Effects Of Government Regulation Research Articles

Friend or frenemy? The role of trust in human-machine teaming and lethal autonomous weapons systems

ABSTRACT This article explores the imprecise boundary between Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) and Human-Machine Teaming – as a subset of Human-Machine Interaction – and the extent both are emerging as a point of concern (and option) in military and security policy debates. As the development of Human-Machine Teaming relates to artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities there also exists an area of concern pertaining to reliability and confidence, particularly in the heat of battle. Also known as Manned-Unmanned Teaming, Human-Machine Teaming attempts to engender trust and collaborative partnerships with robots and algorithms. Clearly the prospect of LAWS in recent times, or so-called ‘killer robots,’ has raised questions relating to the degree such devices can be trusted to select and engage targets without further human intervention. Aside from examining the ‘trust factor,’ the article also considers security threats posed by both state and non-state actors and the complicit yet inadvertent role multinational corporations play in such developments where civilian technology is modified for dual-purposes. The effectiveness of government regulation over AI, including whether AI can be ‘nationalised’ for national security reasons, will also be examined as part of AI non-proliferation.

Global Bitcoin Markets and Local Regulations

Since the launch of Bitcoin in 2009, the spectacular rise and fall of cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology have attracted global attention. While the application of distributed ledger technology presents great economic and business potential, significant volatility and speculative trading of cryptocurrencies have raised concerns over investor and consumer protection and prompted government interventions within their respective jurisdictions. This study focuses on the six Bitcoin trading markets comprising 99% of global trading volume as of February 2018. Adopting the event study methodology to newly compiled information about local regulation events, we find that the effect of government regulations on the Bitcoin price is only short-lived, but regulations discourage trading activities for a longer term in local markets. Interestingly, however, the repressive effect of domestic regulations on trading activities can be mitigated by the domestic financial market openness. Together, these findings are consistent with the view that Bitcoin markets are globally integrated and that, to uphold market integrity, international cooperation would be essential.

Effects of government regulations and input subsidies on cost efficiency: A decomposition approach

This paper studies the effects of regulations, input subsidies, their interactions and technical efficiency on cost efficiency and shows how a firm's cost efficiency relates to society's cost efficiency. It finds that from societal viewpoint, the average US public transit system is 45% cost efficient, a product of 84.4% technical efficiency and 53.5% allocative efficiency. From a transit system's viewpoint, it is 78.6%, 59.5% and 84.4% cost efficient when it internalizes input subsidies, regulations and both respectively. Additionally, it finds that the incentive tier regulation reduces capital-labor allocative distortion, the federal labor protection regulation increases nonlabor-labor allocative distortion and cost inefficiency, the incentive regulation increases cost efficiency, and the bus useful-life regulation increases cost inefficiency through increasing technical inefficiency. Together, in the sample of transit systems studied the regulations studied counteract the capital-labor allocative distortion from the subsidies and reinforce the nonlabor-labor allocative distortion from subsidies.

Institutions and Innovation: A Review of Recent Literature

Technological innovation is critical to a country’s economic development and a firm’s long-term success. This article reviews the recent literature that links institutions and innovation. Specifically, we focus on five aspects of the linkage. First, we discuss the literature that explores how the culture of a society or a corporation influences the process, features, and outcomes of innovation activities. We then review papers that focus on the role of demographic characteristics in innovation. The third section of the article covers studies examining the relation between market development and firms’ incentives as well as their abilities of engaging in innovative investments. Fourth, we discuss the literature on how innovation is shaped by a nation’s laws and policies. Finally, we review the academic papers regarding the effects of government regulations and policies on innovation activities. Overall, this survey aims to provide a synthetic and evaluative monograph of recent academic research that links various aspects of institutions and innovation. We also provide our views on potential directions for future research in this area.

Effectiveness of Government Regulation Concerning Ownership of Residential Housing in Badung District

This study entitled The Effectiveness of Government Regulations Regarding Foreign Residential Housing Ownership in Badung Regency. The reason for choosing this title is to empirically examine the implementation of Government Regulation Number 103 of 2015 concerning Housing Ownership / Residential by foreigners, especially in Badung Regency. Starting from the title of the research, the problem can be formulated as follows: (1) Do foreigners who have a house / residence in Badung Regency obey and follow the provisions stipulated in the Government Regulation. Number. 103 of 2015? (2) What factors affect the effectiveness of the implementation of Government Regulation No. 103/2015, especially in BadungRegency.The results of the study stated that the majority of government officials, the public, especially landowners and foreigners, were not aware of Government Regulation Number 103 of 2015 concerning the ownership of residential houses by foreigners on use rights land. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Government Regulation is not effective, especially in Badung Regency because foreigners prefer to choose lease rights or ownership rights by way of addressing Indonesians (Nominees) and then build houses / dwellings with consideration of cheaper land rent prices, the process is simple and the timeframe adjusted to the wishes of foreigners themselves to the landowners. Keywords : Effectiveness, Foreigners, Nominees DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/94-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Moderating Effect of Government Regulations on Internal Control System and Fraud Prevention. A Case Banking Sector in Kenya

The main purpose of the study was to establish the moderating effect of government regulations on the relationship between internal control system and fraud prevention in baking sector. Structured questionnaire was used as tool for data collection. The study was based on all banks registered and operating in Kenya and the questionnaires were meant for branch managers, operations mangers and cash managers in head offices of all banks. One hundred and seventeen questionnaires were distributed and officers from 33 banks out 39 banks returned fully filled questionnaires. The questionnaires were analyzed using Structural equation Model (SEM). The findings indicated that the government regulations have significant moderating effect of control environment and risk assessment. However, there was insignificant moderating effect on control activities, communication and monitoring of activities. The study suggested that further studies and analysis should be undertaken to establish those legislations and regulations that should be enhanced, abolished and also establish need of new laws to enhance the functions of internal control system.

The effect of government regulations on continuance intention of in-store proximity mobile payment services

PurposeThis study proposed and tested three comprehensive models of the usage intention of proximity mobile payment services after a government regulation, by integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the norm-activation model (NAM). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of moral norms, merchant pro-activeness and perceived government regulation (demonetisation) on users’ continuance intention of proximity mobile payment services.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 387 users of proximity mobile payment services in India were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. This study was carried out with shoppers in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and New Delhi because of the diverse and large population of these cities.FindingsThe results of this study indicated that: integrating the variables of NAM into the original TPB model enhanced the prediction effect; perceived demonetisation regulation exerted a direct determinant effect as well as moderate effect on continuance usage intention of mobile payment services; also, extended TPB model with perceived demonetisation regulation as moderator could satisfactorily predict the continuance usage intention.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provided insightful evidence for the government and policymakers to outline more effective mandatory regulation policies.Originality/valueThis investigation attempts to enhance the theoretical understanding of the antecedents of in-store proximity mobile payment services after government regulation (demonetisation) in India.

Effect of government regulations on the severity of injuries in fisheries

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the severity of commercial fishing accidents in the Gulf of Mexico using data from the USCG. Estimates from ordered probit models find no statistically significant effect for either the IFQGT program or the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010. However, the presence of an NOAA observer on fishing vessels appears to have reduced the severity of injuries during the study period, which can be partially attributed to the success of the USCG vessel safety certification program. Poor weather conditions increase the likelihood of fatality, particularly when a person falls overboard. Information from the interaction effects between poor weather conditions and vessel attributes can be used in designing new commercial fishing vessels to enhance safety.

The Effect of Government Regulation on Coal as Export Commodities and Downstream Effort Through Coal Liquefaction (Systems Dynamic Modelling Approach)

Coal is still treated as an export commodity. On the other hand, the government is expecting additional value from the coal sector, among other, through coal liquefaction. The role of the government has been demonstrated through regulation, but there have been no concrete results to realize the downstream effort of coal. To find out to what extent is the optimum coal composition between the coal exported as commodity and coal used for liquefaction, it is analyzed by systems dynamic modeling method in several scenarios. The results show that there are several scenarios that suitable as Government alternative by fine-tuning the royalty instrument and the portion of state revenue. Scenario II plausibly be the best proposal that is to seek coal for downstream effort through liquefaction in order to liquefy the coal by 50%, while still allocating the remaining portion for the sale of coal as a commodity. This is reinforced because factually there is portion of coal as a commodity being sold domestically as fuel of power plant (PLTU). In Scenario II, coal liquefaction begins to provide a positive cumulative cash flow difference to the baseline after assuming a pre-set condition of royalty at 0% and the state revenue portion in the range of 60% - 80%. The imposition of a royalty of 5% can still be maintained, provided that it remains collaborated with a decrease in the portion of state revenue. This is because the decline in the portion of state revenue is very significant in increasing the cumulative cash flow of coal liquefaction. The state revenue portion can be installed in the range of 60% - 70% on the grounds that this coal liquefaction activity is a process of increasing the value-added that has an impact on the economy.

The moderated effect of government regulations on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage in SMEs

The moderated effect of government regulations on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage in SMEs

The moderated effect of government regulations on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage in SMEs

This study aims to test effects of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation on the competitive advantage, and to investigate the moderated role of governmental regulation on the relationship between each dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation with competitive advantage in the small and medium-sized enterprises in the Kurdistan Region economy in Iraq. This study applied a quantitative approach using questionnaires as instrument tools for the collection of data. The subjects of this study were top managers working in the 3526 small and medium-sized enterprises in the Kurdistan Region. 680 questionnaires were distributed to gather data, out of which 580 useful questionnaires were selected for analysing purposes. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to examine the moderated role of governmental regulations on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage. The results showed that each dimension of entrepreneurial orientation is deemed to be a significant driver for competitive advantage. The results further suggested that the interaction of governmental regulations has a significant impact on the relationship between each dimension of entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage.

Effects of government regulations on Manufacturer's behaviors under carbon emission reduction.

This paper shifts the discussion of low-carbon technology from science to the economy, especially the reactions of a manufacturer to government regulations. One major concern in this paper is uncertainty about the effects of government regulation on the manufacturing industry. On the trust side, will manufacturers trust the government's commitment to strictly supervise carbon emission reduction? Will a manufacturer that is involved in traditional industry consciously follow a low-carbon policy? On the profit side, does equilibrium between a manufacturer and a government exist on deciding which strategy to undertake to meet a profit maximization objective under carbon emission reduction? To identify the best solutions to these problems, this paper estimates the economic benefits of manufacturers associated with policy regulations in a low-carbon technology market. The problem of an interest conflict between the government and the manufacturer is formalized as a game theoretic model, and a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is derived and analyzed. The experiment results indicate that when the punishment levied on the manufacturer or the loss to the government is sizable, the manufacturer will be prone to developing innovative technology and the government will be unlikely to supervise the manufacturer.

Impacts and effects of government regulation on farmers’ responses to drought: A case study of North China Plain

Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments’ impact on their response measures are the foundation of and key to further improving relevant policies and farmers’ responsiveness. Taking the North China Plain as an example, the study analyzes farmers’ responses to frequent climate change-induced drought, and assesses the impacts of governments’ early-warning, policy support and other factors on farmers’ responses based on questionnaire survey data and an econometric approach. The results show that: (1) Farmers are responsive to drought, and they are more likely to take measures as the degree of drought deepening. (2) Governments’ regulation affects farmers’ responses, although only part of its regulation measures has remarkable effects. Governments’ early-warning messages can increase the possibility of farmers’ responding to drought, however, only when they get the early-warning in all the processes including before, during, and after disasters can the effects be significant. Currently, as the primary channel through which early-warning information is released, television cannot change farmers’ behaviors significantly. Early-warning is most effective when spread via two or more types of channels. In addition, governments’ (especially town and village level institutions’) policy support has certain impacts on farmers’ responses to drought, yet with less prominent effects in disaster years than in normal years; to provide subsidies, as a regulation measure, can encourage farmers’ initiative a lot in adopting response measures, but most of the farmers haven’t got support from any institutions. Both the structure and strength of government regulation need to be improved. (3) Farmers with different conditions respond differently. Farmer households in irrigation areas, those whose farmland is lower fragmented, and those with numerous agricultural family members tend to take response measures. The study can provide scientific reference to the making of relevant regulation policies under the background of acidifications.

Effect of Government Regulations on the Level of Efficiency in Strategic Planning of Oil Marketers in Kenya

In the current business world, it is imperative that an organization runs its operations efficiently and in response to the needs of its stakeholders. In Kenya the oil sector has over 30 oil importing and marketing companies which contribute immensely higher GDP for the country and is expected to boost the economy by over 20% in 2030. Previous studies done has shown proliferation of counterfeit oil products in the market, tax evasion and tampering with product quality. The Government has countered all these through regulations, however little is known on the effect of these regulations so as to bring a win-win situation for all stakeholders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of government regulations on the level of efficiency in strategic planning of oil marketers in Kenya. Specifically the study based on; determining the effect of licensing regulations, investigate the effect of safety standards, examine the effect of quality standards and establish the effect of price regulations, all on the level of efficiency in strategic planning of oil marketers in Kenya. The study employed Resource dependency Theory, Strategy implementation Theory and Stakeholder involvement theory. The study adopted quantitative survey design on 219 managers. The study adopted a stratified random sampling on a sample size of 66. Primary data was then collected using questionnaires from which 58 questionnaires were valid for the study making a response rate of 87.8%. secondary data was obtained from records, ppublications and audited financial reports.

정부규제가 도시개발에 미치는 영향에 대한 공간패널 분석: 서울특별시의 지역권별 효과를 중심으로

정부규제가 도시개발에 미치는 영향에 대한 공간패널 분석: 서울특별시의 지역권별 효과를 중심으로

제조기업의 환경혁신에 대한 원인요인과 촉진요인

This research empirically investigated the influence factors on the activation of environmental innovations (EI) in Korean manufacturing firms. In this study, external factors (compulsory demand, government regulation, normative pressure and imitative pressure) and internal factors (environmental resources, top management support, integration of environmental tasks, capabilities of environmental personnel, and environmental strategy/environmental management systems) were totally considered. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed that influence factors such as top management support, environmental resources and integration of environmental tasks have a significant and positive impact on levels of EI. However, the effects of external factors were not statistically significant. We also examined whether capabilities of environmental personnel as well as environmental resources, which are directly related with degrees of EI, have a moderating impact on relationships between other internal factors and levels of EI. With a subgroup analysis, the moderating role of abilities of environmental personnel were empirically confirmed. Through a multiple regression analysis, the direct effects of external factors on the adoption or construction of internal factors were demonstrated. The effects of government regulation, normative pressure and imitative pressure on internal factors were significant and positive. It was also found that external factors have indirect effects on EI through internal factors. Finally, the results of multiple regression analyses indicated that EI positively influences the achievement of environmental competitive benefits, and environmental competitive advantages can improve the organizational performance of a firm.

Structural and Policy Changes in the Chinese Housing Market

AbstractHousing price becomes a popular topic among nearly most of the investors in major Chinese cities. Recently, the housing markets appears to have shown signs of overheating and nonstationary trends, attributable to the collapse of the global economic environment and the introduction of local policies. The purpose of this study is to investigate if abrupt structural changes, which can be viewed as the effectiveness of government regulations and economic events but hidden in the housing price index, exist. An improved nonparametric statistical model, namely the wavelet detection technique, is introduced in this paper, based on which jump point(s) can be identified. Our empirical study illustrates that the domino effect as suggested by the detected change points are, geographically, from south to north, and from east to west, in contrast with general understanding. This may be a result of the owner-occupier demand in China’s housing markets.

Government regulation and performance of small saccos in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Direct government regulation of Saving and Credit Cooperative societies (Saccos) in Kenya came about through legislation enacted by the Kenyan parliament, the Sacco Act of 2008. The regulations were necessitated by the need to give proper structures and prudential standards to Saccos especially those involved in deposit taking activities referred to as Front Office System Administration (FOSA). The FOSAs carry out banking business with members of the public most of whom are not their members. Since the Saccos were not regulated by Central Bank of Kenya or the Banking Act, the government forged direct regulation through Sacco Society Regulation Authority (Sasra). This study therefore sought to investigate the effect of government regulation on performance of small Saccos in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically the study sought to determine the effect of regulation requirements: statutory deposit fund, management qualification, and quality and membership on the performance of small Saccos. The study used survey research design while the target population comprised of all small licensed deposit taking Saccos in Nairobi City County. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires. The main finding of the study is that implementation of government regulations has improved performance of the Saccos. Statutory deposit regulations positively affect Sacco liquidity while members also showed confidence in qualified managers based on performance but felt that membership regulation is punitive. In conclusion the regulation has positive effects on Saccos and hence the study recommends compliance by Saccos to the regulations.

Development of Methodology to Assess the Effect of Cross-cultural Differences in the Consumer Behavior

The article notes that globalization and the development of international trade leads to an increase in the flow of goods, services, and ideas across borders and cultures, as well as reduction of technological barriers that increases the relevance of cross-cultural research. The purpose of this study is to develop methodological tools to assess the effect of cross-cultural differences in the consumer behavior in the fish and seafood market. A cultural model, reflecting a set of cultural values, the characteristics of material environment (level of scientific and technological development and its potential, natural resources, the level of economic development, and the geographical location of the country), the institutional environment (the value of the family as a social institution, the effect of government regulation and the activities of environmental organizations, as well as the level of literacy and education). The study highlighted specific features of a culture-specific model development with due consideration of fish and seafood markets. The results of testing the proposed survey frame are presented through the example of Asia-Pacific (AP) region countries, such as China, Russia and South Korea.

The Chinese perception of quality: model building and analysis based on consumers' perception

Abstract Theory construction and data reconstruction are required for the evaluation of quality in China. Taking into consideration existing mature quality evaluation models (particularly the methods of evaluating customer satisfaction) and China's unique national conditions during its economic transition, four dimensions are proposed to evaluate quality in China: consumer satisfaction with quality, product safety, government regulations on quality, and citizen's concept of quality. Based on empirical investigation data in this framework, the overall evaluation of quality in China is summarized as quality in China has just reached a general standard, product safety remains steady as a whole, government quality regulations are ineffective, and Chinese citizens' concept of quality is poor. Correlation analyses show a positive relation between the effectiveness of government regulation on quality and Chinese citizens' concept of quality, consumer satisfaction with quality, and product safety. Finally, the paper proposes the implementation of an emphasis on product safety during quality elevation and quality improvement systems, such as the constant enhancement of quality regulation effects and Chinese citizens' concept of quality, to drive quality development.