Effect Of Glass Fiber Reinforcement Research Articles

Effect of Glass Fiber Reinforcement on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations on Soft Clay

Effect of Glass Fiber Reinforcement on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations on Soft Clay

Effect of Glass Fiber Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties of Polyester Composites

Introduction. Glass fibers significantly improve the quality of composite materials, make them lighter, stronger, more corrosion resistant and thermally stable. Strengths and weaknesses of specific composites are actively discussed in the scientific and applied literature. At the same time, the effect of the ratio of fibers and matrix material on the mechanical characteristics of composites has not been sufficiently investigated. The presented study is intended to fill this gap. The work is aimed at manufacturing a composite material on a polymer basis reinforced with glass fiber, and investigating the influence of weight ratios of elements on the mechanical characteristics of the composite. For the first time, a report on the comparison of the characteristics of composites (with different fiber content) to each other and to steel is published.Materials and Methods. Fiberglass and polyester were used as starting materials with the addition of a mediator to speed up the molding process. The samples were made manually and tested for tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength using standard equipment. The results were summarized in the form of tables, visualized in the form of graphs, and processed by comparative analysis.Results. The technique of creating samples and methods of their testing were described. The research showed that hardness, tensile strength and impact resistance increased with a growth in the percentage of randomly distributed fiberglass to 50% with 50% unsaturated polyester. In this case, the maximum values of tensile strength — 175.4 MPa, hardness — 38 HV and impact resistance — 1.56 J/mm2 were obtained. The inexpediency of exceeding the proportion of fiberglass by more than 50% was experimentally proven, since mechanical properties deteriorated. This was due, in particular, to the fragility of the glass, which, if the proportions were violated, was transmitted to the entire composite. In addition, with an excessively high volume of reinforcing fibers, the resin was not enough for high-quality bonding of the elements, which significantly reduced the strength of the material. Most of the mechanical characteristics of a composite made of 50% polyester and 50% fiberglass are better than those of steel.Discussion and Conclusion. It has been proved that the properties of the composite material depend significantly on the glass fiber content. The resulting composite was compared to steel. It turned out that it had better mechanical characteristics and less weight. This allows us to recommend the material for boat hulls.

Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on compressive strength of photopolymer composite fabricated using vat‐photopolymerization additive technique: An experimental and modeling approach

AbstractShort or nanofillers‐reinforced composites increase the thermo‐mechanical characteristics of additive manufacturing (AM) base materials. Effective outputs were regulated via parametric optimisation and custom production. One of the most used AM method, Vat photopolymerization (VPP), creates complex and geometrically precise photopolymer parts. This study prepares photopolymer composite (PPC) samples with 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 volume percentages of short glass fiber (SGF) using an inter‐stage stirring method in DLP‐based VPP process. An adequate curing time and formable layer thickness were evaluated for the printability performance of SGF‐photopolymer composite. The 4.0% PPC‐sample showed a 20% higher compressive yield strength than pure photopolymer and other volume fractions. The consequences of increased strength values were assessed by the effect of stirring method and the fractography analysis of PPC specimen. The investigation additionally encompassed numerical simulations that employed an innovative technique for constructing and simulating three‐dimensional representative volume elements (RVEs). The RVEs were designed to replicate the experimental outcomes by randomly situating and orienting fillers within the matrix. The study employs the calibrated Three Network (TN) viscoplastic constitutive material model as the matrix property, and the simulation results demonstrate a margin of error of 5%–10% when compared to the experimental findings.Highlights Layer‐wise availability of SGFs through inter‐stage stirring method The exposure time and layer thickness were determined by Jacob's working curve Concept of RVE is used to combine individual SGF layers into a single layer SEM showed that increasing SGF layer resists cracking better than neat matrix Experimental data and numerical simulations are in good agreement

The effect of glass fiber reinforcement on properties high strength concrete mix using local materials

The usage of high strength glass fiber reinforced concrete (HSGFRC) in the construction applications has been increasing worldwide. Especially in plain concrete due to it is less ductility and high brittle behavior. Use of fiber in plain concrete treating shrinkage cracking as well improve tensile behavior. On the other hand, glass fiber material has some advantage like alkali resistance and light weight compared to steel. Due to these advantages researchers prepared glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) to improve concrete properties. GFRC is composed of fine sand, cement, water, admixtures and alkali-resistant glass fibers (AR-GF). The main objective of this research is to study the effect of addition of alkali resistant glass fiber reinforced polymer (AR-GFRP) in concrete properties. Six different mixes were prepared using different percentage of glass fiber 0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 by weight of cement the target compressive strength was calculated to be 55.2 MPa. Available materials in the local market were used. Results showed that it is possible to produce HSGFRC in Sudan using locally available materials if they are carefully selected. Based on the experimental results, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and density of HSC was found to be increase as fiber percentage increases for both ages of 7 and 28 days. The maximum 28 days compressive strength of HSC was found to be 63.81 MPa recorded in M50 F4 with 1.5 glass fiber reinforcement. The density of HSC is found to increase slightly as fiber percentage increases, density value ranged from 2.415 to 2.442 kg/m3. The maximum 28 day’s splitting tensile strength of HSC was found to be 6.45 MPa recorded in M50 F4 with 1.5 glass fiber reinforcement. It can be concluded that the use of chopped glass fiber in concrete improve the mechanical properties and ductility.

Effect of addition of compatibilizer on mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior of a polymer blend (PBT/ PBT(G)/ PTT) composite

PurposeThis study aims to reduce the interfacial tension by increasing the better adhesion between different immiscible polymers phases and also to evaluate the mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior of the immiscible polymer blends.Design/methodology/approachThe polymer blend composite (PBC) was prepared using a twin-screw extruder followed by injection molding. Two different kinds of PBC with compatibilizer (Ethylene-n-Butylacrylate-Glycidyl methacrylate) of varying compositions like polybutylene terephthalate + poly trimethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate (30% glass filled) + poly trimethylene terephthalate were prepared and material behavior at various test conditions were studied. The effect of glass fiber reinforcement on polymer blend and the interlocking effect by the compatibilizer between the polymer phases were also assessed.FindingsMechanical behavior of PBC was estimated by tensile, flexural and angular impact tests. Likewise, the thermal deflection was studied with the help of heat deflection temperature test. Thermo-mechanical behavior likes storage modulus, loss modulus and loss tangent were studied using the dynamic mechanical analysis test. Morphological analysis was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy.Originality/valueThis in turn makes the process easy to obtain the PBC having inherent mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanically stable. And, it also enhances the mechanical properties like tensile, flexural and impact strength. Simultaneously, posse’s excellent heat deflection and thermo-mechanical behavior over a temperature range of 35–140ºC at a constant frequency of 5 Hz.

Effects of glass fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of composite frame materials

Conventional metal materials are used in every field in industrial applications, but for contemporary requirements such as high vibration dampening, metal materials are unfortunately, not sufficient. However, the importance of composite materials in the industry increase because of requirements such as energy demand, environmental factors and carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint. On the other hand, vibration is one of the most important problems aimed to be solved in machine tools. The tool life, efficiency and tolerance ranges of the workpieces are directly affected by vibration. In this study is aim to development of composite materials used in machine tools that have high vibration-damping capability than existing materials. The developed composite materials should have some properties such as easy molding and low molding cost. The effects of fiberglass cloth added to the composite structure as an admixture to reduce the rigidity and increase the durability, tensile strength, natural frequency and vibration-damping capability of the composite material were examined through an experimental method. The experimental results of with and without reinforced specimens were compared. In consideration of quantitative data, high vibration-dampening capability and a high-strength composite structure have been developed for industrial applications.

Physico‐chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PLA‐nHA nanocomposites: Effect of glass fiber reinforcement

AbstractIn this study, tri‐layered composites were prepared by reinforcing poly‐lactic acid (PLA) nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HA) (1 and 5 wt%) and 20 mol% continuous phosphate glass fibers (PGF). Initially, the effect of addition of 1 and 5% n‐HA on the structural, thermal, mechanical, and thermo‐mechanical properties of 100% PLA was investigated. With 5 wt% n‐HA addition the tensile modulus (TM), flexural modulus (FM), tensile strength (TS), and flexural strength (FS) of 100% PLA was improve by 14.9, 47.4, 6, and 32.9%, respectively. Whereas, the un‐notched impact strength of the nanocomposites suffer 2% deterioration. However, T g decreased by 0.3°C and T c increased by 10°C as 5 wt% n‐HA was added to 100% PLA. Afterwards, the 5% n‐HA/PLA composite were reinforced with 20 mol% continuous PGF and the TM, FM, TS, and FS of the tri‐layered composites were 162.6, 412.5, 28.4, and 157.4% higher as compared to 100%PLA. Furthermore, the storage modulus of the 1% n‐HA‐filled composites was 500 MPa lower than 100%PLA, while 5 wt% n‐HA‐filled composites showed similar storage modulus as 100% PLA. 5 wt% n‐HA‐filled composite showed the highest peak of loss modulus which may be attribute to the chain segment of PLA matrix after the incorporation of HA. Thus, n‐HA and PGF reinforcement resulted in improved mechanical properties of the composites and have great potential as biodegradable bone fixation device with enhanced load‐bearing ability.

Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the thermal, mechanical, and flame retardancy behavior of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the thermal, mechanical, and flammability properties of glass fiber (GF) reinforced PLA/PC composites. PLA/PC (50:50) blend was compounded and used as the control sample. Loading levels of GF were altered as 5, 10, 15, and 30 wt%. All composites were produced in a microcompounder and subsequently molded by injection molding. The properties of the composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, and cone calorimetry test. The maximum tensile strength value was observed for 30 wt% GF reinforced composite as 110.18 MPa. Similar initial degradation temperatures were obtained for the composites compared to the PLA. The maximum LOI value was determined as 23.1 for 30 wt% GF reinforced PLA/PC among the produced composites. Besides, it is observed that the addition of GF significantly decreased the total heat release rate.

Effects of glass fiber reinforcement to tensile strength in epoxy matrix granular composite materials

Conventional metal materials are in use several areas for industrial applications, necessities of the time require as energy safe, enviromental factors and carbon foot print increases the importance of composite materials in industry today. Aim of this study is development of composite material for machine tools structure in line with these purposes, moulding easily, cost effective moulding materials in comparison with existing moulding systems and need less finishing machining than existing materials. In this study researched effects of glass fibre additives to tensile strength of composite material and reasons of the effects.

Effect of Glass Fiber on Shear Strength of Soil

This paper investigates the effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the shear strength properties of the sand clay mixture. The soil samples were prepared by mixing 50% of locally available Barak river sand with 50% of local clay soil. Triaxial tests were conducted on the soil samples containing five different percentage of fiber to know the effect of fiber content on the shear strength of the soil. Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial tests were conducted under three different confining pressures for each sample. Samples were prepared with five different values of moisture content considering 2% less than OMC (Optimum Moisture Content), 1% less than OMC, OMC, 1% more than OMC, and 2% more than OMC to study the effect of water content (w) on behavior of fiber reinforced soil. A parametric study has been carried out in this paper to know the effect of different influencing parameters on the cohesion value and angle of internal friction. The results show that the failure stress and angle of internal friction increase with increase in fiber content up to an optimum value then decrease. On the other hand, the cohesion value increases consistently with increase in fiber content. The study also indicates that the peak deviator stress, angle of internal friction and cohesion values increase with increase in water content up to an optimum value which is less than OMC then decrease with further increase in water content.

Effects of glass fiber reinforcement and thermoplastic elastomer blending on the mechanical performance of polylactide

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how optimum mechanical properties (strength-modulus-toughness) of inherently very brittle polylactide (PLA) could be obtained by reinforcing with E-glass fibers (GF) and blending with thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). Composites and blends were compounded by twin-screw extruder melt mixing, while specimens were shaped by injection molding. SEM analyses revealed that 15 wt% GF and 10 wt% TPU domains, alone and together, could be uniformly distributed in the PLA matrix leading to significant improvements in properties. Mechanical tests indicated that use of TPU blending alone resulted in enormous increases in the ductility and fracture toughness values, while GF reinforcements led to significant increases in strength and elastic modulus values. When GF and TPU were added together, it was observed that crack deflection, debonding and fiber pull-out toughening mechanisms of GF reinforcements were as effective as the rubber toughening mechanism of TPU blending.

Effects of glass fiber-reinforcement on the mechanical properties of coarse grained building stone

A great number of coarse-grained natural stones have very high added-value when used as building materials. However, problems using these materials arise from its brittleness behavior, which are related to its very heterogeneous texture, showing high volume of pre-existing cracks. Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite (GFRC) is being used to improve mechanical performance of such stones when employed as building materials. To our best knowledge, there are no studies to evaluate how the reinforcement affects the mechanical behavior of finished products that employ this technique. In present experimental investigation one proposes a slope-based criterion to evaluate the useful service loads of pegmatitic materials when glass fiber-reinforcement is applied. To validate the proposed criterion, a digital image correlation (DIC) system was employed to observe and measure strain and fracture behavior during the realization of 4-point bending tests. Both proposed criterion and DIC show that crack propagation occurs long before the material reaches maximum load. GFRC acts as a crack inhibitor, raising the breaking load up to 6× in comparison with the specimens where no reinforcement was applied. The results from this study enhance the capability to apply such materials as building materials and provide an important tool to perform prior mechanical understanding of stone products using GFRC.

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of mechanical behavior and dimensional stability of styrene-based shape memory composites

The effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties and geometrical shape stability during the thermomechanical cycle of the shape memory polymer composite has been investigated. A substantial improvement in the mechanical properties due to glass fiber reinforcement has been realized. However, unexpected deformation has been observed during heating process, particularly in the first thermomechanical cycle. This unanticipated deformation negatively affects the geometrical shape stability of the composite, and as a consequence the geometry preciseness of the structural parts manufactured with shape memory polymer composites will be reduced. In this article, the unanticipated thermal deformation in the shape memory polymer composites during the heating has been observed experimentally, and constitutive relationships to describe this behavior have been developed. Furthermore, an application of a constant tensile load during the heating process on the shape memory polymer composite part was found to be a reliable solution to reduce the thermal distortion effect and improve the geometric stability of the composite. The results showed that developed constitutive relations have shown a good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the proposed applied tensile load has shown significant improvement in the shape memory polymer composite samples’ geometrical shape stability when subjected to a temperature increase.

Strength and Deformation Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Cohesive Soil Under Varying Moisture and Compaction States

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of glass fiber reinforcement on the strength and deformation behavior of a cohesive soil under different compaction states by means of unconfined compression tests. The specimens were prepared with varying fiber contents, fiber lengths, dry unit weight and moisture content other than maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of the soil. From the test results, peak strength, failure axial strain, secant modulus and energy absorption capacity of the reinforced soil specimens were calculated and compared with that of the unreinforced soil. The results showed that the relative benefits of fiber reinforcement are highly dependent on the moisture content and dry unit weight of the soil specimens. The peak strength of the reinforced soil specimen increases gradually with increase in dry unit weight, whereas the improvement of peak strength with moisture content occurs up to optimum moisture content. The brittle failure pattern with a single distinct shear plane of the unreinforced soil specimens is gradually transformed to multi-shear failure pattern along with barreling shape at low fiber content, and then to plastic bulging failure with a network of minor fissures at higher fiber content.

Effect of Water Storage on the Flexural Strength of Heat-cured Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Stick (s) Glass Fibers.

Background:Flexural strength (FS) of denture base resins (DBRs) had been improved by reinforcing it with different glass fibers. However, a limited data are available on the effect of glass fiber reinforcement with conventional heat-cured resin after prolonged water storage.Aims and ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the reinforcing effect of novel S-glass and nylon fibers on the FS of acrylic DBRs. It also aimed to evaluate the effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the FS of acrylic DBRs after a prolonged storage in water.Materials and Methods:One hundred and sixty identical specimens were fabricated in specially designed molds according to the manufacturer's instructions. The three experimental groups were prepared consisting of conventional (unreinforced) acrylic resin, novel S-glass fiber-reinforced and nylon fiber-reinforced acrylic resin. The specimens were fabricated in a standardized fashion for each experimental group. Each group was further subdivided into two groups on the basis of storage conditions (dry and wet). FS was tested using a three-point universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Glass fiber-reinforced group was further tested after prolonged storage in distilled water. Entered data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and least significant difference post hoc test.Results:In this study, statistically significant differences were noted in the FS of all the groups. S-glass fiber-reinforced group had highest FS compared to the other two groups (P < 0.001). Nylon fiber-reinforced group had lowest FS. All the groups stored in distilled water revealed a decrease in strength compared to those stored in dry atmosphere. Among wet specimens, those stored for 3 weeks had a significantly higher FS than those stored at one and 2 weeks (P < 0.01).Conclusion:Within the limitations of this investigation, the FS of heat-cured acrylic DBR was improved after reinforcement with glass fibers. It can be recommended to strengthen distal extension partial and complete denture bases. Nylon fibers may not be desirable for strengthening acrylic denture bases.

유리섬유가 강화된 필름 삽입 사출품의 섬유배향 및 휨

필름 삽입 사출 시편의 휨은 비대칭적인 잔류응력 분포에 기인한다. 비대칭적 잔류응력과 온도 분포는 삽입된 필름 표면의 수직방향으로 지연되는 열 전달에 의해 발생한다. 사출 공정조건 최적화를 통해 필름 삽입 사출 시편의 휨을 억제할 수 없었기 때문에, 필름 삽입 사출 시편의 휨을 최소화하기 위해서 유리 섬유가 강화된 복합재료를 기판으로 사용하였다. 유리 단섬유의 분포를 마이크로 CT 장비를 이용하여 평가하였다. 복합재료로 구성된 기판을 이용한 필름 삽입 사출 시편의 배향 텐서와 휨을 계산하기 위해서는 적절한 마이크로 역학, 이방적 열팽창계수 및 닫힌 어림법 모델이 선택되어야만 한다. 여섯 종류의 마이크로 역학모델, 세 종류의 열 팽창 계수 모델 및 다섯 종류의 닫힌 어림법 모델을 고려한 후, Mori-Tanaka 모델, Rosen and Hashin 모델 및 third orthotropic 닫힌 어림법 모델을 선택하였다. 수치적으로 계산된 섬유 배향 텐서와 휨에 관한 결과들은 실험결과와 잘 일치하였고, 유리 섬유의 보강효과가 필름 삽입 사출 복합 재료 시편의 휨에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. Warpage of the film insert molded (FIM) part is caused by an asymmetric residual stress distribution. Asymmetric residual stress and temperature distribution is generated by the retarded heat transfer in the perpendicular direction to the attached film surface. Since warpage was not prevented by controlling injection molding conditions, glass fiber (GF) filled composites were employed as substrates for film insert molding to minimize the warpage. Distribution of short GFs was evaluated by using micro-CT equipment. Proper models for micro mechanics, anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients, and closure approximation should be selected in order to calculate fiber orientation tensor and warpage of the FIM part with the composite substrate. After six kinds of micro mechanics models, three models of the thermal expansion coefficient and five models of the closure approximation had been considered, the Mori-Tanaka model, the Rosen and Hashin model, and the third orthotropic closure approximation were selected in this study. The numerically predicted results on fiber orientation tensor and warpage were in good agreement with experimental results and effects of GF reinforcement on warpage of the FIM composite specimen were identified by the numerical results.

The effects of glass fiber reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of polyurethane foam

In this paper, the mechanical properties of polyurethane foam (PUF) reinforced with glass fiber (RPUF) and non-reinforced PUF were investigated and compared to evaluate their structural applicability and failure criteria. The effects of glass fiber reinforcement were analyzed by tensile, compression, and repetitive impact testing. In the compression test, the differences of compressive response were analyzed by specimen directions, and tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the strain rate sensitivity of two materials in the low strain rate regime (έ<0.1/s). Structural impact tests were carried out using dry drop tests and custom-made equipment. The dimensions of the test PUF specimens were 340 mm × 340 mm × 270 mm. Reaction forces were measured at the bottom of the specimen using impact load sensors with the capacity to measure up to 100 ton. Deformation due to impact load was measured using a high-speed camera system. The time histories of the impact load versus displacement behavior during repetitive impact loading were analyzed. This study presents a comprehensive understanding of the effect of fiber reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of PUF.

The effects of glass fiber reinforcement at different concentrations on the transverse strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of a provisional fixed partial denture resin.

This study focused on some mechanical properties such as the transverse strength, maximal deflection and modulus of elasticity of a resin reinforced with untreated, chopped form glass fibers at different concentrations. A Teflon mould was used to prepare four groups of specimens. The specimens were prepared with different concentrations of the glass fiber to the mass of the powder/liquid mix (0.5, 1, 1.5%), and a mix without fiber was used as the control group. All the specimens were subjected to transverse testing with a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The load to fracture for each specimen with the maximum deflection at the point of loading in a three-point load test was recorded. The transverse strength of 0.5% fiber concentration was 54.45 MPa. The lowest value was 49.67 MPa for the 1% fiber concentration. The highest mean strength was for the specimens reinforced with 0.5% glass fiber. This mean was higher than for the mean of the control "without fiber" specimens. The specimens demonstrated an insignificant decrease in the transverse strength and the maximum deflection when the fiber concentration was increased. The inclusion of 1% glass fiber reduced the transverse strength, although the result was not statistically significant.

Filled grades of chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Structural phases and blends properties of glass fiber filled reactive PET/R-PE blends (85/15 and 75/25 wt/wt) were studied in a chemical modification involving reactive extrusion with a ricinyl-2-oxazoline maleate. The present method offers compatible heterogenous blends with the structure stabilized at microphase level and with advantageous macroscopic properties, viz., impact and tensile resistance, processability. The most important effects of glass fiber reinforcement are increases in strength (tensile and flexural) and stiffness (flexural modulus).

Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on some mechanical properties of autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate

Purpose. This study investigated the different effects of quantitative percentages of glass fiber intensity on the transverse strength, maximum deformation, and the modulus of elasticity of acrylic resin. Materials and methods. Fifty-four specimens were formed in a specially designed mold to produce identical specimens in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Six percentages of glass fiber reinforcement in loose random form were studied. Each glass fiber treatment percentage (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%) was related to the total powder/liquid mass. Results. The results indicated that 1% glass fiber treatment enhanced the transverse strength of the tested specimen. Maximum deformation at failure in the tested treatment groups was found to be different. The interaction of glass fiber concentration on fracture strength and deformation was significant ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The 1% glass fiber concentration was found to give the best fracture strength and deformation results. Significantly higher glass fiber percentages was found to weaken the resin. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:580-4.)