Effect Of Green Manure Research Articles

Effect of Green Cowpea Manure on the Quality Properties of Sandy Soils Under the Specific Conditions of the Dry Climate in Romania

This study was carried out on the rotation of cowpea-rye + cowpea in successive crops for green manure-sorghum grains, with the objective of increasing the fertility of sandy soils by incorporating green cowpea manure into the soil in combination with chemical fertilization with NPK. In this sense, after harvesting the rye plant, the cowpea was sown, which was then incorporated into the soil during the formation of the beans in the pod. Before incorporating the cowpea biomass into the soil, the initial fertility status of the soil was assessed, and in the spring, the soil was sown with sorghum grain in two fertilization variants (N80P80K80 and N150P80K80). The soil chemical analyses carried out at the end of the vegetation cycle of the sorghum plant showed that by incorporating 52.4 t/ha green cowpea biomass (9.24 t/ha dry biomass), the quality properties of the soil were significantly improved, with annual increases of 0.17–0.29 g/kg in total nitrogen, 9.5–13.33 mg/kg in extractable phosphorus, 11.33–24 mg/kg in exchangeable potassium, and 0.08–0.12 g/kg in organic carbon, also depending on the sorghum fertilization system. It has also been shown to reduce the acidity of the soil pH and improve the water holding capacity of the soil.

Effect of green manuring and zinc fertilization on growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of green manuring and zinc fertilization on growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Evaluating the effect of green manuring and zinc fertilization on yield, economics and post- harvest nutrient status of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Evaluating the effect of green manuring and zinc fertilization on yield, economics and post- harvest nutrient status of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Green Manure Mediated Improvement in Saline Soils in China: A Meta-Analysis

The application of green manure is a traditional and valuable practice to improve the fertility of saline soil. However, the impact of environmental factors, green manure types and returning methods on the changes in soil fertility and soil salinity remain poorly quantified at a large scale. In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of green manure on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil salt content, and soil nutrients compared to bare soil in China. The results showed that compared with bare soil, green manure planting could significantly increase the SOC content of saline soil, reduce salt content, and improve the soil total nitrogen (N), soil available phosphorus (P) and soil available potassium (K) contents. On average, green manure significantly enhanced SOC by 34.82% (percentage change), soil total N by 32.23%, soil available P by 34.34% and soil available K by 17.43%, while reducing soil salt content by 47.75%, compared to bare soil. In areas with a mean annual temperature (MAT) of <10 °C or a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 200–400 mm, green manure had the largest increase in SOC, soil total N, soil available P, and soil available K. The smallest increases were observed in areas with an MAT above 15 °C and MAP greater than 800 mm. Green manure types influenced the improvement effect of green manure on saline soil. Green manure mixtures were more conducive to increases in SOC, while the increases in soil total N resulting from mixed green manure were lower in comparison to those from both legumes and non-legumes. In addition, the initial salt content, experimental years, and returning method influenced the improvement effect of green manure on saline soil. Therefore, this meta-analysis identified green manure as a promising practice for significantly improved saline soil in China.

Crop Nutrition and Soil Fertility Management in Organic Potato Production Systems

Organic farming is a comprehensive production management system that fosters and improves the health of agroecosystems, encompassing biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crucial crop in organic farming systems, standing out as one of the most highly demanded organic products on the market. Among all crops, with potatoes, there is a very large yield gap between organic and conventional systems, attributable mainly to its intensive nutrient demands. The present review, considering the most relevant scientific literature worldwide, discusses the contemporary state of knowledge on crop nutrition and soil fertility management in organic potato crop production, analyzing the effects of animal manures, green manures, organic amendments, and biostimulants on organic potato tuber yield and quality. Overall, the main findings show a particular combination is needed to effectively maintain good soil fertility, satisfy the nutritional needs of the crop, and overcome the difference in potato yield between organic and conventional farming methods while meeting consumer demand. This combination entails using an animal manure or leguminous green manure with an organic soil amendment, and even better with a biofertilizer, such as a mycorrhizae-fungus-based one. It also emerged that more targeted studies are needed to select appropriate cultivars for organic potato farming systems to optimize this environmentally friendly production method.

Residual Effect of Rice-fish Based Organic Nutrient Management Approaches on Rice Fallow Blackgram Productivity Enhancement in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu

Background: A field experiment was conducted during the rice fallow season of 2023 and 2024 (January to March) at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu to study the residual effect of rice-fish-based organic nutrient management practices adopted in rice on succeeding blackgram grown as rice fallow. Methods: The experiment was carried out using randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments viz., T1- No Green manure-Rice crop alone (RDF), T2-Green manure- Rice crop alone (PSB+KSB+ZSB), T3-T2+Nanourea, T4-Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish, T5-T4 + Nano urea,T6- Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish + Azolla, T7-T6 + Nano urea, T8-Green manure-Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish + Duck, T9- T8+Nano urea, T10- Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB)+ Fish + Azolla + Duck, T11- T10+Nano urea. The treatments were replicated thrice. The blackgram variety ADT 6 was used as a test crop. Result: The results revealed that among the different organic nutrient management approaches followed in the rice-fish based farming system, the residual effect of Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10) resulted in higher plant height, DMP, LAI and SPAD value in blackgram. Similarly, the highest root length (19.43 cm), root dry weight (1.10 g), root volume (10.68 g/cc), nodule plant-1at 20 DAS (13.82) and nodule plant-1at 40 DAS (22.97) were also obtained with the same treatment. By virtue of higher growth and yield parameters, more number of pods plant-1 (26.88) and seeds pod-1 (7.73), grain yield (789 kg ha-1) and Halum yield (2136 kg ha-1) of blackgram were obtained in the residual treatment of the residual effect of Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10). The available soil nutrients at 20 DAS of blackgram were higher in Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10). Due to higher blackgram yield, the same treatment achieved higher gross return (Rs.41561 ha-1), net return (Rs.30156 ha-1) and BCR (3.64). The study also indicated that the trench (300 m3) dug in rice fields for fish rearing provided sufficient moisture for rice fallow blackgram and thereby evaded the terminal stress.

Legume green manure can intensify the function of chemical nitrogen fertilizer substitution via increasing nitrogen supply and uptake of wheat

Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve crop yields while substituting partial chemical N fertilizer. However, it remains unclear how to further intensify the substituting function of green manure and elucidate its underlying agronomic mechanism. Therefore, In a split-plot field experiment in spring wheat, different green manures returned to the field was established in an oasis area since 2018, in order to investigate the effect of green manure and reduced N on grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), N nutrition, soil organic matter, and soil N of wheat in 2020–2022. Our results showed that mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40 % of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation. Noteworthily, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20 % showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency, which were 92.0 % and 46.0 % higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate, respectively. The increase in NUE of wheat was mainly attributed to mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, respectively. Meanwhile, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20 % improved soil organic matter and N contents. Therefore, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40 % of chemical N fertilizer by enhancing N supply and uptake.

The effect of green manure on the agrochemical properties of soil in winter wheat crops, yield and grain quality

The effect of green manure on the agrochemical properties of soil in winter wheat crops, yield and grain quality

Effect of green manure on the availability of Phosphorus and Potassium nutrients in Vertisols

Abstract The need for rice as a staple food continues to increase, increasing the demand for land. However, the soil’s availability of nutrients is decreasing due to inappropriate and excessive use of chemical fertilizers, causing soil degradation. Green fertilizer is an effective effort to reduce excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The research aims to determine the use of green manure in influencing the availability of phosphorus and potassium nutrients. The research was conducted on Vertisols in Weru District, Sukoharjo Regency. The research was carried out using experimental methods. There were 10 treatments with 3 replications (A: Control; B: NPK Fertilizer 200 kg/ha; C: Straw 10 Tons/ha; D: Kirinyuh 10 Tons/ha; E: Water spinach 10 Tons/ha; F: Water Hyacinth 10 Tons/ha; G: NPK 100 kg/ha + Straw 5 Tons/ha; H: NPK 100 kg/ha + Kirinyuh 5 Tons/ha; I: NPK 100 kg/ha + Water spinach 5 Tons/ha; J: NPK 100 kg/ha + Water Hyacinth 5 Tons/ha). The results show that green manure affects the availability of phosphorus and potassium nutrients. Kirinyuh fertilizer (5-10 tons/ha) gives the highest results in providing phosphorus and potassium nutrients in Vertisols. Using green fertilizers can offset chemical fertilizers by increasing the availability of phosphorus and potassium nutrients.

Effects of organic amendments on yield determining properties and macronutrient content of maize

The use of organic fertilization is declining in Hungary due to the sharp fall of livestock stand since the middle of the 1980s. Most farmers are forced to use solely chemical crop enhancers. A bifactorial small plot experiment was carried out between 10 May 2023 and 19 October 2023 in Keszthely, in order to examine the effects of farmyard manure (M), green manure (GM) and stem residues (SR) on the nutrient uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of maize at equidistantly increasing (0–70–140–210–280 kg N ha–1) nitrogen doses. The relationship between some vegetative traits (dry biomass weight, Leaf Area Index (LAI)) and yield, furthermore leaf relative water content (RWC) was also examined. According to the results, organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the N content both in whole plant and grain samples of NPK+M and NPK+GM+SR treatments, compared to the chemically fertilized control (NPK). In case of P and K only slight differences were observed. Whole plant K contents of NPK+M were significantly higher than in the other treatments (P = 0.045; P = 0,005), furthermore P contents in grain samples were significantly higher in NPK+M (P = 0.004) and NPK+GM+SR (P = 0.05) than in control. Harvest index (HI [%]) of NPK+M and NPK+GM+SR were 1.06 and 1.05 times higher than in NPK. Depending on the treatment, P0023 maize hybrid absorbed 58.7–74.64% of total N uptake in the grain (HIN%), and the utilization of 1 kg N fertilizer for the extra yield above the yield of the individual control was 0.39–1.38 kg (AREN). Significant positive correlations were observed between dry biomass weight and yield (NPK: r = 0.937, P = 0.019; NPK+M: r = 0.971, P = 0.006; NPK+GM+SR: r = 0.88, P = 0.049), furthermore LAI and yield (NPK: r = 0.9, P = 0.037; NPK+M: r = 0.983, P = 0.003; NPK+GM+SR: r = 0.784, P = 0.117). Highest RWC values – which may be related to better soil aggregate stability – were measured in NPK+GM+SR treatment, therefore there may be a great potential in this treatment among drought conditions. The effect of organic amendments is particularly noticeable with smaller nitrogen doses so they should be used to reduce inorganic fertilizer application and the resulting environmental risks.

Green manuring alters reactive N losses and N pools in arable soils: A meta-regression study

Green manuring is a conservation agricultural practice that improves soil quality and crop yield. However, increasing the active nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) pools during green manure (GM) amendment may accelerate soil N transformation and stimulate N loss. Previous studies have reported the effects of cover crop incorporation on N2O emission; however, the driving mechanisms and other N losses remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 109 published articles (517 paired observations) to clarify the effects of GM amendment on soil reactive N (Nr) losses (N2O emissions, NH3 volatilization, and N leaching and runoff), N pools, and N cycling functional gene abundance. The results showed that green manuring increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) and NO3−-N concentrations and stimulated N2O emission but significantly lowered N leaching and yield-scaled NH3 volatilization. Practices of green manuring made a dominant contribution to the variation in N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization after GM application. Furthermore, applying legume-based GM, using N derived from GM (GMN) as an additional input, and short-term GM amendment each stimulated N2O emissions. In contrast, adopting non-legume GM, using GMN to partially substitute mineral N, and applying GM to the soil surface or paddy field mitigated NH3 loss during GM amendment. Additionally, the variation in NH3 volatilization was positively related to soil pH and N application rate (NAR) but had a negative relationship with mean annual precipitation (MAP). This study highlighted the marked effects of green manuring on soil N retention and loss. Agricultural operations that adopt GM amendment should select suitable GM species and optimize mineral N inputs to minimize N loss.

Effect of Green Manuring and Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Banana CV. Grand Nain

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of green manuring and nutrient management on growth and yield of banana cv. Grand Nain during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Instructional Farm of ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat). The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications, which included 12 treatment combinations viz., Main Plot (T): Different green manuring, T1 - Control, T2 - Single green manuring by dhaincha, T3 - Double green manuring by dhaincha and T4 - Triple green manuring by dhaincha; Sub Plot (N): Nutrient management, N1 - 100 % RDF (FYM: 10 kg plant-1, NPK: 300:90:200 g plant-1 year-1), N2 - 80 % RDF + N 20 % from Bio-compost, N3 - 60 % RDF + N 40 % from Bio-compost. The results revealed that soil application of triple green manuring by dhaincha was found superior with respect to vegetative characters like plant height, girth and number of leaves and yield characteristics like minimum days required for flower initiation and highest bunch weight, number of hands per bunch, weight of third hand, number of fingers per third hand, finger length and girth of third hand and fruit yield. While, 100 % RDF (FYM: 10 kg plant-1, NPK: 300:90:200 g plant-1year-1) treatment induced early flowering and gave the maximum values for vegetative and yield attributing characters. However, in case of interaction, triple green manuring by dhaincha and 100 % RDF (FYM: 10 kg plant-1, NPK: 300:90:200 g plant-1 year-1) resulted in the maximum plant girth, bunch weight, weight of third hand and fruit yield. It is therefore concluded that earlier and higher yield from banana could be obtained by incorporating triple green manuring by dhaincha along with 100 % RDF or 80 % RDF in combination with N 20 % from bio-compost.

Assessing green manure impact on wheat productivity through Bayesian analysis of yield monitor data.

Agronomy research traditionally relies on small, controlled trial plots, which may not accurately represent the complexities and variabilities found in larger, real-world settings. To address this gap, we introduce a Bayesian methodology for the analysis of yield monitor data, systematically collected across extensive agricultural landscapes during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. Utilizing advanced yield monitoring equipment, our method provides a detailed examination of the effects of green manure on wheat yields in a real-world context. The results from this comprehensive analysis reveal significant insights into the impact of green manure application on wheat production, demonstrating enhanced yield outcomes across varied landscapes. This evidence suggests that the Bayesian approach to analyzing yield monitor data can offer more precise and contextually relevant information than traditional experimental designs. This research underscores the value of integrating large-scale data analysis techniques in agronomy, moving beyond small-scale trials to offer a broader, more accurate perspective on agricultural practices. The adoption of such methodologies promises to refine farming strategies and policies, ultimately leading to more effective and sustainable agricultural outcomes. The inclusion of a Python script in the appendix illustrates our analytical process, providing a tangible resource for replicating and extending this research within the agronomic community.

Leguminous green manure amendments improve maize yield by increasing N and P fertilizer use efficiency in yellow soil of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

The low utilization efficiencies of chemical N and P fertilizers largely threat the sustainability of agriculture. Green manure is conducive to increasing crop yield. This study aimed to explore the effects of leguminous and non-leguminous green manures on the maize production, and N and P fertilizers use efficiency. A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The responses of maize yield, N (NUE) and P (PUE) fertilizer use efficiency to winter fallow fields treated with no fertilizer (CK) and traditional chemical fertilizers (WF), WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that compared with WF, the maize yield was significantly increased on average by 22% and 15% in AL and CV, respectively, while it was hardly affected in OR. AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively, while RA had no significant effects on PUE, and decreased NUE by 39% in the second year. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that green manures indirectly affected NUE and PUE due to soil available N and P, which directly and indirectly influenced maize N and P uptake, and then enhanced NUE and PUE. Linear regression results showed that maize production had positive relationships with NUE and PUE. Our findings highlight that non-legume green manure would hardly influence grain yield, while legume green manure could be effective for increasing maize production by increasing NUE and PUE, especially for alfalfa in yellow soil of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

Effect of Farm Yard Manure, Green Manure and Vermicompost on Growth and Yield of Rice

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2022-23 at student’s instructional farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). The present experiment having 9 treatment combinations replicated thrice in randomized block design, Rice variety CSR-36 was grown with growth, yield, yield attributing characters. The grain and straw yields increased with integration of green manure +farm yard manure + vermicompost treatment i.e., 75% RDF+25% N through FYM+GM+VC. The maximum plant height (90 DAT) and number of tillers per hill of rice (127.13 cm) and (59.37). The highest grain and straw yield were observed 54.47 qha­-1 and 64.49 qha-1 in the treatment 75% RDF + 25 % N through FYM + GM + VC. The treatment combination 75 % RDF + 25 % N through FYM + GM + VC came out to be the best dose for most of the characters of the rice crop under study.

Drive soil nitrogen transformation and improve crop nitrogen absorption and utilization - a review of green manure applications.

Green manure application presents a valuable strategy for enhancing soil fertility and promoting ecological sustainability. By leveraging green manures for effective nitrogen management in agricultural fields can significantly reduce the dependency of primary crops on chemical nitrogen fertilizers, thereby fostering resource efficiency. This review examines the current advancements in the green manure industry, focusing on the modulation of nitrogen transformation in soil and how crops absorb and utilize nitrogen after green manure application. Initially, the influence of green manure on soil nitrogen transformation is delineated, covering processes such as soil nitrogen immobilization, and mineralization, and losses including NH3, N2O, and NO3 --N leaching. The review then delves into the effects of green manure on the composition and function of soil microbial communities, highlighting their role in nitrogen transformation. It emphasizes the available nitrogen content in the soil, this article discussing nitrogen uptake and utilization by plants, including aspects such as nitrogen translocation, distribution, the root system, and the rhizosphere environment of primary crops. This provides insights into the mechanisms that enhance nitrogen uptake and utilization when green manures are reintroduced into fields. Finally, the review anticipates future research directions in modulating soil nitrogen dynamics and crop nitrogen uptake through green manure application, aiming to advance research and the development of the green manure sector.

Shifts in Soil Bacterial Communities under Three-Year Fertilization Management and Multiple Cropping Systems

The current study was undertaken to investigate how organic and inorganic fertilizers shape soil bacterial communities and soil nitrogen and carbon status and to find their relationships with plant production. Soils were collected from fields under a three-year application of green manures (vetch (GMV), field bean (GMB), and wheat (GMW)), livestock manure (MF), inorganic mineral fertilizer (IF), and control (no nitrogen fertilization). The plants cultivated during the three years were tomato, watermelon, and pepper, respectively. The findings showed an increase in crop yields under both organic and inorganic fertilizers, in which the effects of leguminous green manures (GMV and GMB) were more pronounced, equal to +65–81% in tomato, +32–40% in watermelon, and +51–57% in pepper. An extensive modification in the bacterial communities was observed under organic fertilization. These changes were associated with a higher ratio of Proteobacteria (a copiotrophic phylum) to Acidobacteria (an oligotrophic phylum) in GMV and GMB, due to higher soil N content compared to IF and control treatments. Therefore, the data indicated an increase in soil N and organic C levels, as well as higher plant production by replacing IF with GMV, GMB, and MF, suggesting a promising movement to preserve the soil ecosystem. Such changes were more pronounced in MF-treated soils, where bacterial diversity improved and the heterogeneity of bacterial communities was preserved.

No-tillage with total green manure mulching: A strategy to lower N2O emissions

ContextGreen manure application in agricultural soil is known to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield. However, limited research exists on the potential effects of green manure returning on N2O emissions. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of N2O emissions in maize fields under different green manure management practices. MethodsA field experiment was conducted using common vetch as a green manure crop following the harvest of spring wheat. The study employed a completely randomized block design and examined four treatments: tillage with total green manure incorporation, no-tillage with total green manure mulching (NTG), tillage with green manure root incorporation (T), and no-tillage with aboveground green manure removal (NT). The study explored both non-biological and biological factors affecting nitrogen conversion to elucidate the mechanisms in N2O emissions. ResultsN2O emissions were 17.7% lower in TG and NTG compared to T and NT (P < 0.01), with NTG showing a 12.2% reduction compared to TG (P < 0.05). NTG also exhibited the lowest average N2O fluxes at 24.2 μg N m−2 h−1. In terms of non-biological factors, N2O emissions were negatively correlated only with aggregate NH4+-N and NO3－-N (P < 0.05). Despite increasing soil mineral nitrogen, NTG had approximately 72.3%− 92.4% of it in the form of aggregate nitrogen. In addition, under NTG, the aggregates have better structure and stability. q-PCR analysis revealed higher nos Z gene abundance in NTG than in other treatments (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that N2O emissions were negatively correlated with nos Z's abundance and N2O reductase diversity (P < 0.05). ConclusionsNo-tillage with total green manure mulching (NTG) effectively reduced N2O emissions by enhancing mineral nitrogen in soil aggregates and increasing the abundance of the nos Z gene. ImplicationsOur findings offer valuable insights for long-term agricultural management strategies aimed at improving nitrogen retention and mitigating climate change impacts.

Dynamic changes in weed abundance and biodiversity following different green manure establishment

Weeds have a negative impact on agricultural production by competing with cultivated crops for resources and fostering conditions conducive to disease and insect pest dissemination. Hence, optimal weed management is of paramount importance for sustainable agricultural. In this study, the ability of four distinct green manure species to suppress weeds was determined in a field experiment conducted in Chongqing, Southwest China. After cultivating the green manure species, the weed density and diversity were monitored over the following year. The findings highlight a notable trend in the suppressive ability of green manures, with increased suppression observed from November to March, an optimal level observed from March to May, and a gradual decline observed thereafter. Poaceae (Lolium perenne L.) demonstrated the highest efficacy in suppressing weeds. The meta-analysis underscore the exceptional suppressive effects of poaceous green manures on weed as well and prove sustained planting for three or more consecutive years yielded superior weed suppression outcomes. Green manure had the most prominent inhibitory effect on poaceae weeds, followed by Polygonaceae and Caryophyllaceae. The field experiment also investigated the effect of green manures on weed community composition, they increased in the proportion of perennial weeds within these communities. This study offers valuable insights that can guide policymakers, agricultural experts, and farmers in devising effective weed management strategies. By highlighting the potential benefits of green manures and unraveling their nuanced impact, this study contributes to the arsenal of sustainable agricultural practices.

Effects of oilseed rape green manure on phosphorus availability of red soil and rice yield in rice-green manure rotation system.

Improving the nutrient content of red soils in southern China is a priority for efficient rice production there. To assess the effectiveness of oilseed rape as green manure for the improvement of soil phosphorus nutrient supply and rice yield in red soil areas, a long-term field plot experiment was conducted comparing two species of rape, Brassica napus (BN) and Brassica juncea (BJ). The effects of returning oilseed rape on soil phosphorus availability, phosphorus absorption, and yield of subsequent rice under rice-green manure rotation mode were analyzed, using data from the seasons of 2020 to 2021. The study found that compared with winter fallow treatment (WT) and no-tillage treatment (NT), the soil available phosphorus content of BN was increased, and that of BJ was significantly increased. The content of water-soluble inorganic phosphorus of BJ increased, and that of BN increased substantially. Compared with the WT, the soil organic matter content and soil total phosphorus content of BN significantly increased, as did the soil available potassium content of BJ, and the soil total phosphorus content of BJ was significantly increased compared with NT. The soil particulate phosphorus content of BJ and BN was significantly increased by 14.00% and 16.00%, respectively. Compared with the WT, the phosphorus activation coefficient of BJ was significantly increased by 11.41%. The rice plant tiller number under the green manure returning treatment was significantly increased by 43.16% compared with the winter fallow treatment. The green manure returning measures increased rice grain yield by promoting rice tiller numbers; BN increased rice grain yield by 9.91% and BJ by 11.68%. Based on these results, returning oilseed rape green manure could augment the phosphorus nutrients of red soil and promote phosphorus availability. Rice-oilseed rape green manure rotation could increase rice grain yield.