Effect Of Harvest Time Research Articles

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Olive Leaf from Five Italian Cultivars: Effects of Harvest-Time and Extraction Conditions on Phenolic Compounds and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties

The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), phenolic composition, and in vitro antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract of five cultivars (Caiazzana, Frantoio, Leccino, Ortice, and Coratina) from the Campania Region (Italy) during three harvest-times (March, June, and November). Different microwave powers, treatment-times, and three solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water) in different proportions were tested. Our results show that the TPC is not affected by the different MAE conditions but by the cultivar and the harvest-time. Instead, the TFC content also depends on the solvent used; with EtOH:H2O (70:30) and MetOH:H2O (80:20) giving higher yields than H2O alone. The Caiazzana and Coratina cultivars harvested in March showed the highest TPC compared with other cultivars, and they were also particularly rich in oleuropein. These cultivars showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by the DPPH and hemolysis tests. In conclusion, cultivar and harvest time influence the polyphenol and flavonoid content of the olive leaf.

Folate content in fresh corn: Effects of harvest time, storage and cooking methods

Fresh corn is a good source of micronutrients. Here, we investigated the effects of harvest time (18–24 days after pollination), storage temperature (25 °C, 4 °C, or −20 °C), and cooking method (boiling, steaming, or microwave heating) on folate content and retention in fresh corn. Folate levels in the selected six fresh corn cultivars were 66.6–152 μg/100 g fresh weight, with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate as the predominant vitamer; and the time of harvest did not significantly impact folate levels. An average folate retention of 83 % was observed in waxy corn varieties after 5 days of storage at 25 °C, and 77 % (average) of the folates was retained in sweet corn cultivars after 3 days of storage in a 4 °C refrigerator. The average folate retention was 71 % after 14 days of storage at −20 °C, which decreased to 40 % after 120 days. A folate reduction of 45 % (average) was observed in boiled corn, whereas steaming and microwave heating involved minor folate loss of 12 % and 15 %. These results provide insight into folate contents and retention in raw and processed corn post-harvest. Our study revealed that fresh corn is rich in active folate vitamers and is thus a promising dietary source of folates.

Effect of Harvest Time and Fruit Firmness on Red Drupelet Reversion in Blackberry

Red drupelet reversion (RDR) is a postharvest disorder of blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) in which fully black drupelets revert to red after harvest. This disorder can negatively impact consumer perception of fresh-market blackberries. The cause of RDR is hypothesized to be related to intracellular damage sustained because of mechanical and environmental stress during and after harvest. Cultivars differ in susceptibility to this disorder; and cultural factors, including nitrogen rate, harvest and shipping practices, and climate during harvest, influence RDR severity. In this 2-year study, seven genotypes (cultivars and advanced selections) developed in the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture (UA) blackberry breeding program, with a range of fruit textures, were evaluated to determine whether firmness was correlated with RDR. In addition, fruit was harvested at four different times (7:00 am, 10:00 am, 1:00 pm, and 4:00 pm) to investigate whether harvest time influences RDR. All seven genotypes were harvested at the four times on two harvest dates per year and evaluated for RDR and firmness after 1 week of cold storage (5 °C). Fruit harvested early in the day had less RDR, with 7:00 am harvests having the least RDR in both years. Significant genotypic differences in RDR and fruit firmness were found in each year. Firmness was negatively correlated with RDR in 2018 and 2019. These results indicate that growers may be able to reduce the prevalence of RDR by choosing cultivars with firm fruit texture and harvesting early in the day.

Effect of harvesting time and the number of queen cell cups on royal jelly composition

Royal Jelly (RJ) is one of the many important honey bee products that is also a functional food item in the regulation of diets and in the cosmetic industry. Many factors affect the composition of RJ. There is not enough information about the composition of early harvest (earlier than 72 h) RJ. In addition, no information has been found regarding the number of grafted larvae in reviewed studies. Thus, in this article, the effect of harvest time and the number of queen cell cups on the RJ composition such as 10-HDA, total and soluble proteins, furosine, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), phenolic compounds have been determined. Results showed that 10-HDA values ​​decreased (3.2 ± 0.195%, 2.84 ± 0.146% and 2.16 ± 0.117%) as the numbers of larvae were increased (30, 60 and 120). Similarly, as the harvest time extended (24, 48 and 72 hours) the values ​​of 10-HDA decreased (3.25 ± 0.206%, 2.71 ± 0.137% and 2.24 ± 0.13%). Total protein ratios in RJ according to harvest times (24, 48 and 72 hours) were 19.6 ± 0.71%, 16.8 ± 0.57% and 16.8 ± 0.27%, respectively. Furosine values (ranging from 17.6-20.6 mg/100 g protein) increased as RJ harvest time increased. Superoxide dismutase activity values (ranging from 1.07 ± 0.06 to 1.47 ± 0.07 U/g) decreased as the number of grafted larvae increased and the harvest time increased. Phenolic compounds (151.7 ± 2.36 µg/g) were different from 48 (83.5 ± 3.89) and 72 hours (96.81 ± 5.97) royal jelly in the harvested RJ 24 hours after larvae grafting (P < 0.05). As a result, the RJ harvest time and the number of grafted larvae influenced the RJ composition.

Effect of Harvest Time on Soybean Seed Quality of Detap-1 Variety

One of the factors responsible for the low soybean yield in Indonesia is low seed quality. Harvesting at the right time is an appropriate method for obtaining quality soybean seeds. Furthermore, harvest age can directly influence the physiological quality of seeds. This research aims to determine the effect of harvest time on the Detap-1 variety soybean seed quality. The experimental design was a randomized block (RBD) with variations in harvest time (R7, R8, R8 + 3, R8 + 6, R8 + 9, R8 + 12 days) as a factor. The observed data were then analyzed with the F test and the DNMRT test at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the variables observed were moisture content at harvest, seed germination and vigour, growth speed, the weight of 100 seeds and weight of seeds per pod. The results showed that the best quality seeds of soybean Detap-1 variety were obtained in the treatment where the harvest was in the R8 + 3-day phase.

EFFECT OF HARVESTING TIME ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME RICE CULTIVARS AT DIFFERENT STORAGE PERIODS

The field experiments were conducted at The Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during 2018 and 2019 seasons to investigate the effect of harvest time on grain yield and its attributes as well as grain quality characteristics of some rice cultivars at different storage periods. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications. The main plots were devoted to harvest time i.e. harvest after 7, 14, and 21-day after irrigation cut-off (DAIC). However, the sub-plots were assigned to rice cultivars (Sakha106, Sakha107 and Sakha 108). The grain quality characteristics were studied at 6, 9 and 12-month after harvesting. Delaying the harvest date to 21-DAIC lead to a significant decrease in number of filled and unfilled grains/panicle, panicle weight and grain yield compared with 7- and 14-DAIC. The inverse was true in 1000-grain weight. Sakha 108 was superior to Sakha 106 and Sakha 107 in grain yield and its attributes. The highest grain yield was obtained from Sakha 108 at harvest time of 14-DAIC. Moisture content, hulling, milling and head rice percentages were gradually decreased by increasing storage period from 6 to 9 and 12-month. The inverse was found in amylose, elongation percentages and gelatinization temperature (GT). The intermediate harvest time 14-DIAC registered the highest values of all grain quality characteristics. Sakha 108 registered the lowest moisture content and the highest values of other grain quality. Generally, Sakha 108 harvested at 14-DAIC achieved the highest grain yield and quality at the 9-month storage period.

Effect of Harvest Time on Royal Jelly Yield and Chemical Composition

Royal jelly (RJ) was harvested after 24, 48, and 72 hrs of grafting to study the effect of harvest time on the yield of RJ/queen cell. The changes in the nutritional components in RJ harvested at different times post-grafting were also studied. The highest yield of RJ/queen cell was harvested after 72 hrs of grafting, while the lowest yield was harvested after 24 hrs of grafting. The lowest moisture content was found in RJ harvested after 72 hrs of grafting. The maximum concentrations of crude protein, ash, fructose, and glucose were found in RJ harvested after 72 hrs of grafting. Conversely, the highest lipid content was obtained from RJ harvested after 24 hrs of grafting. The pH value decreased and acidity increased over time after grafting. It was concluded that RJ can be harvested after 72 hrs of grafting to obtain maximum yield. The nutritional components in RJ may be changed over time after grafting, and it could differentiate between RJ harvested at different times post-grafting.

Effect of harvest time and fruit size on seed germination and seedlings growth of sour orange and Mexican lime under in vitro conditions

The aim of this research was to determine the best time to harvest the fruits for seed production which would ultimately lead to the production of citrus rootstocks of optimum quality. The sour orange and Mexican lime fruits were harvested on 7 and 5 occasions, respectively. The very first fruits were harvested 80 days after flowering and subsequent harvests were gathered every 30 days. An in vitro experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replications and 20 seeds in each replication. Based on fruit growth curve the time of fruit harvest affected seed germination (percentage and rate) and seedling growth (stem and root length, fresh and dry weight of stems, roots and leaves). The results showed that the best time to harvest the fruits of sour orange and Mexican lime was 230 and 170 days after flowering, respectively, which led to maximum seed germination (Mexican lime 100% and sour orange 85%) and seedling growth. The highest root, stem and leaf fresh and dry weight was also obtained at 230 and 170 days after flowering in sour orange and Mexican lime respectively.

The effect of harvesting time (morning vs. afternoon) on the chemical composition and nutritional value of sun-drying alfalfa, clover and barley forages

مطالعه­ای به­ منظور بررسی تأثیر زمان برداشت (صبح در مقابل بعد از ظهر) بر ترکیب شیمیایی، فراسنجه­های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم علوفه­های یونجه، شبدر و جو انجام شد. علوفه­ یونجه، شبدر و جو در دو نوبت صبح (06:00) و بعد از ظهر (18:00) تقریبا 5 تا 7 سانتی­متر بالاتر از سطح خاک برداشت شدند. بخشی از آن­ها در سطح زمین برای خشک کردن در زیر آفتاب پخش شدند. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش­های استاندارد تعیین شد. به­منظور برآورد فراسنجه­های تولید گاز، از آزمون تولید گاز استفاده شد. قابلیت هضم برون­تنی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش کشت بسته تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که زمان برداشت تاثیر معنی­داری بر ترکیب شیمیایی علوفه­های یونجه و شبدر داشت (05/0p ). با این حال، مقدار عامل تفکیک، تولید توده میکروبی و بازده تولید توده میکروبی در علوفه­ ­بعد از ظهر برداشت بالاتر بود. با این حال، به نظر می‌رسد که در شرایط یکسان از نظر کلیه عوامل مؤثر بر کیفیت و ارزش غذایی علوفه، به تأخیر انداختن زمان برداشت از صبح به بعد از ظهر می­تواند ارزش تغذیه‌ای علوفه را بهبود بخشد.

Locations Effects on the Quality of Chemlal and Azeradj Olives Grown in Algeria

AbstractThis work aimed to investigate the combined effect of harvest time and crop altitude on the fruit and oil quality of two autochthonous Algerian olive cultivars, Chemlal and Azeradj. Fruit morphological characteristics, oil quality parameters, fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, pigments, tocopherols and oxidative stability were determined. Olives were harvested at four different ripening stages in orchards located at 110, 320 and 490 m altitude, in the olive‐growing region of Kabylia, northern Algeria. Results showed a good discrimination between varieties, which were characterized by specific triacylglycerols and fatty acids profile. Different chemometric analyses carried out on the oil data highlighted the strong influence of variety in relation to the factors studied. Moreover, Principal Component Analysis performed on both fatty acids and triacylglycerols profile allowed correlating the distinct composition with the different varietal sensitivities to changes in crop attitude and ripening stage. Tocopherols showed a remarkable decrease with the ripening progress. Oxidative stability was positively correlated with variations in tocopherols and monounsaturated fatty acids during maturation and altitude changes.

Effect of Harvest Time, Delay in Destemming and Desapping Treatment on the Sap Volume and Visual Quality of ‘Carabao’ Mango Fruit

The sap or latex injury in mango reduces fruit quality as it causes skin blemish during harvesting and postharvest handling. Sap volume and visual quality of ‘Carabao’ mango as affected by different harvest times during the day (every hour from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM), delay in cutting (hourly up to 6 h) of the pedicel at either the pedicel base or at the abscission zone and different desapping agents applied 1 or 7 h from harvest were assessed. Sap injury was assessed by allowing the sap to flow on the fruit after re-cutting the pedicel at the abscission zone. Sap volume was measured during harvesting while sap injury, days to table ripe stage, visual quality, weight loss, degree of anthracnose and stem end rot were assessed during fruit storage. The experiments were laid out using the completely randomized design. Sap volume ranged from 0.06 to 0.25 mL fruit-1. The lowest sap volume was recorded in fruit harvested in the afternoon between 1:00 and 5:00 PM, while the highest volume was noted at 7:00 and 10:00 AM. The relative humidity of the air was highest at 7:00 AM. Better quality at table ripe stage was noted in mango fruit harvested at 1:00 - 2:00 and 4:00 - 5:00 PM. Sap injury at different harvest times did not vary. The delay in the destemming up to 6 h and the location of cut or pedicel length did not affect sap volume and fruit quality. However, the cutting of the pedicel at the abscission zone rather than at the pedicel base tended to result in better quality, which helped delay fruit ripening. All desapping treatments, such as 1.0 % alum, 1.0 % detergent, 0.5 % lime [Ca(OH)2], and water, could control sap injury. Untreated fruit showed longer shelf life due to a lower degree of anthracnose. Stem-end rot did vary among desapping agents. Among the desapping treatments, water is found to reduce sap damage better. Harvesting later in the day, cutting at the abscission zone, and washing mangoes with water can reduce sap or latex damage in ‘Carabao’ mango.

Effect of Harvest Time and Insect Control as Agriculture Practices on Maize Ear Rot Disease and Kernels Contamination by Some Mycotoxins

Under field conditions, reaction of maize (Zea mays) genotypes against ear and kernels rot disease was studied under natural infection at two different harvest time and insect control at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Egypt, seasons 2019 and 2020. In the field, split-plot design with three replicates was applied, maize hybrids were allocated in main plots, harvest time and insect control were assigned in sub plots. Results concluded that, hybrids of TWC353, SCs176 and 131 showed the highest mean ears rot infection and contamination with fumonisin (FB1) and aflatoxins, as well as the lowest yield weight. In reverse to, SCs10, 128 and 130 hybrids, they recorded the lowest response to disease infection and toxin contamination beside they gave the highest yield. Moreover, interaction between harvest time showed that, insect control by Pestban insecticide with normal harvest followed by early harvest led to yield enhancement and caused reduction on ear rot disease and its severity, FB1 and aflatoxins accumulation compared to normal harvest without controlling insects. Concerning of interaction between maize genotypes and insect control with normal harvest, it was found a reduction in grains contamination by toxins in most tested maize hybrids as a result to reduction of ear rot disease which affected by controlling of insect injury by Pestban insecticide, followed by interaction between early harvest and maize hybrids.

Evaluation on dry forage yields and nutritional characteristics of introduced herbaceous legumes in Myanmar

The study was carried out to evaluate the forage yields, nutritive values and in vitro fermentation parameters of herbaceous legumes. Five varieties of introduced herbaceous legumes; Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Archer, Centrosema brasilianum cv. Ooloo, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Stylo 184 and Macroptilum bracteatum cv. Cadarga were evaluated at the research farm, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Myanmar. No fertilizer and no irrigation were applied for cultivation to test drought resistance. Dry forage yield, nutritive values and gas production at four harvesting times were measured with 4×5 factorial arrangement (5 legumes and 4 harvesting time) in randomized complete block design. There was no interaction between legumes and harvesting time on forage yield, nutritive values and fermentation parameters but they were affected by the main effects of legume types and harvesting time. Among the legume forages, the highest dry forage yields were found in Ooloo, Ubon stylo, and Stylo 184, and followed by the DM yield of Archer and Cadarga. The DM yield of the second harvest was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than those of the first, third and fourth harvest which were not significantly different from each other. As a chemical composition, the DM content of Archer was lower (p&lt;0.05) than those of other varieties. Among the legumes forages, the lower CP content was found in Cadarga. The higher NDF was observed in Ooloo. Ooloo, Ubon stylo and Cadarga showed higher ADF in comparison with the other two varieties. Among the harvesting time, the lowest DM content was found at the first harvest. The highest CP content was found at third harvest. The NDF content was not significantly different. The lowest ADF content was found in fourth harvest. According to the dry forage yield, Ubon stylo and Ooloo had the highest dry forage yield and in term of nutritive values, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher nutritive values. As the main effect of forages, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher gas production in comparison with the other varieties. As the main effect of harvesting time, the fourth harvest had the highest gas production in comparison with other harvesting time. It could be better for cultivation by application of fertilizer and irrigation to get more forage yield and quality.&#x0D;

English

Alfalfa is an important legume forage with high nutritional quality. Harvest stage has an essential impact on alfalfa hay yield and nutritional quality. However, there is no clear indication about the effects of harvest time on the production performance, overwintering rate and economic benefits of alfalfa under drip irrigation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of harvesting at bud stage (FB), 5% flowering stage (F5%), 15% flowering stage (F15%), and full bloom stage (F50%) on hay yield and quality, and economic benefits of two alfalfa cultivars i.e.,WL354HQ and Magnum551. Harvesting time had significant effect on hay yield of both cultivars (P ≤0.05) and the order of total dry matter yield (TDMY)was: F5%&gt; F15%&gt; F50%&gt; FB. The alfalfa crude protein (CP)content of each cutting in alfalfa decreased gradually with the advance of the harvest stage, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF)and acid detergent fiber (ADF)contents gradually increased. A comprehensive analysis of alfalfa dry matter yield(DMY), quality and overwintering rate was used to analyze the fuzzy similarity priority ratio, and the priority ranking was as follows: FB&gt; F5%&gt; F15%&gt; F50%.Maximum economic benefits of both alfalfa cultivars were obtained atF5%harvest time, reaching 2703$ha-1 (WL354HQ) and 2585 $ha-1(Magnum551), followed by FB, F15%, and F50%. Therefore, in order to get more hay yield and economic returns, harvesting at 5% flowering stage of alfalfa seemed viable option under drip irrigation.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) as a Multifunctional and Sustainable Crop for the Mediterranean Climate

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a promising medicinal and aromatic plant for Mediterranean agroecosystems given its positive agronomic attributes and interesting quality features. It has both food and pharmaceutical applications, since its leaves contain sweet-tasting steviol glycosides (SVglys) and bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamins. We evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performances of nine stevia genotypes cultivated, in open field conditions, for two consecutive years under the Mediterranean climate of central Italy. Growth, biomass production, and accumulation of bioactive compounds (SVglys, polyphenols, and their related antioxidant activities) were evaluated, considering the effect of harvest time and crop age (first and second year of cultivation). The results showed high variability among genotypes in terms of both morpho-productive and phytochemical characteristics. In general, greater leaf dry yields, polyphenol accumulation, and antioxidant activities were found in the second year of cultivation, harvesting the plants in full vegetative growth. On the other hand, total SVglys leaf content reached the highest values in the first year when plants were at the beginning of the reproductive phase. On the other hand, although the SVglys profile (Rubusoside, Dulcoside A, Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, C, D, E, and M) remained stable over harvest times, it differed significantly depending on the crop age and genotype. Our findings provide useful information on the influence of crop age and harvest time in defining quanti-qualitative traits in stevia, with PL, SL, BR5, and SW30 being the best performing genotypes and thus suitable for breeding programs. Our study highlighted that stevia, in the tested environment, represents a promising semi-perennial crop which offers new solutions in terms of cropping system diversification and marketing opportunities.

Effect of Harvest Time on Yield Components and Quality in ‘Heuksaeng’, the Purple-Skin Peanut Variety

Effect of Harvest Time on Yield Components and Quality in ‘Heuksaeng’, the Purple-Skin Peanut Variety

Sugarcane Yield and Yield Components as Affected by Harvest Time

Brazil is the largest sugarcane producing country in the world. Mills usually operate nine months to process the sugarcane produced in the country. Here we investigated the effect of harvest time on the on-farm sugarcane yield and yield components (stalk fresh yield [SFY], sucrose yield [SY], and sucrose concentration [POL%]). We used a large database collected from commercial sugarcane blocks to assess the effect of harvest time on SY and yield components. Blocks were first clustered based on similarity of climate and soil, referred as environments, and the effect of harvest season on SY, SFY, and POL%, as influenced by the environment and the number of harvests, was evaluated using analysis of variance. Harvest season strongly influenced POL% and SY but had a comparably smaller effect on SFY. Although relatively smaller compared with other sources of variation, there was a statistically significant interactive effect of harvest number and harvest season on SY, with highest SY when harvest occurred during the mid-season or late season in old ratoons and during the mid-season in the case of young ratoons. Closing the yield gap due to sub-optimal harvest time by concentrating the harvest around the productivity peak would increase national sucrose production by 8%, but this is not possible due to logistic and milling constrains. In contrast, our findings suggested room to extend the harvest period to 10 months, which will free up milling capacity by 8% with no yield penalty. The extra milling capacity could serve as a motivation to increase productivity via agronomic practices to fully exploit the milling processing capacity.

Effects of Harvest Time on the Yield, Quality and Active Substance of Torreya grandis Nut and Its Oil.

Torreya grandis is an important economic tree species in China. It provides nutritional value and is important to the health care industry. There are ongoing issues with product quality which are primarily related to improper management and early harvest. This study was carried out during the fruit ripening processes to evaluate the influence of harvesting date on T. grandis quality, and to determine the optimal harvest period. The effects of harvest time on the variation of quality and nutritional parameters of T. grandis nuts and its oil were evaluated, and the optimal harvest period was determined. The results showed that harvest timing had a strong effect on both oil yield and quality. Prolonged ripening could induce higher levels of kernel rate, fruit inclusions, oil and nutritional quality. When the sample harvested in the mid-September, the kernel rate and oil content were increased by 1.88±0.31% and 6.65±0.47%, respectively, compared to samples harvested in the beginning of late-August. Similarly, the mid-September harvest resulted in total unsaturated fatty acids content of the oil being increased by 5.3±0.34%, the FFA and peroxide value being decreased by 40.7±0.15% and 76±0.08%, respectively, and total tocopherols and free amino acids were increased 7.5±0.24% and 47.3±0.15%, respectively, compared to the samples harvested on Aug. 25. The results indicated that the optimal harvest time of T. grandis fruits was mid-September as it was beneficial for improving the quality of T. grandis nut and its oil. It was suggested that T. grandis fruit should be harvested later.

Effect of Harvest Time and Storage at Low Temperature on Inulin and Potassium Content in Tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke

Effect of Harvest Time and Storage at Low Temperature on Inulin and Potassium Content in Tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke

Effect of Harvest Time, Non-Toxic Treatments and Storage Temperature on Postharvest Life of Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.)

Effect of Harvest Time, Non-Toxic Treatments and Storage Temperature on Postharvest Life of Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.)