Effect Of Heavy Metal Salts Research Articles

Dynamics of growth and accumulation of heavy metals of Pisum Sativum L. grown on polluted soil (vegetative experience)

The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of heavy metal salts (15 mg/kg CdCl2 and/or 50 mg/kg CoCl2) contamination of soddy-podzolic soil on the adaptive potential and phytoremediation activity of two pea genotypes contrasting in resistance: the cadmium-resistant mutant SGECDt and its wild line SGE. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions while maintaining a stable internal microclimate and an optimal degree of insolation in the room. The duration of the experiment was 85 days. A study of the dynamics of morphometric parameters, using the example of shoot and root biomass, showed that the SGECDt mutant demonstrated better resistance to toxicants: on average, the decrease in shoot biomass compared to control was 28.2%, and 5.5% for roots. Whereas on wild lines, the rates were 31.8% on shoots and 21.8% on roots, respectively. As expected, the tolerance of the mutant was best manifested in the variant with the introduction of cadmium ions. Thanks to mass spectrometric analysis, it was found that the content of cadmium in dry biomass of shoots increased with an increase in biomass in both genotypes. Moreover, in the mutant, it significantly exceeded the concentration of pollutant accumulation in the wild type, and practically did not change, starting from 30 days with separate or combined introduction of metals, and until the end of the growing season - 20-25 µg of dry biomass per gram of shoot. The content of cobalt, on the contrary, decreased in ontogenesis phases, with a slight superiority in metal fixation by the mutant, starting from 45 days after inoculation. With the simultaneous entry of both metals into the soil solution, synergism of action was not observed. The content of cobalt decreased even more in plants, while cadmium, on the contrary, increased. It can be concluded that the ion-exchange reactions between these pollutants differed in interactions in the "soil-plant" system by the type of antagonism. Among the optimal period for harvesting contaminated products for its further processing (phytomining), one can single out the budding phase - the beginning of flowering (45 days). During this period, the mutant plants simultaneously perform well detoxification (phytosanation) and active accumulation of atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

Assessment of the Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on the Photosynthetic Activity of Aquatic Plants

Assessment of the Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on the Photosynthetic Activity of Aquatic Plants

A Sensitive Visual Method for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas produced by bacteria in the proteolysis of sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins that plays an important role in human health. The H2S production test is one of the important bacterial biochemical identification tests. The traditional methods are not only tedious and time-consuming but also prone to inhibition of bacterial growth due to the toxic effect of heavy metal salts in sulfur-containing medium, which often leads to negative results. Here, we established a simple and sensitive method to detect H2S in bacteria. This method is a modified version of bismuth sulfide (BS) precipitation that uses 96-well transparent microtiter plates. Bacterial culture was combined with bismuth solution containing L-cysteine and cultivated for 20 min, at the end of which a black precipitate was observed.The visual detection limit for H2S was 0.2 mM. Based on the visual color change, the simple, high-throughput, and rapid detection of H2S producing bacteria can be achieved. In summary, this method can be used to identify H2S production in bacteria.

The Negative Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on the Body of Mammal Animals

The main purpose of this presented article was to explain the need to study the amount of heavy metal salts in the environment where animals live, in the water, in air, and in the food and fodder consumed. This article presents materials from the literature on the effects of heavy metal salts on the body of animals and the environment in which they live. The cited analytical data showed that the general information on the negative effects of heavy metal salts on the body is sufficient, but their effects on the digestive tract and morpho-functional properties of rabbits should be studied in depth. Therefore, we planned to focus our scientific work on this topic. The article mainly refers to salts of heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury (Cd, Pb, Hg). It is noted in the literature that heavy metal salts have a negative effect on the body of animals. We focused mainly on data on the effects of heavy metals on farm animals, including rabbits. But it is clear that the authors referred to were referring to experimental animals. These negative effects are manifested in the form of disorders of digestive functions, disorders of neurovegetative processes, increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, rapid heart failure, deterioration of calcium metabolism, as well as impaired haemoglobin metabolism. Disorders of protein metabolism manifest themselves in the form of cases of hyperproteinaemia and dysproteinaemia. The results of the evaluation of the organism of healthy animals in chemically and radioactively contaminated areas showed the accumulation of significant levels of chemical elements in their organism. We mainly looked at the effects of heavy metal salts on farm animals. The cited analytical data showed that the general information on the negative effects of heavy metal salts on the body is sufficient, but the effects on the activity of organ systems in the body (respiration, blood and blood circulation, digestion, reproduction, productivity and immunological systems) have not been comprehensively studied.

The Effect of Cadmium Salt on Osmotic Endurance of Erythrocytes in Rabbit Blood

This article presents literature materials on the study of the effects of heavy metal salts on the animal organism and the environment in which they live. The presented information was obtained in the scientific research conducted in the conditions of foreign countries, and we presented it with the assumption that it can be used by our researchers in the implementation of the work planned to be carried out in the extreme conditions of Uzbekistan, and in the prevention of negative situations that have arisen in the animal organism, as well as in the correction of some metabolic processes. Because salts of heavy metals have a negative effect on the animal body and are manifested in the form of disruption of digestive functions and neurovegetative processes, rapid failure of the heart, increased occurrence of diseases in the heart and blood vessels, deterioration of calcium metabolism, decrease in the quantity of livestock products and deterioration in quality, we have given information from the literature that it is one of the main factors.

Assessment of the effect of heavy metal salts on the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants

The status of the photosynthetic pigments in the aquatic plants Lemna minor L. and Elodea canadensis Michx. under the action of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ acetate in concentrations 5.00, 2.50, 1.25, 0.62, 0.31, 0.15, 0.07, and 0.03 mg/L was assessed by changes in the fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll a and b and their ratio. It was established that nickel acetate in original solutions in all the above concentrations caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of chlorophylls a and b in L. minor in relation to the control while the lead salt suppressed it. Co2+ acetate inhibits the fluorescence of chlorophyll a with concentrations in the initial solutions of 0.03 to 0.15 and 2.50 mg/L and that of chlorophyll b at all concentrations, except 0.62, 1.25 and 2.50 mg/L. For E. canadensis it was found that the salts of all metals at all concentrations caused a reduction of the fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll a relative to the control and increased it in the case of chlorophyll b. The exception is the effect of copper and lead acetates with a concentration of 1.25 mg/L, when the fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll b is maintained at the control level. The presence of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ acetates in all concentrations in the culture medium influences the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chlorophyll a and b, which indicates a violation of the photosynthesis process. Our data on the change in the chlorophyll a / b ratio leads to a conclusion about degradation of chlorophyll a relative to chlorophyll b after the effect of heavy metals.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЛЕЙ СВИНЦА НА БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ В ЛИМФЕ ЖИВОТНЫХ

The article establishes the effect on the biochemical parameters of animal lymphocytes in case of poisoning with lead salts. The impact of lead salts, their spread, the effect of the harmful factors and the strengthening of the ecological situation in the environment determine the urgency of this problem. It is known that heavy metal ions gradually accumulate in the elements of the environment and then pass from the atmosphere to water and the human body. It was found that the effect of heavy metal salts in rats, including lead salts, has a negative effect on the lymphatic and circulatory system compared to the control group of biochemical parameters, which leads to metabolic disorders in the blood and lymph circulation. As a result of the study, the activity of rat enzymes was detected in normal and after poisoning with a toxicant. In acute poisoning, there was an increase in the amount of alkaline phosphatase in the lymphatic system by 40%, as well as an increase in the level of amino-transferase enzymes by 71% and 83%, respectively, and a decrease in the content of total bilirubin and associated bilirubin, all this indicates a violation of liver function, increased cytological processes in the liver and pancreas, decreased protein synthesis and impaired metabolism. When exposed to lead salts on the biochemical parameters of the lymph, the activity of α-amylase was reduced by 22.7%. based on the experiments, it was found that heavy metal salts significantly reduce the level of glucose in the blood, which negatively affects the parenchyma of the liver, kidney and kidney, increasing its consumption in tissues. The results obtained in the course of the study allowed us to form comprehensive data on the effect of lead on lymphatic and circulatory activity, biochemical parameters of the lymph of animal rats and can serve as a scientific basis for finding solutions to this problem.

Synergistic interaction of heavy metal salts with hyperthermia or ionizing radiation

Background: One of the ways to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy or sterilization of objects of various origins is to use chemical agents in combination with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. Some drugs commonly used in medicine include heavy metals. However, the study of their synergistic interaction with other agents is fragmentary. The purpose of this study was to establish a general pattern of synergistic interaction of heavy metal salts with hyperthermia or ionizing radiation. Materials and Methods: Bacterial and diploid yeast cells were used in the experiments. To quantify the synergistic effect, cell survival was determined after individual effects of heavy metal salts, hyperthermia, ionizing radiation, and their simultaneous action. The following heavy metal salts were used: lead iodide, potassium dichromate, cisplatin, and zinc sulfate. Results: For all analyzed cases, optimal conditions of interacting agents were observed under which the greatest synergistic effect was achieved. Conclusion: Comparison of the results obtained with previously published data indicates general patterns of synergistic effect display that are independent of acting agents, biological objects, and tests.

Cytomorphological indicators of smears-prints of organs of laboratory animals as an additional method for assessing the toxic effect of heavy metal salts in the experiment

Introduction. It is known that the influence of lead and cadmium is a risk factor for the health of workers in the copper smelting industry. The relationship between exposure to these metals and the subsequent development of diseases of the urinary system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous system of a person was revealed. The study of the effects of lead and cadmium in an experiment on some organs of laboratory animals using the cytological method of smears-prints with morphometric analysis as an Express diagnostic method expands the possibilities of studying the toxic effects of heavy metal salts in various concentrations. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on outbred male rats (24 individuals in total) with an initial weight of 220-225 g, at the age of 3.5 months. 72 cytological preparations of smears-prints of organs (liver, kidneys) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of rats were studied. The smears were painted with a ready-made Leishman paint solution. Cytological features were studied in a Carl Zeiss Primo Star light binocular microscope with a USCMOS video camera imaging system at magnification of 100x and 1000x. In liver and kidney morphometry, the count was carried out for 200 cells from each drug, MLN for 100 cells. The data of cytomorphological examination of smears-prints of the liver, kidneys and MLN after exposure to cadmium and lead salts in the experiment were obtained. The main changes in the cellular ratios in preparations with subchronic intraperitoneal intoxication are described. Conclusions. The use of the smear-fingerprint method with cytomorphological assessment of cells in the study of the toxic effects of heavy metal salts allows us to obtain additional data on the activity of the pathological process and plays a role in understanding the mechanisms of exposure in the experiment.

Histomorphological changes in various rat tissues following chronic exposure to copper-zinc-pyrite ore

Aim. To assess the histomorphological state of lung, gastrointestinal and kidney tissues following exposure to copper-zinc-pyrite ore in the long-term model experiment.
 Methods. The study was performed on 60 outbred albino male rats, aged 34 months, weighting 20030 g. The toxic effect of heavy metal salts of copper-zinc-pyrite ore on the animal's body was analyzed by the model of dosed oral injection of water with ore in a dose 600 mg/kg body weight for 120 days. Pieces of the stomach, small and colon, liver, lungs and kidneys were taken from control and experimental rats for histomorphological study on the 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th day of the experiment.
 Results. The structural disorders of the stomach lining were observed on the 30th day of the experiment: desquamated and dilapidated epithelial cells appeared in the preparations. On the 120th day, along with signs of epithelial desquamation and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, the preparations contained large lymphoid follicles that occupy the full thickness of the gastric mucosa. The epithelial layer of the small intestine mucosa was disrupted on the 60th day. At day 120 diffuse infiltration and necrotic changes in the lining of the small intestine were recorded. Lymphomacrophagia infiltrations were observed during portal triad and inside the liver wedges of experimental animals on the 30th day of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, toxic hepatocyte dystrophy developed. On the 60th day, signs of bronchopneumonia appeared in the lung tissue. After 3 months, tubulopathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis were observed in the experimental animals.
 Conclusion. Prolonged administration of ore has led to pronounced inflammation and degenerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney and lung tissues, accompanied by lymphocytic tissue reaction.

Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on Propylene Oxidation by Methanotrophic Bacteria

The effect of heavy metal (HM) (Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Zn(II)) salts on propylene oxidation by the methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylococcus capsulatus (M) as a process simulating methane oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria is investigated. The reaction begins with the activation of molecular oxygen with subsequent polypropylene oxidation. Kinetic of propylene oxide accumulation affected by HM correlates with oxygen consumption and remained stable. It is found that inhibition effects of heavy metals on propylene adsorption by M. capsulatus (M) membranes differed. EPR-spectra of M. capsulatus (M) membranes indicate the presence of a copper (II) signal with g-factor of 2.05 both before and after exposure to HM. The studied metals may be arranged in the rank order of toxicity for methanotrophic bacteria as follows: Zn > Ni > Fe > Cu. It is shown for the first time that zinc enhances inhibitory effect of other metals. It is revealed that HM at concentrations exceeding TLV at least three times insignificantly delays propylene oxidation, which indicates that this species of bacteria may be promising for the development of biofilters for removal of hydrocarbons (methane, propylene) under conditions of industrial systems and heavy metal pollution.

Morphological rearrangements of the rat’s adrenal cortex under conditions of prolonged exposure to heavy metal salts and non-hormonal correction.

Background. Heavy metal salts adversely affect the health of the population and cause the development of pathology of individual organs and systems of the body. The adrenal glands occupy one of the key places in the regulation and maintenance of the basic functions of the body. Objective. The study of morphological adaptive rearrangements of the structural components of the adrenal cortex of adult mature males under conditions of prolonged exposure to heavy metal salts and non-hormonal correction by vitamin E remains a relevant and under-studied topic. Methods. The experiment was conducted on 24 white mature male rats weighing 200-250 g at the age of 5-6 months, which after a long (90-day) influence of the combination of salts of heavy metals: zinc (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) - 5 mg / l, copper (CuSO4 5H2O) - 1 mg / l, iron (FeSO4) - 10 mg / l, manganese (MnSO4 · 5H2O) - 0.1 mg / l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) - 0.1 mg / l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) - 0.1 mg / l for 30 days consumed or dinary drinking water with vitamin E correction drug (9.1 mg / kg 10% oil solution). The conventional histological examination methods were applied. Results. The antioxidant L-tocopherol, upon admission to the body of a combination of salts of heavy metals, revealed a reliable stress-protective effect on all the structural components of the adrenal gland: the state of the vascular wall, the nuclear and secretory apparatus spongiocytes of all zones of the cortex. Conclusion. L-tocopherol helps to reduce the toxic effects of heavy metal salts on the adrenal cortex, exerts a membrane-protective and stress-protective effect, attenuates the manifestations of the stage of exhaustion of the general adaptation syndrome, partially restores the hormonal activity of adrenocorticocytes. However, the 30-day period of correction of morphological alterations caused by the entry into the body of heavy metal salts is insufficient for the complete restoration of the state of the vascular wall, the rheological properties of blood and the secretory activity of cells of the adrenal cortex.

Variations in the antioxidant and free radical scavenging under induced heavy metal stress expressed as proline content in chickpea.

Thisstudy pertains to the effects of heavy metal salts viz., copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) on the chickpea accession ICC-4812. The salts were given as treatments to the chickpea seeds at various ascending levels of doses till proving toxic. The treatment of 24h soaked and swollen seeds were then extended to 7days duration from the date of treatment. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of bioassay tissue Cicer, showed maximum uptake of 9.41mg/g and minimum of 1.65mg/g tissue dry weight for Pb and Zn respectively. The study reveals that enhanced antioxidant responses are associated with substantial proline accumulation indicating induced stress. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay measuring antioxidant activity was highest in the chickpea seedling treated with Zn, whereas, free radical scavenging activity was highest in the treatments with Mn. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged between 0.24-0.97 and 0.27-1.00mg/g of dry matter content respectively. Higher Pb and Zn doses seem to elicit higher proline levels therefore, suggesting an extreme condition of induced abiotic stress. Dose dependent protein oxidation coupled with DNA degradation was observed in all treatments, depicting genotoxicity. Unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average analysis presented similarity coefficients between the treatments.

The features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder under combined effect of heavy metal salts.

PurposeThis study is aimed to the investigation of the features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder of mature rats.ResultsReceived results shown that the experimental group of rats that had the intake of heavy metal salts (HMS) mixture during 30 and 90 days were observed histological and immunohistochemical changes in all structures of the urinary bladder. Depending on the period of influence of heavy metal ions on the wall of the organ, the pathological changes developed in cellular layers of the wall can lead to degenerative and later to atrophic and sclerotic changes.Conclusions This study demonstrates that high concentrations of HMS can significantly influence the body. The histological and immunohistochemical studies showed that the influence of the HMS combination leads to deep morphological changes in all structures of the urinary bladder. These changes depend on the period of intake of HMS. Analysis of the obtained results demonstrates the dependence of expression of morphological changes in the urinary bladder on the experiment duration. The final result of these changes may lead to the disorders of bladder’s functions.

The features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder under combined effect of heavy metal salts

Purpose This study is aimed to the investigation of the features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder of mature rats. Results Received results shown that the experimental group of rats that had the intake of heavy metal salts (HMS) mixture during 30 and 90 days were observed histological and immunohistochemical changes in all structures of the urinary bladder. Depending on the period of influence of heavy metal ions on the wall of the organ, the pathological changes developed in cellular layers of the wall can lead to degenerative and later to atrophic and sclerotic changes. Conclusions This study demonstrates that high concentrations of HMS can significantly influence the body. The histological and immunohistochemical studies showed that the influence of the HMS combination leads to deep morphological changes in all structures of the urinary bladder. These changes depend on the period of intake of HMS. Analysis of the obtained results demonstrates the dependence of expression of morphological changes in the urinary bladder on the experiment duration. The final result of these changes may lead to the disorders of bladder’s functions.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ РАЗНЫХ ТЕСТ-ФУНКЦИЙ SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE К СОЛЯМ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are convenient eukaryotic model to determining the toxicity of various pollutants, including heavy metals. Most of biotests with the use yeast are based on the determination of the cytotoxic or genotoxic effect of heavy metals. These methods are time consuming, require special laboratory equipment. For develop of new rapid test-reaction used the ability of baker’s yeast S. cerevisiae, as a yeast of fermentation, was used to form a foam on the surface of the fermentation liquid. To conduct the bioassay used a commercial preparation of dry yeast “SAF-Moment” (LLC “SAF-Neva”, Russian Federation), as a fermentable substrate - 2% glucose solution. The toxic effect of heavy metal salts was determined by the suppression of foaming in a yeast suspension after incubation for 15 min. In parallelevaluated the influence of salts of heavy metals on the growth and survival of yeast. Foaming activity of theyeast was more sensitive to the tested toxicants in comparison with the growth function ofyeastand their survival. Mercury chloride exerted a toxic effect on the foaming in the yeast suspension in a concentration of 0,0001, sulfateof copper, chlorideof cadmium, chlorideof cobalt 0,001, sulfateof lead 0,01, sulfateof iron 0,1, sulfateof zinc 1 g/l. Built a series of toxicity of heavy metal salts with respect to the test functions of S. cerevisiae basically coincided. The advantages of the test reaction for suppressing the foaming activity of yeast are technical simplicity, express (a test of response is 15 min), minimal material costs, no need for special microbiological equipment, culture media, maintaining the culture in a viable condition. The proposed reaction can be used as a express bioassay to assess the toxicity of environments contaminated by the pollutants of this class.

Effect of heavy metal salts on the activity and multiple forms of RNases of soybean seedlings after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Sinorhizobium fredii

The investigation of the effect of heavy metal salts on the activity of RNases of soybean seedlings inoculated with soybean rhizobia strains showed changes in specific activity and the spectrum of the multiple forms of the enzyme depending on the concentrations of salts and soybean rhizobia strains.

The effects of heavy metal salts on the phytohormonal status and sex expression in marijuana

We studied the effects of heavy metal salts (Pb(NO3)2, CuSO4, and ZnSO4) on phytohormonal status and sex expression in various cultivars of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.), a dioecious plant, grown on Knop nutrient medium. Pb(NO3)2 and ZnSO4 were added to the medium at the concentration of 10−9 M, and CuSO4, at the concentration of 10−10 M. Plant were grown under controlled conditions at luminescent illumination, 22–24°C, and 80% humidity. The contents of GA and zeatin were determined by HPLC. Copper and zinc salts induced plant feminization, and this effect was coupled with zeatin accumulation. Lead salts favored plant masculinization coupled with GA accumulation. Thus, a shift in sex expression in marijuana plants was correlated with the heavy metal action on the balance of phytohormones, GA and zeatin.

Portier, Richet, and the discovery of anaphylaxis: A centennial

Portier, Richet, and the discovery of anaphylaxis: A centennial

SOS- LUX- and LAC- FLUORO-TEST for the quantification of genotoxic and/or cytotoxic effects of heavy metal salts

The constantly increasing industrial, agricultural and domestic activities with their growing risk of contaminating fresh water and ground water by discharged compounds lead to an increasing concern focused on the quality of water. Because of their simplicity and sensitivity, bacterial tests play an important role in the detection and screening of genotoxins or cytotoxins in water. One of those bacterial tests is the SOS- LUX- and LAC- FLUORO-TEST, which is a combination of two bioassays, that simultaneously measures the genotoxicity (SOS- LUX-TEST) and the cytotoxicity (LAC- FLUORO-TEST) of substances and mixtures of substances. The SOS- LUX-TEST is based on genetically modified Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 bacteria, which have been transformed with the plasmid pPLS-1 carrying the promoterless lux operon of Photobacterium leiognathi as reporter element under the control of a DNA damage-dependent SOS promoter from ColD as sensing element. This system reacts in a dose-dependent manner to agents which induce DNA damages inside these bacterial cells with the production of bioluminescence that can easily be measured. The analogous LAC- FLUORO-TEST has been developed for the detection of cellular responses to cytotoxins. It is based on the constitutive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mediated by the bacterial protein expression vector pGFPuv (Clontech, Palo Alto, USA). In response to cytotoxic agents, this system reacts with a dose-dependent reduction of GFP-fluorescence. A panel of recombinant S. typhimurium strains carrying either the SOS- LUX plasmid or the fluorescence-mediating lac-GFPuv plasmid was used to determine in parallel on one microplate the genotoxic and the cytotoxic potential of heavy metal salts like K 2Cr 2O 7, CrCl 3, ZnSO 4, CuSO 4, NiSO 4, KH 2AsO 4 and As 2O 3 at the same time. Light and fluorescence emission of untreated and chemical-treated cells were measured in a microplate luminometer–fluorometer–photometer combination and the luminescence induction as well as the fluorescence reduction were used to determine the genotoxic and/or cytotoxic potential of the heavy metal salts.