markedly suppressed embryo formation rates compared to the controls. The combination of R with Zinc restored the blastocyst yield, which on days 8 and 9 was comparable to that of the controls and higher than the groups exposed only to R on all days. The gene expression analysis revealed that R promotes oxidative stress development, triggers apoptosis, and induces epigenetic changes in developing embryos, while zinc presence alleviates these adverse effects of R. These findings imply that even at very low doses, R could be highly toxic, leading to functional abnormalities in both gametes, potentially affecting fertility in both genders.

Ecotoxicological impact of butisanstar and clopyralid herbicides on soil microbial respiration and the enzymatic activities

The application of herbicides in soil has been noted for its detrimental effect on the soil microbial community, crucial for various biochemical processes. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the impact of butisanstar and clopyralid herbicides, both individually and in combination at different dosage (recommended field dose (RFD), ½, 2 and 5-times RFD). The assessment focuses on soil basal respiration (SBR), cumulative microbial respiration (CMR), and the activities dehydrogenase (DH), catalase (CAT), urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases (Ac–P and Alk-P) enzymes, along with their variations on days 10, 30, 60, and 90 post-herbicide application. Results indicate that, although herbicides, even at lower doses of RFD, demonstrate inhibitory effects on DH, CAT, and microbial respiration, they paradoxically lead to a significant enhancement in urease and phosphatase activities, even at higher doses. The inhibitory/enhancing intensity varies based on herbicide type, incubation period, and dosage. Co-application of herbicides manifests synergistic effects compared to individual applications. The most notable inhibitory effects on DH, CAT, and SBR are observed on the 30th day, coinciding with the highest activities of urease and phosphatases on the same day. The persistent inability to restore respiration and enzyme activities to initial soil (control) levels emphasizes the lasting adverse and inhibitory effects of herbicides, especially clopyralid, over the long term. It becomes apparent that soil microorganisms require an extended duration to decompose and acclimate to the presence of herbicides. Consequently, these agrochemical compounds pose a potential risk to crucial biochemical processes, such as nutrient cycling, ultimately impacting crop production.

Residual Effect of Nitrogen and Weed Management Practices in Maize on Succeeding Groundnut

Background: Cereal-legume cropping system is considered to be one of the better alternatives for sustaining soil fertility and increasing the yield. At present maize-groundnut cropping system is gaining importance under both rainfed and irrigated situations. Maize, being an exhaustive and weed-sensitive crop, is supplied with large doses of fertilizers and new herbicide molecules.Since maize is exhaustive and weed sensitive crop, there was a usage of excessive fertilizers and new herbicides. There is a need to assess the carry over effect of fertilizers and new generation herbicides in leguminous crops like groundnut. Methods: The experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 on sandy loam soils of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati andhra Pradesh. Maize hybrid DHM -117 was sown and maintained with general cultivation practices except for nitrogen and weed management methods was raised after harvest of maize in undisturbed layout to study the residual effect of different nitrogen and weed management practices imposed in maize. Result: Residual effect of nitrogen and weed management practices imposed in preceding maize did not exert any significant influence on germination percentage, phytotoxicity and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) values but efficacy of herbicide residue found to be significant with weed management practices. Growth parameters, yield attributes pod yield, haulm yield and economics were higher in groundnut with brown manuring, which was however, in parity with hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS, pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of topramezone 30 g ha-1 and pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of tembotrione 120 g ha-1 and lower with unweeded check and it was remained in parity with application of parthenium water extract15 lha-1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS, application of sunflower water extract 15 lha-1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS, pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of parthenium water extract 15 lha-1 and pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of sunflower water extract 15 lha-1 in the order of ascent. None of their interaction effects were found to be significant during both the years of study and in pooled mean.

Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides and irrigation levels on yield, weed flora, and weed index on drip irrigated paired row maize

Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides and irrigation levels on yield, weed flora, and weed index on drip irrigated paired row maize