Effects Of Exercise Intervention Research Articles

Effects of non-supervised exercise interventions on bone mineral density in adult women: a systematic review and meta‑analysis.

Mini abstractOsteoporosis is a major health issue worldwide. This study analyzes the effects of non-supervised osteoporosis prevention programs on bone mineral density. Non-supervised exercise increases femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density in adult women. Thus, it might be effective for preventing or treating osteoporosis or osteopenia in this population.IntroductionOsteoporosis is a major health issue worldwide. Social distancing measures due to COVID-19 have hindered the chances to take part in supervised osteoporosis prevention exercise programs. The purpose of the present study is to systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of non-supervised osteoporosis prevention exercise programs on bone mineral density (BMD) in adult women.MethodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases (n = 7) was conducted including (a) prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing at least one exercise group vs. a control group with sedentary lifestyle or sham exercises; (b) baseline and follow-up BMD values, or BMD changes from baseline, at any skeletal site; (c) women over 30 years old; and (d) non-supervised exercise programs only. Subgroup analyses were performed for menopausal status, intervention duration, type of exercise, and osteopenia/osteoporosis status.ResultsTen studies were included (n = 668). Random effect analyses showed that unsupervised exercise had beneficial effects on lumbar spine (LS) BMD with standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03–0.77), and femoral neck (FN) BMD with SMD = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.16–0.85). Unsupervised exercise increased LS (SMD = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.13–1.33)) and FN BMD (SMD = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.33–1.37)) in women with osteopenia/osteoporosis, but not in healthy counterparts.ConclusionNon-supervised exercise improves FN and LS BMD in adult women. Beneficial effects of exercise on FN and LS BMD might be more pronounced in those with poor bone health compared with healthy counterparts. More RCTs prescribing non-supervised, osteogenic exercise are required in this population. It is necessary to investigate the efficacy of remote/assistive technologies for delivering and monitoring non-supervised exercise interventions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00198-022-06357-3.

The effect of exercise interventions on Irisin level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impacts of exercise interventions on circulating irisin in adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. Twenty-four studies, which assessed a total of 921 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Overall, data revealed that exercise training significantly increased circulating irisin (MD: 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.005), and declined insulin (MD: -2.09, 95 % CI: -2.81, -1.37, p < 0.00001), glucose (MD: -12.89, 95 % CI: -16.52, -9.26, p < 0.00001), and insulin resistance (MD: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.15, -0.62, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that irisin raised significantly when resistance training (p = 0.04) and combined training (p = 0.002) were applied, and for the type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (p = 0.002 for both) groups. Moreover, subgroup analysis by the type of intervention demonstrated that insulin reduced when aerobic training (p < 0.00001) and combined training (p = 0.0003) were employed, but glucose and HOMA-IR reduced after all three types of exercise training. These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce ameliorations in circulating irisin. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Meta-Analysis

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a global public health problem as same as in Thailand the number of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment is getting higher every year. In frequently cases has many impacts and affect the reduction of functional conditions. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of research into the effects of resistance exercise on end stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and to analyze the effect size of resistance exercise on patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using the database of Science direct, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, PubMed, EBSSCO host and the Thai-Journal Citation Index Center, looking for randomized controlled trials between 2009 and 2020. Combined effect sizes were calculated using Review Manager Version 5.3. Eight articles met the inclusion criteria and in the effect size analysis. Results showed that resistance exercise improved the ability to function and increased muscle strength, improved body composition and quality of life in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; The effectiveness of resistance exercise interventions improves physical performance, quality of life (QOL), muscle strength and body composition&#x0D; The characteristic of exercise has shown to be high beneficial for many health aspects and easily modifiable lifestyle factor with virtually no negative side effects&#x0D; This meta-analysis might help to develop early intervention strategies for physical and psychological outcome both of patients with chronic diseases&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Interleukin-6 potentiates endurance training adaptation and improves functional capacity in old mice.

BackgroundInterventions to preserve functional capacities at advanced age are becoming increasingly important. So far, exercise provides the only means to counteract age‐related decrements in physical performance and muscle function. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of exercise interventions in elderly populations is hampered by reduced acceptance and compliance as well as disuse complications. We therefore studied whether application of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a pleiotropic myokine that is induced by skeletal muscle activity and exerts broad systemic effects in response to exercise, affects physical performance and muscle function alone or in combination with training in aged mice.MethodsSedentary old male mice (Sed+Saline, n = 15) were compared with animals that received recombinant IL‐6 (rIL‐6) in an exercise‐mimicking pulsatile manner (Sed+IL‐6, n = 16), were trained with a moderate‐intensity, low‐volume endurance exercise regimen (Ex+Saline, n = 13), or were exposed to a combination of these two interventions (Ex+IL‐6, n = 16) for 12 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, mice underwent a battery of tests to quantify endurance performance, muscle contractility in situ, motor coordination, and gait and metabolic parameters.ResultsMice exposed to enhanced levels of IL‐6 during endurance exercise bouts showed superior improvements in endurance performance (33% more work and 12% greater peak power compared with baseline), fatigue resistance in situ (P = 0.0014 vs. Sed+Saline; P = 0.0199 vs. Sed+IL‐6; and P = 0.0342 vs. Ex+Saline), motor coordination (rotarod performance, P = 0.0428), and gait (gait speed, P = 0.0053) following training. Pulsatile rIL‐6 treatment in sedentary mice had only marginal effects on glucose tolerance and some gait parameters. No increase in adverse events or mortality related to rIL‐6 treatment was observed.ConclusionsAdministration of rIL‐6 paired with treadmill running bouts potentiates the adaptive response to a moderate‐intensity low‐volume endurance exercise regimen in old mice, while being safe and well tolerated.

Exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to 1year postpartum among normal weight women and women with overweight and obesity: An updated systematic review.

BackgroundGiven the increased occurrence of pre‐gravid obesity in recent years, and the implications of maternal obesity for maternal and offspring health, it is evident that there is a continued need to investigate antenatal and postnatal weight management strategies and to provide evidence‐based advice for exercise‐based interventions. Given the small number of studies (n = 5) included in an original systematic review by our group in 2015, it was important to add to the dataset by assessing data published since 2015, in order to provide a more in‐depth view of current knowledge.ObjectiveTo provide an updated systematic review on studies employing exercise interventions for weight management in pregnant and postpartum women.MethodsA systematic review of randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of an exercise intervention on gestational weight gain and postpartum weight management in normal weight women, and women with overweight and obesity was conducted. PubMed, Scopus, Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science were searched for studies published between September 2013 and June 2021. No restrictions were set on type, intensity, duration, or frequency of exercise intervention. Only studies that targeted body weight or mass as a primary outcome were included.ResultsThirteen studies were included in this review: 11 during and two following pregnancy. Exercise significantly reduced gestational weight gain in five of the pregnancy studies and induced significant weight loss in one of the postpartum studies. Across studies, there were large disparities in exercise modality, frequency, and duration, although moderate intensity exercise was consistently employed.ConclusionsSome studies showed positive effects of exercise on weight management during and following pregnancy. While there is still no consensus on effective exercise intervention approaches, it is crucial that physical activity, of any safe form, is recommended to encourage healthy weight management during this time.

Home-based, supervised, and mixed exercise intervention on functional capacity and quality of life of colorectal cancer patients: a meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials tested the effects of home-based, supervised, or mixed exercise interventions on the functional capacity (FC) and quality of life (QoL) in colorectal cancer patients. A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Medline databases. Two reviewers screened the literature through March 10, 2021 for studies related to exercise and colorectal cancer. Of the 1161 screened studies in the initial search, 13 studies met the eligibility criteria (home-based = 6 studies; supervised or mixed = 7 studies). Overall, 706 patients were enrolled in the trials, and 372 patients were submitted to home-based, supervised, or mixed exercise intervention. The overall results from the main meta-analysis showed a significant effect regarding supervised or mixed intervention (6 studies; p = 0.002; I2 = 43%; PI 0.41–1.39); however, no significant effect was observed for home-based intervention (5 studies; p = 0.05; I2 = 25%; PI − 0.34–0.76). A sensitivity analysis based on studies with intervention adherence ≥ 80% (home-based = 3 studies; supervised or mixed = 4 studies) revealed that home-based intervention or intervention entirely supervised or with some level of supervision (mixed) are effective in improving the QoL and FC of CRC patients. In summary, this meta-analysis verified that supervised and home-based exercise can modify QoL and FC when intervention adherence ≥ 80%. Regardless of the supervision characteristics, future RCTs are strongly encouraged to provide a detailed description of the exercise variables in physical interventions for CRC prescription. This perspective will allow a refined exercise prescription for patients with CRC, mainly according to their clinical status.

Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on muscle, adipose tissue, and blood IRISIN levels in obese male mice and their relationship with the beigeization of white adipose tissue.

BackgroundObesity is a growing problem worldwide, and newer therapeutic strategies to combat it are urgently required. This study aimed to analyze the effect of diet and exercise interventions on energy balance in mice and elucidate the mechanism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1-alpha-IRISIN-uncoupling protein-1 (PGC-1α-IRISIN-UCP-1) pathway in the beigeization of white adipose tissue.MethodsFour-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal (NC) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. After 10 weeks of HFD feeding, obese mice were randomly divided into obesity control (OC), obesity diet control (OD), obesity exercise (OE), and obesity diet control exercise (ODE) groups. Mice in OE and ODE performed moderate-load treadmill exercises: for OD and ODE, the diet constituted 70% of the food intake of the OC group for 8 weeks.ResultsLong-term HFD inhibits white adipose tissue beigeization by downregulating PGC-1α-IRISIN-UCP-1 in the adipose tissue and skeletal muscles. Eight weeks of exercise and dietary interventions alleviated obesity-induced skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue PGC-1α-IRISIN-UCP-1 pathway downregulation promoted white adipose tissue beigeization and reduced body adipose tissue. The effects of the combined intervention were better than those of single interventions.ConclusionsDiet and exercise intervention after obesity and obesity itself may affect the beigeization of WAT by downregulating/upregulating the expression/secretion of skeletal muscle and adipose PGC-1α-IRISIN, thereby influencing the regulation of bodyweight. The effects of the combined intervention were better than those of single interventions.

Plasma Proteomic Changes of Atherosclerosis after Exercise in ApoE Knockout Mice.

Simple SummaryA proteomic approach was applied to investigate the molecular mechanism of exercise on atherosclerosis. The MYOCD, PROS1, C2, SERPINA10, CRP, F5, C5, CFB, FGG, CFH, F12, PRDX2, PROZ, PPIA, and HABP2 levels associated with cardiovascular disease induced by a Western diet (WD) were significantly decreased by exercise intervention. Furthermore, the downregulation of complement factor C5 expression in the aortic root results in a decrease in macrophage infiltration of cholesterol-driven plaques. Therefore, exercise can help mitigate the atherosclerosis by ameliorating complement system activation and inflammatory responses in the aorta.Atherosclerosis is the preliminary cause of coronary artery disease, one of the diseases that account for the largest number of fatal mortalities. Physical activity is an effective strategy to restrain atherosclerosis from deterioration. Evidence indicated that changes in the proteomic profile are highly associated with atherosclerosis development, but the mechanism behind exercise for atherosclerosis amelioration has not yet been investigated from a proteomics perspective. Hence, the proteomic profiles could further elucidate the systematic effects of exercise intervention on ApoE knockout atherosclerotic model and high-fat-diet intervention. In the current study, Apoeem1Narl/Narl mice were randomly allocated into a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), and WD with 12-week exercise intervention (WD EX) groups. The plasma proteome between WD and WD EX groups demonstrate the significant difference, and ten major pathways, including cardiovascular disease (CVD)–hematological disease, inflammatory disease, infectious diseases, inflammatory response, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorders_inflammatory disease, metabolic disease_organismal injury and abnormalities, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorders_inflammatory disease, and endocrine system disorders_gastrointestinal disease, etc., were generated by the IPA analysis. The 15 proteins (MYOCD, PROS1, C2, SERPINA10, CRP, F5, C5, CFB, FGG, CFH, F12, PRDX2, PROZ, PPIA, and HABP2) critically involved in CVD–hematological disease pathway showed significant difference between WD and WD EX groups. In current study, exercise could significantly alleviate the significantly elevated C5 and inflammation induced by the WD group in accordance with amelioration of atherosclerosis. Therefore, exercise could mitigate chemotaxis through the modulation of the C5 level and innate immunity, thereby alleviating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in Western-diet-induced obese mice.

The therapeutic effects of distinct exercise types on metabolic syndrome-induced reproductive system impairment in male rats: Potential contribution of mitochondria-related genes.

A sedentary lifestyle and high fructose dietary habits cause diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MS). The study was aimed to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of different exercise interventions on high fructose-induced MS-mediated reproductive system disruption of male rats. Rats were divided into four groups (n=6): Control, MS, MS+aerobic exercise (AE) and MS+anaerobic exercise (ANE). MS was induced by using tap water containing 30% fructose for 8weeks. After the induction of MS, AE/ANE implementations were started for 6weeks. Testis tissue and serum samples of rats were stored for biochemical and molecular analyses. Serum total antioxidant status level increased in the MS+AE group compared to all groups. Also, serum total oxidant status level, which increased by MS, decreased with AE, but not altered with ANE. Moreover, MS markedly decreased serum luteinizing hormone, but not changed the follicle-stimulating hormone. However, serum hormone levels were similar to the control group in both MS+AE and MS+ANE groups. MS upregulated mitochondria-related genes' mRNA expressions (MFN2, PGC1A, PPARG, PARP2 and TXNL4B). These increases, except for PPARG, were normalized with both exercise types. These results revealed that mitochondria-related genes may have a crucial role in MS-mediated male reproductive impairment and therapeutic effects of exercises.

Effects of a 12-Week Multimodal Exercise Intervention Among Older Patients with Advanced Cancer: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Older patients with cancer are at risk of physical decline and impaired quality of life during oncological treatment. Exercise training has the potential to reduce these challenges. The study aim was to investigate the feasibility and effect of a multimodal exercise intervention in older patients with advanced cancer (stages III/IV). Eighty-four older adults (≥65 years) with advanced pancreatic, biliary tract, or non-small cell lung cancer who received systemic oncological treatment were randomized 1:1 to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention was a 12-week multimodal exercise-based program including supervised exercise twice weekly followed by a protein supplement, a home-based walking program, and nurse-led support and counseling. The primary endpoint was change in physical function (30-second chair stand test) at 13 weeks. Median age of the participants was 72 years (interquartile range [IQR] 68-75). Median adherence to the exercise sessions was 69% (IQR 21-88) and 75% (IQR 33-100) for the walking program. At 13 weeks, there was a significant difference in change scores of 2.4 repetitions in the chair stand test, favoring the intervention group (p < .0001). Furthermore, significant beneficial effects were seen for physical endurance (6-minute walk test), hand grip strength, physical activity, symptom burden, symptoms of depression and anxiety, global health status (quality of life), and lean body mass. No effects were seen for dose intensity, hospitalizations, or survival. A 12-week multimodal exercise intervention with targeted support proved effective in improving physical function in older patients with advanced cancer during oncological treatment.

Effectiveness of exercise training on cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To investigate the effects of exercise training on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in colorectal cancer survivors. Randomized controlled trials published between 1 January 2010 and 19 October 2020, selected through online search conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PEDro databases, were included. Eligible trials compared the effect of exercise training interventions, versus non-exercise controls on CRF, in colorectal cancer survivors, during or after treatment. The methodological quality of individual studies was analysed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Standardized mean differences (SMD) that were pooled using random-effects models were included as the effect size. In addition, 95% prediction intervals (PI) were calculated. Six trials involving 330 colorectal cancer patients met the inclusion criteria and presented reasonable to good methodological quality. An overall small-to-moderate effect of exercise training on CRF was found (SMD = - 0.29: 95% CI: [- 0.53; - 0.06]; p = 0.01; PI: [- 0.63; 0.04]; low-quality evidence). Subgroup analysis revealed moderate effects of exercise interventions performed during chemotherapy (SMD = - 0.63; 95% CI: [- 1.06; - 0.21]; p = 0.003) and small, non-significant effects, when exercise training was performed after cancer treatment (SMD = - 0.14; 95% CI: [- 0.43; 0.14]; p = 0.32). Steady improvements were achieved when a combination of aerobic plus resistance exercise was used, in interventions lasting 12 to 24weeks. Exercise training could be regarded as a supportive therapy for the clinical management of CRF in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, but further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of exercise interventions on CRF after cancer treatment.

Neuromuscular Adjustments of the Quadriceps Muscle After Eccentric Resistance and Concentric Resistance Training

Introduction: Deficiency in the neural control of movement is associated with poor posture and skeletal muscle injuries. Exercise training is commonly reported as an intervention to improve neuromuscular activity. However, maximizing the effectiveness of exercise interventions for improving neural control of movement has been less investigated. The purpose of the current study was to examine improvement in neuromuscular activity (e.g., muscle fiber conduction velocity) and quadriceps function after eccentric resistance training versus concentric training. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 men participated in this study and were randomly divided into eccentric training (n=12) and concentric training groups (n=12). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MIVC) of quadriceps, vertical jumping, and multichannel surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded before and 12 weeks after resistance eccentric and concentric training. Muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and root mean square (RMS) were computed using raw EMG signals. Results: The percentage increases in MVIC and vertical jumping after eccentric resistance training were significantly higher than those after concentric training (P&lt;0.05). Likewise, eccentric exercise resulted in a higher increase in MFCV and RMS of EMG than concentric exercise (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: A higher increase in neuromuscular activity and quadriceps performance observed after eccentric exercise may indicate that eccentric resistance training is more effective in improving neuromuscular activity and muscle function.

The role of diabetes mellitus in the effectiveness of intradialytic exercise intervention on patients’ muscle function

IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to identify the role of diabetes mellitus in the effectiveness of intradialytic exercise intervention among haemodialysis patients. MethodsIn this multicentre study 90 dialysed patients were allocated to the experimental (EXG, n=57) or control group (CNG, n=33). In EXG, we included 20 diabetic and 37 non-diabetic patients. In CNG, we enrolled 8 diabetic and 25 non-diabetic patients. EXG underwent a 12-week supervised, progressive, intradialytic resistance training programme, while CNG stayed inactive during dialysis. Baseline, post-interventional and post-follow-up assessments of maximal force during hip extension (HE), hip flexion (HF) and knee extension (KE) contractions were completed in both groups of patients. ResultsHE increased in diabetic and non-diabetic EXG patients (diabetic EXG, change: +14.5N; 95% CI=−5.5 to +34.5; non-diabetic EXG, +18.6N; 95% CI=+3.4 to +33.8) and diabetic CNG patients (change: +17.9N; 95% CI=−9.2 to +44.9). Only non-diabetic CNG patients experienced a decrease in HE (change: −22.8N; 95% CI=−36.9 to −8.7, P<.05). ConclusionsResistance training improved muscle function among dialysis patients regardless of the presence of diabetes mellitus. We found that non-diabetic patients lose their muscle function extensively during inactivity, while diabetic patients retain their muscle function.

Effect of Exercise Intervention on Social Ability of ADHD Children

The incidence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is 7.25% in China. The main symptoms are attention deficit laxation, behavior impulsivity, social disorder and so on. Children aged 3-6 are in the golden age of social ability development. Therefore, if ADHD children at this age do not get correct and effective interventions, it will have a far-reaching impact on their social ability. In order to explore new intervention measures for ADHD children and improve their social ability, this study will intervene ADHD children through sports intervention, so as to provide theoretical and experimental basis for improving their social ability. A total of 12 hyperactivity prone children aged 3-6 years were recruited in this study. The subjects were intervened through engaging in KDL sports game, parent-child homework and parent-child carnival for four months. We used Achenbach children's behavior scale (CBCL) to evaluate children's social ability from activity ability, social ability and learning. In order to reduce the experimental error, before using the CBCL scale, the researchers have been trained in learning and understanding the specific rules and scoring methods of the CBCL scale to ensure that evaluated data have good reliability and validity. After data collection, SPSS 23.0 was used to conduct statistical analysis on the data. The results showed that after the intervention, the ADHD children significantly improved their social ability from the baseline to the post-test (Tsocial = -1.39, psocial = 0.01 &lt; 0.05). However, the results showed that there was no significant difference in children's activity ability and learning over time (Tactivity = 0.42, pactivity = 0.533 &gt; 0.05; Tlearning = -0.12, plearning = 0.756 &gt; 0.05). Exercise intervention can effectively improve the social ability of ADHD children, which is more harmonious with their peers and more able to communicate with their families. We suggest to carry out exercise intervention for more children with ADHD and to integrate behavioral therapy with multi-directional intervention.

Baduanjin Training to Improve Parkinson's Disease Gait and Balance Function

<sec><title>Objective</title> To study the effects of Baduanjin training on the gait and balance function of patients with Parkinsons disease (PD), and to explore Baduanjin training as an effective exercise intervention for PD patients. </sec><sec><title>Methods</title> A total of 63 patients with mild to moderate PD who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 32 cases in the control group and 31 cases in the treatment group according to the random number table method. The control group was given to maintain the previous conventional drug treatment plan, and the treatment group received 3 weeks of Baduanjin training on the basis of conventional drug treatment. Gait indicators and balance indicators were used to evaluate, analyze and compare the two groups of patients before the test and 3 weeks after the test. </sec><sec><title>Results</title> 1) IDEEA gait indicators: there was no statistically significant difference in gait indicators between the two groups before the test (<italic>P</italic>>0.05); after 3 weeks, compared with those before the test, the two gait indexes of cycle time and stride duration in the treatment group were improved, and the differences were statistically significant (<italic>P</italic><0.05), while the comparison of the gait index of the control group before and after the test, the difference was not statistically significant (<italic>P</italic>>0.05); the cycle time and stride duration of the treatment group were respectively (1.30±0.32) s and (645.90±156.65) ms, which were better than those of the control group (1.56±0.38) s and (765.05±158.93) ms, and the differences were statistically significant (<italic>P</italic><0.05). 2) Balance index: there was no statistically significant difference in the balance index between the two groups before the test (<italic>P</italic>>0.05); the scores and grades of balance test in the treatment group were improved after 3 weeks of the test compared with those before the test (<italic>P</italic><0.05), while there was no significant difference in the balance index of the control group before and after the test (<italic>P</italic>>0.05); the balance test level of the treatment group was 1.00 (1.00, 2.20), which was better than the control groups 2.15 (1.00, 3.83), the difference was statistically significant (<italic>P</italic><0.05). </sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title> Baduanjin training can significantly improve the gait and balance ability of patients with mild to moderate PD. </sec>

A Study on the Evaluation of the Effect of Exercise on the Treatment of Chronic Diseases Based on a Digital Human Movement Model.

The aim of this study was to summarise the therapeutic effects of exercise interventions for common chronic diseases and to analyse the scope of application and problems of various exercise treatment protocols, with a view to guiding clinical practice and providing references for subsequent research. To this end, this paper describes how to extract feature parameters for gait analysis based on a digital human motion model. In-depth descriptions of the extraction algorithms for spatiotemporal features, centre-of-mass movement features, joint mobility, and joint contact forces are presented, and the reliability of the knee contact force extraction algorithm is analysed in particular. To analyse the effect of exercise on the treatment of chronic diseases, 50 cases of elderly chronic disease patients collected from the community were selected and subjected to healthy exercise for 1 year, before and after the healthy exercise. After the exercise, the elderly chronic disease patients' blood pressure, lipid, and blood glucose attainment rates, chronic diseases, and knowledge of nonpharmacological treatments were significantly higher, with statistically significant differences compared to the preexercise period (P < 0.05).

The mitochondrial profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: impact of exercise.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting pre-menopausal women and involves metabolic dysregulation. Despite the high prevalence of insulin resistance, the existence of mitochondrial dysregulation and its role in the pathogenesis of PCOS is not clear. Exercise is recommended as the first-line therapy for women with PCOS. In particular, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is known to improve metabolic health and enhance mitochondrial characteristics. In this narrative review, the existing knowledge of mitochondrial characteristics in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of women with PCOS and the effect of exercise interventions in ameliorating metabolic and mitochondrial health in these women are discussed. Even though the evidence on mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS is limited, some studies point to aberrant mitochondrial functions mostly in skeletal muscle, while there is very little research in adipose tissue. Although most exercise intervention studies in PCOS report improvements in metabolic health, they show diverse and inconclusive findings in relation to mitochondrial characteristics. A limitation of the current study is the lack of comprehensive mitochondrial analyses and the diversity in exercise modalities, with only one study investigating the impact of HIIT alone. Therefore, further comprehensive large-scale exercise intervention studies are required to understand the association between metabolic dysfunction and aberrant mitochondrial profile, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced metabolic adaptations in women with PCOS.

The effect of mind-body exercise on cervical spine mobility of people with neck discomfort: A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BackgroundLong-term and high-intensity work can lead to considerable discomfort in people’s cervical spines.ObjectivesThis study sought to explore the effect of mind-body exercise intervention on the cervical spine mobility of people with neck discomfort through meta-analysis.MethodsThis study’s researchers were searched a total of five research databases for data retrieval: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (from 1979), Web of Science (from 1950), PubMed (from 1965), Cochrane (from 1991), and EBSCO (from 1949) (Date of retrieval: March 10, 2021). Two authors independently searched literature records, scanned titles, abstracts, and full texts, collected data, and assessed materials for risk of bias. Stata14.0 software was used for the data analysis (Registration number: INPLASY202140126).ResultsFour articles were finally included with a total of 208 participants, and their age range was 18–65 years old. (1) Mind-body exercise intervention had a significant improving effect on Cervical extension, effect size of [SMD = 0.51 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.88), p <0.01; I2 = 45.2%], there was moderate heterogeneity; Mind-body exercise intervention had a significant improving effect on Cervical flexion, effect size of [SMD = 0.61 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.90), p <0.01; I2 = 5.7%], no heterogeneity; (2) Mind-body exercise intervention was no effect on the other four cervical range of motions; (3) The difference in participant’s neck discomfort was the source of heterogeneity, and all results had the potential risk of publication bias.ConclusionThis study showed that mind-body exercise had a positive effect on the extension and flexion of people with neck discomfort. However, further research and more reliable evidence were needed to prove that mind–body exercise could be used for the treatment of neck discomfort.

Effectiveness of a Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise Intervention in Improving Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Self-Efficacy among Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThe awareness and practice of pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) in the prevention and reduction of the rate of urinary incontinence among pregnant women was considerably poor, despite the increased prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy across Malaysia. There healthcare providers do not give adequate attention to the potential impact of PFME on urinary incontinence and there is limited local intervention addressed urinary incontinence during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a newly developed PFME intervention in terms of knowledge, attitude, practice, self-efficacy, and urinary symptoms.MethodsA single-blinded, two-armed, randomized control trial was included pregnant women from 18 to 20 weeks of gestation and was conducted at the Maternity Hospital of Kuala Lumpur. The intervention group received PFME in addition to the usual perinatal care. The data were collected using validated questionnaires at 4 time points: baseline, post-intervention in the early third trimester, late third trimester, and early postnatal period. The intervention effects were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation.ResultsThe primary analysis included pregnant women who had at least one follow-up; 122 women (71.8%) in the intervention group had significant improvement in knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy, as well as in the severity of urinary incontinence over time. However, improvement was not observed in self-reported urinary incontinence.ConclusionPFME can be considered an effective initial intervention to provide information about urinary incontinence prevention to pregnant women.

Regular physical exercise and its association with depression: A population-based study short title: Exercise and depression

This study is to estimate the relation between regular physical exercise and the risk of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms. Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from 2008 to 2018 were used, and 3,070 research samples were included at baseline at 2008. To analyze the relation between physical exercise and risk of depression, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model and chi-square test were used. The estimate of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) in those with “< 3 h” of exercise per week was 0.033 higher (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.001 – 0.065 p-value: 0.046) compared to those with “5 h or more” of exercise per week. In terms of exercise duration, the estimates for CESD was 0.153 higher (95% CI: 0.111 – 0.195 p-value: <0.0001) in “< 1 year” and 0.143 higher (95% CI: 0.109–0.178 p-value: <0.0001) in “1–2 year”, compared to “5 years or more” of exercise duration. This study showed a negative relationship between regular exercise and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling adults aged 45 years and above. To develop the habit of regular physical exercise and to reinforce self-esteem, simple and practical strategies of effective exercise may become important but effective exercise interventions.