Effect Of Heating Temperature Research Articles

Effect of heat treatment on wear resistance of cold-sprayed Ti-diamond composite coating

In order to enhance the wear resistance of cold-sprayed Ti coatings, Ti-diamond (Ti-MD) composite coatings were fabricated, followed by heat treatment at different temperatures. The effects of heat treatment temperature on the wear resistance of the composite coatings were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microhardness testing, and wear resistance experiments. The results show that the composite coating undergo no phase transformation after heat treatment, and exhibits higher microhardness and improved wear resistance. The porosity results showed that the porosity of the coating decreased as the heat treatment temperature increases. TEM results showed that stable TiC (about 10 nm) was formed at the interface between the titanium and diamond particles after heat treatment at 800 °C, and nanoindentation results showed that the heat-treated coating had higher deformation resistance. Specifically, when the heat-treated temperature rose to 800 °C, the composite coating exhibits an 80 % reduction in wear rate, primarily attributable to the decreased porosity of the coating and the enhanced adhesion between Ti and diamond particles. The wear mechanisms of the heat-treated coatings are predominantly reduced oxidative and abrasive wear.

Effect on heat treatment on the physical stability, interfacial tension and in vitro digestion of whey protein-stabilized ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid balanced pumpkin seed oil complex condensate

Despite the fact that whey proteins (WP) have shown diverse functional and nutritional properties, they exhibit poor stability when exposed to temperatures above the thermal denaturation point. Therefore, in this study, a complex coacervation layer of formed by WP treated at different heating temperatures (55, 65, 75 and 85 °C) and gum arabic (GA) was used as a wall material to microencapsulate ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid balanced pumpkin seed oil (MPO) with a view to exploring the effect of heat treatment temperatures on the nature of microencapsulation stabilized by WP-GA complexes. At pH 3.6, WP and GA formed a strong electrostatic complex. When the heat treatment temperature reached 65 °C, the WP-GA complexes exhibited more excellent particle size, absolute potential, emulsification properties and structural changes, which made them more suitable as hydrophilic emulsifiers to stabilize oil/water (O/W) systems. Further research into the physical properties and interfacial characteristics of O/W emulsions formed by the WP-GA complex was conducted. When subjected to a heat treatment temperature of 65 °C, the O/W emulsions achieved a higher interfacial protein content (3.17 ± 0.08 mg/m2), along with a lower interfacial tension (15.52 mN/m). Additionally, the encapsulated MPO demonstrates superior oxidative stability compared to its unencapsulated counterpart. In-vitro simulated digestion experiments revealed that only small fraction (17.70 ± 1.13%) of the encapsulated oil was released in simulated gastric fluid, while the majority (76.70 ± 1.47%) was released in simulated intestinal fluid, which suggested that the WP-GA composite coacervates was a promising encapsulation shell material, capable of maintaining integrity in the gastric phase and effectively delivering the encapsulant to the intestinal phase.

Simultaneously improve the strength and ductility of additively manufactured Y2O3/316 L composites via optimizing heat treatment

The effect of heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Y2O3/316 L composites prepared by laser powder bed fusion was studied. The cellular substructures formed in the as-built samples remained stable when heat-treated at 1000 °C and disappeared as the temperature increased to 1100 °C. Compared with the as-built sample, a larger number of fine particles precipitated in the sample at 1000 °C, and the particles were significantly coarsened at 1100 °C. Under the stress-induced grain boundary migration mechanism, the grains undergo coarsening. The samples heat-treated at 1000 °C had the best combination of strength and ductility compared to the other samples. The high strength of the samples can be attributed to the retention of the cellular substructure and the enhancement of the Orowan strengthening mechanism. The high ductility of the sample is brought about by the formation of the twinned structure. The heat treatment developed in this work for the additive manufacturing of steel matrix composites to tailor its microstructure and mechanical properties for its various applications is critical.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Titanium-Clad Steel Plate Prepared by Vacuum Hot Rolling

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Titanium-Clad Steel Plate Prepared by Vacuum Hot Rolling

Effect of heat treatment on the shear fracture and acoustic emission properties of granite with thermal storage potential: A laboratory-scale test

The exploitation of geothermal resources enhances the energy structure but poses challenges related to thermal–mechanical issues. This study utilizes short core in compression (SCC) specimens of granite to investigate thermo-mechanical properties. We examined the effects of heat treatment temperature on physical properties, shear fracture toughness, as well as acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. Fracture surface morphology and microstructure of the heat-treated SCC specimens were also analyzed using 3D laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that both mass loss and P-wave velocity decrease with increasing heating-treated temperature, and similar trends are observed in mechanical properties. Specifically, fracture energy and shear fracture toughness decline by 51.48 % and 61.27 %, respectively, as temperature rises from 25 °C to 750 °C. The b-value and proportion of shear cracks initially increase before falling, with an inflection point at 300 °C, linked to thermal-induced microstructural deterioration. Fractal dimension (D) and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) show significant increases with higher heat treatment temperatures. Microstructural degradation, including dehydration and thermal-induced microcracking, drives the reduction in shear properties of heat-treated granites. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into determining various methods of heat storage reconstruction with great application potential.

Crystallization Behavior of Co‐Doped Amorphous Manganese Dioxide and Its Cathode Performance for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

AbstractIn order to explore the crystallization behavior of Co‐doped amorphous manganese dioxide(Co‐doped AMO) and to investigate the electrochemical properties of its different crystallization products as cathodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries. In this work, the effects of heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and phase composition of Co‐doped AMO and their electrochemical properties of Zn‐MnO2 battery cathode materials are systematically investigated. The results show that Co‐doping increases the crystallization temperature of pure AMO. When the heat treatment temperature is 400 °C, Co‐doped AMO is amorphous. At 500 and 550 °C, part of the Co‐doped AMO crystallizes into tetragonal spinel structured (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn)2O4 material between MnCo2O4 and Mn3O4. At 650 °C, the crystallized product is completely nano‐α‐Mn(Co)O2 crystal. The maximum discharge specific capacities and the retention rate after 100 cycles of the samples at 100 mA g−1 are 325.40 mAh g−1, 86.88%; 217.00 mAh g−1, 13.94%; 186.68 mAh g−1, 41.01%; and 149.03 mAh g−1, 31.27% for the unheated and 400, 550, 650 °C heat‐treated samples, respectively. It is proved that the Co‐doped AMO without heat treatment is superior to the partially or fully crystallized materials in terms of comprehensive performance and cost as cathode materials for AZIB.

Microstructural Optimization and Corrosion Resistance Enhancement of Austenitic 317L Stainless Steel through Tailored Heat Treatment

Austenitic 317L stainless steel was favored in many industrial applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The study involved heat treating Austenitic 317L stainless steel samples at temperatures of 500℃, 950℃, and 1100℃ to explore the effects of heat treatment temperature on microstructure and corrosion resistance. Electrochemical analysis showed that the 317L sample treated at 1100℃ exhibited the lowest passive current density, indicating the best improvement in corrosion resistance at this temperature. Results from corrosion weight loss experiments confirmed that the least weight loss occurred under the heat treatment conditions of 950℃ and 1100℃, suggesting enhanced corrosion resistance of the material. Microstructural characterization revealed that after heat treatment at 950℃, the metallographic structure transformed from a complex, irregular size and chaotic growth pattern to uniformly grown and comparatively equal-sized metallographic structures. Furthermore, heat treatment at 1100℃ resulted in larger metallographic structures with reduced boundary width and distribution density. Consequently, enhanced corrosion resistance was observed at both temperatures. Based on these findings, a heat treatment range of 950℃ to 1150℃ appeared to be a suitable post-processing method for optimizing the microstructure of 317L while concurrently improving its corrosion resistance.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Isothermal Oxidation of Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr Alloy

This project studies the influence of different grain sizes of Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy obtained from heat treatment procedure on high temperature isothermal oxidation. Heat treatment procedure was carried out at two different temperatures, namely 1000℃ and 1200℃ for 3 hours of soaking time, followed by quenching in the water. These samples are denoted as T1000 and T1200. The heat-treated Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was subjected to an isothermal oxidation test at 950℃ for 150 hours exposure. Oxidized heat-treated alloys were tested in terms of oxidation kinetics, phase analysis and surface morphology of oxidized samples. Oxidation kinetics were determine based on weight change per surface area as a function of exposure time. Phase analysis was determined using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and surface morphology of oxidized samples was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the heat treatment procedure shows varying grain sizes. The higher the heat treatment temperature, shows an increase in grain size with a decrease in hardness value. The oxidation kinetics for both heat-treated samples showed an increment pattern of weight change and followed a parabolic rate law. The oxidized T1000 sample recorded the lowest parabolic rate constant of 3.12×10–8 mg2cm–4s–1, indicating a low oxidation rate, thus having good oxidation resistance. Phase analysis from the XRD technique recorded several oxide phases consisting of Cr2O3, MnCr2O4, and (Ti0.97Cr0.03)O2 oxide phases. In addition, a uniform oxide layer is formed on the oxidized T1000 sample, indicating good oxide scale adhesion, thereby improving the protective oxide behavior.

Preparation of high-performance copper fluoride cathode material for thermal batteries: effect of heat treatment temperature of precursor ammonium copper fluoride

Preparation of high-performance copper fluoride cathode material for thermal batteries: effect of heat treatment temperature of precursor ammonium copper fluoride

Microstructure characterization and growth mechanism of ZrC whiskers prepared by precursor transformation method

ZrC whiskers were prepared on graphite through precursor transformation method. Effects of heat treatment temperature, catalyst concentration and heat treatment time on phase composition and microstructure of the ZrC whiskers were investigated. Growth mechanism of the ZrC whisker was analyzed. Results indicated that as heat treatment temperature increasing, catalyst activity increased and energy barrier for the carbothermal reduction reaction reduced, resulting in a gradual increase of both production and diameter of the ZrC whiskers. Catalyst could provide nucleation points for the ZrC whiskers, production and diameter of the ZrC whiskers firstly increased as the catalyst concentration increasing. While, when catalyst concentration was over high, length-diameter ratio of the ZrC whiskers decreased and some whiskers were agglomerated. Heat treatment time affected extent of the carbothermal reduction reaction. Production and length-diameter ratio of the ZrC whiskers increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of heat treatment time. When heat treatment temperature was 1600 °C, catalyst concentration was 0.4 mol/L, heat treatment time was 2 h, the ZrC whiskers with diameter of around 130 nm and length of tens of microns were synthesized. The whiskers were composed of a single-crystal ZrC core and an amorphous ZrO2 shell. Growth of the ZrC whiskers was controlled by solid-liquid-solid (S-L-S) mechanism and the Ostwald ripening mechanism.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure, Wear and Friction of Ni–Nb–V Alloyed Manganese Steel

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure, Wear and Friction of Ni–Nb–V Alloyed Manganese Steel

Material corrosion characteristics of heat-treated SLM-ed Hastelloy X in electrochemical machining process

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology and electrochemical machining (ECM) offer new methods for producing nickel-based superalloys with complex structures and high surface quality, including Hastelloy X parts. However, SLM-fabricated parts exhibit significant anisotropy, and there are no effective criteria for evaluating material corrosion characteristics in actual ECM due to the detachment of research and application, making the parameter selection challenging in actual ECM. To address this issue, this article proposes a comprehensive evaluation system based on the corrosion characteristics in the actual machining process and investigates the effect of heat treatment temperature on the corrosion characteristics of Hastelloy X in ECM. The results show that at a heat treatment temperature of 1000°C, machining efficiency, accuracy, and localization can all be achieved at a good level with good consistency in different directions at the expense of a certain machining accuracy. The 800℃ heat-treated specimen exhibits strong corrosion resistance, providing a significant advantage in machining localization and accuracy. When the heat treatment temperature exceeds the solid solution temperature (more than 1175℃), the mechanical properties and corrosion characteristics of the specimen are significantly degraded. The results of various material testing methods, including electrochemical testing, EBSD, XRD, and EDS indicate that changes in grain size due to recrystallization and the galvanic effect of precipitates are the primary causes of these changes.

Electrodeposited Ni–Co–B coatings: Preparation and evaluation of its wear resistance

Ni–Co–B coating was electrodeposited in sulfate bath with dimethylamine borane (DMAB) as reducing agent. The experiment explored the effect of DMAB concentration (CDMAB, 1–10 g/L), current density (Jk, 2–8 A/dm2), bath temperature (Tbath, 30–60 °C) on the coating morphology and hardness, and determined the best parameters: CDMAB = 8 g/L, Tbath = 60 °C, Jk = 4 A/dm2. The average hardness of the crack-free coating is 818 HV, and the B content is about 2 wt%. In order to develop a stress-relieving heat treatment scheme, the effects of heat treatment temperatures (100–500 °C) and holding times (1.5 h and 3 h) on the hardness of Ni–Co–B coating were studied. The highest hardness (1130 HV) is obtained at 350 °C for 1.5 h. The heat-treated Ni–Co–B coating was characterized by XRD, SEM and EPMA, and the second phase Ni3B was detected. In addition, the wear resistance and wear mechanism of the coating at room temperature and high temperature (300 °C) were studied. The results show that the wear volume of Ni–Co–B coating is reduced by more than 55% compared with Ni–Co coating. In general, Ni–Co–B coating can be used as an alternative to Ni–Co wear-resistant coating.

Study on the heat treatment of multispectral ZnS for residual stress reduction

Multispectral ZnS (M − ZnS) will inevitably introduce stresses during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polycrystalline growth and hot isostatic pressing (HIPping) stages. In this paper, the generation mechanism and elimination method of residual stresses in M − ZnS are analyzed by means of SEM, transmittance, XRD analysis and mechanical property characterization, and the effects of heat treatment temperature, time and material annealing structure on the apparent morphology, optical and mechanical properties of M − ZnS materials are investigated. The results show that the internal stresses of M − ZnS mainly originate from the CVD ZnS growth and HIPping stages, and the most effective method to reduce the stresses is heat treatment. The key factors affecting the effect of heat treatment include temperature, time, and annealing structure. Selecting a GZ(G) annealing structure combined with a suitable cooling rate for heat treatment of M − ZnS materials will significantly improve the heat treatment effect. More annealing time has a significant effect on the transmittance in the 0.38–3 μm band, and insignificant effect on the transmittance in the 3–5 μm and 8–10 μm bands. Heat treatment will bring some degree of structural changes to the material, often manifested including a trace of hexagonal phase structure, which will affect the optical imaging quality of the window material. Heat treatment contributes to secondary grain growth, with an increase in grain size and a decrease in grain boundaries. Excessive heat treatment accelerates the loss of hardness and bending strength, and also leads to the generation of micro-cracks and macro-cracks in the material, reducing the mechanical properties of the material. Heat treatment holding 200 h and 100 h compared to the unannealed, Vickers hardness decreased by 13.518 and 7.96, respectively, bending strength decreased by 4.77 MPa and 1.73 MPa, respectively. Therefore, in actual production, should not be selected excessive heat treatment time.

Eu2+ doping and Mg2+-coupled Zn2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ cations induce tunable orange-blue luminescence in cordierite

A series of Mg2Al4Si5O18:xEu2+ (x = 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 2.8, 6.0mol‰) and Mg2Al4Si5O18:0.05B, 1.4Eu2+ (BZn2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+) phosphors were prepared by high-temperature melt ice-water quenching and heat treatment. In this study, using Eu2+ ions as a structural probe, we investigated the effects of heat treatment temperature, Eu2+ ion concentration, and cation position on the crystal phase and local structure, triggering changes in the luminescent properties of the phosphor and achieving coordinated blue and red luminescence. Through heat treatment analysis, we proposed the formation process of the two phases of cordierite. The doping of different concentrations of Eu ions in cordierite triggers the phase transition of the host lattice. The molar distribution ratio of Eu2+ ions was calculated by Gaussian peak-splitting fitting to identify the detailed occupancy distribution of the Eu2+ ions in μ-cordierite and α-cordierite. In the α-cordierite phase, with the doping of Zn2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ cationic sites, the PL is modulated from orange to blue emission based on the selective occupancy of Eu2+ ions, which is caused by the difference in cationic radii and structural distortion. The comprehensive luminescence intensity of MASE1.4, MASZ0.05E1.4, MASC0.05E1.4, and MASS0.05E1.4 phosphors were 81.18%, 83.49%, 62.67%, and 76.41% at 150 °C compared to that at 30 °C, indicating the better thermal stability of the prepared phosphors. The luminescence tunable strategy by cation and Eu2+ doping simultaneously modifies the emission and achieves different thermal stability, providing a new design concept for the development of Eu2+-doped silicate phosphors.

Effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure and electrochemical behavior of additive-manufactured AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy

In this paper, a high-entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy were prepared using laser melting deposition (LMD) and the effect of heat treatment on their microstructure and corrosion resistance was studied. XRD, OM, SEM, EDS, EBSD and electrochemical tests were used to investigate the structure, microstructure, and corrosion resistance. The LMD and LMD-500 °C samples showed a single BCC phase structure. After the temperature was increased to 800 °C, a small amount of a Cr-rich and Fe-rich FCC phase and σ phase precipitated at the grain boundaries, Al and Ni were enriched within the crystals. At 1100 °C, the σ phase disappeared, and the FCC phase content increased from 1.4% to 5.2%. The average grain size was the largest at 500 °C, reaching 31.29 μm. In 3.5% NaCl solution, the LMD-500 °C sample showed a high self-corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion current density; the polarization resistance (Rp) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) were 5.266 × 105 Ω∙cm2 and 1.248 × 108 Ω∙cm2, respectively, with the shallowest surface corrosion and the best corrosion resistance. In 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution, there were only a few corrosion holes in the samples before and after the heat treatment, and all the samples showed a good corrosion resistance. In 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution, with the increase of temperature, the Cr, Al and other elements underwent intensified segregation. The corrosion resistance gradually improved, the Rp and the Rct was 2.785 × 102 Ω∙cm2 and 7.569 × 103 Ω∙cm2, respectively, at 1100 °C, providing the best corrosion resistance.

Enhanced wear resistance of a multi-phase reinforced Al0.5CrFeNi2.5Si0.25 high-entropy alloy via annealing

In this work, a multiphase reinforced non-equiatomic Al0.5CrFeNi2.5Si0.25 high-entropy alloy (HEA) was prepared by vacuum induction melting. The effect of heat-treatment temperature (1023, 1123, 1323, and 1473 K) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior are systematically investigated. The results indicate that the as-cast and annealed alloys are composed of face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) structures accompanied by microscale and nanoscale precipitated phases. To be specific, the FCC matrix is enriched in the L12 phase, and BCC particles and σ phases are observed in the B2 matrix. The microstructure of Al0.5CrFeNi2.5Si0.25 HEAs consists of dendritic region (DR) and inter-dendritic (ID) region before and after annealing. The phases and microstructure did not change. After annealing, the size of the Cr-rich BCC particles is reduced. The L12 phase has a density per unit area that first increases and then decreases, reaching its highest density at 1123 K. With the annealing temperature rising, the nanohardness increases slightly and then decreases, reaching a peak value of about 6.29 GPa at 1123 K. The Al0.5CrFeNi2.5Si0.25 HEA annealed at 1123 K also exhibits the lowest specific wear rate of 2.43 × 10−4 mm3/Nm, which is decreased by 23.5% compared to the as-cast one.

Effect of heat-treatment temperature and residence time on microstructure and crystallinity of mesophase in coal tar pitch

Effect of heat-treatment temperature and residence time on microstructure and crystallinity of mesophase in coal tar pitch

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Hardness of Jaw Implant Produced from EDM Die-Sinking Process

Hardness is the main problem in making jaw implants using the die-sinking EDM process. Heat treatment can increase the hardness of jaw implants resulting from the EDM process. This research investigates the influence of temperature during the heat treatment process on the hardness of jaw implants produced from the EDM process. Heat treatment uses a quenching process. The quenching temperatures used were 940, 950, and 960 ºC, while the holding time was 30 minutes. The aging temperature is 550 ºC. The research results show that the greater the quenching temperature, the greater the increase in hardness. The hardness of the white layer reaches 713 VHN when using a temperature of 960 ºC. Meanwhile, the hardness of the inner jaw implant reaches 354 VHN.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory complex concentrated alloy

Ultra-fine grain TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) was prepared by using mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the effects of heat treatment temperature on phase composition, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were investigated. The results indicate that the phase composition of as-SPSed alloy comprises disordered BCC1 and BCC2 solid solution phases, along with a minor amount of Al2O3 phase. The system demonstrates exceptional microstructural and phase stability after the heat treatment at 1200 °C for 6 h, with only a slight decrease in hardness to a value of 9.86 GPa. With the increase in heat treatment temperature, the volume fraction of recrystallized grains gradually increases, leading to an initial growth and subsequent refinement in grain size. Under heat treatment at 800 °C and 1000 °C, the increase in volume fraction of Al2O3 was found to enhance the room temperature compressive yield strength of the alloy while deteriorating the plasticity. Specifically, the strength-plasticity trade-off was achieved after heat-treated at 1200 °C for 2 h, with a compressive yield strength of 2667 MPa and a plastic strain of 10.7% at room temperature. The excellent mechanical properties were attributed to the synergistic effects of lattice distortions, reduced dislocation density, weakened texture and refined grain structure. Furthermore, this alloy demonstrated a compressive yield strength of 153 MPa at a temperature of 1100 °C without fracturing at a strain of 50%. The flow stresses exhibited typical dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics at elevated temperatures.