Effect Of Enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

376 Effects of multi-carbohydrase and protease supplementation on ileal digestibility of amino acids in expeller-pressed canola meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract Expeller-pressed canola meal (ECM) is a co-product obtained from expeller-pressing canola seeds to obtain canola oil, and it has potential as a cost-effective feedstuff in swine diets. Also, ECM may be a superior protein source compared with solvent-extracted canola meal due to its greater digestible amino acid (AA) contents. However, limited information is available on the effects of enzyme supplementation on AA digestibility in ECM for pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) and protease supplementation on the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in ECM when fed to growing pigs. A total of 12 barrows (65.9 ± 5.0 kg initial body weight), each fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, were allocated for 2 studies: the current study (4 treatments) and another study with 8 treatments. Pigs were arranged in a 12 × 6 incomplete Latin square design with 12 diets and 6 periods, resulting in 6 observations per dietary treatment. Four dietary treatments were: 1) basal ECM diet; 2) ECM diet with MC supplementation (1 kg/tonne); 3) ECM diet with protease supplementation (250 g/tonne); and 4) ECM diet with both MC and protease supplementation. A casein diet was fed to all 12 pigs for 1 wk after feeding experimental treatments to quantify endogenous losses of AA. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were fed 1 of the 4 diets during each of the 7-d periods, and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 from 0800 to 1700 h. Pigs were fed the diets at 2.8 times maintenance energy requirement based on their body weight at the beginning of each period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included MC, protease, and their interaction as fixed effects, and replication, animal within replication, and period within replication as random effects. Protease supplementation did not affect AID or SID of AA in ECM. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA, except for a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AID of Gly with MC supplementation compared with the non-supplemented diet. No interactive effects were found between MC and protease supplementation on the AID and SID of AA in growing pigs. In conclusion, the digestibility of AA in ECM fed to growing pigs with and without enzyme supplementation did not differ, and no interactive effects were observed. Future studies will aim to investigate the dose-effect to accurately determine whether the absence of an effect was attributable to improper enzyme-to-substrate ratio.

Effects of enzyme supplementation on growth performance, digestibility of phosphorus, femur parameters and fecal microbiota in growing pigs fed different types of diets.

A 42-days study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary types (corn-or wheat-soybean meal-based diet) and phytase (Phy) or a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) supplementation on growth performance, digestibility of phosphorus (P), intestinal transporter gene expression, plasma indexes, bone parameters, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs. Seventy-two barrows (average initial body weight of 24.70 ± 0.09 kg) with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments and main effects of diet type (corn-or wheat-soybean meal-based-diets) and enzyme supplementation (without, with Phy or with MCPC). Each group was designed with 6 replicate pens. The MCPC increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW). A significant interaction (p = 0.01) was observed between diet type and enzyme supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. The ATTD of P was higher (p < 0.05) in wheat soybean meal-based diets compared to corn-soybean meal-based diets. Compared with the corn-soybean meal-based diet, the relative expression of SLC34A2 and VDR genes in the ileum and SLC34A3 in jejunum of growing pigs fed the wheat-soybean meal based diet was lower (p < 0.05). The MCPC significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the relative expression of TRPV5 and CALB1 genes in the ileum and increased the expression of CALB1 in the duodenum compared to control diet. The phytase increased (p < 0.05) the relative expression of SLC34A1 gene in the duodenum in comparison to control diet and MCPC-supplemented diet. The Ca and P contents in plasma from pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet were higher (p < 0.05) than those from pigs fed wheat-soybean meal-based diet, and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) than those fed wheat-soybean meal-based diet. The content of Ca and P in the femur and the bone strength of pigs in the corn-soybean meal group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the wheat-soybean meal groups. The phytase increased (p < 0.05) the Ca and P content and bone strength of the femur. Additionally, diet type and both enzymes significantly improved fecal microbial diversity and composition. Taken together, diet type and exogenous enzymes supplementation could differently influence the growth performance, utilization of phosphorus, intestinal transporter gene expression, bone mineralization and microbial diversity and composition in growing pigs.

Effect of enzyme supplementation on feeding behavior and physiological responses of lactating Murrah buffaloes during winter season

Effect of enzyme supplementation on feeding behavior and physiological responses of lactating Murrah buffaloes during winter season

59 Dietary Fiber Source and Stage of Gestation Impact Water Balance and Fecal Physicochemical Properties of Sows

Abstract Providing soluble fiber in sow diets is known to increase satiety, reduce incidences of constipation, and decrease the rate of assisted farrowings due to its physicochemical properties. However, fiber sources commonly used in U.S. sow diets have negligible solubility and water holding capacity, but carbohydrases may improve these characteristics. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of soluble fiber from sugar beet pulp, insoluble fiber from corn DDGS, and carbohydrase supplementation on water balance and fecal physicochemical properties of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on d 28 of gestation (n = 8) with factors of fiber type [insoluble (IF; 355 g/d) or soluble fiber (SF; 98 g/d)] and enzyme supplementation (Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from d 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Two 8-d periods of metabolism collections took place on d 50-59 (mid-) and 99-108 (late-) of gestation. Fresh fecal samples were taken from each sow on d 1 of each collection period and water balance was measured from d 4-7. Daily water allowance was set at 80 mL/kg of BW per day. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme supplementation, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Daily water allowance was used as a covariate where appropriate. No interactions were observed among the main effects (P &amp;gt; 0.63), and there was no effect of enzyme supplementation on water balance or fecal physicochemical properties measured (P &amp;gt; 0.13). Sows fed SF had an increase ratio of grams of water excreted per gram of fecal DM (1.73 vs 1.96 g/g; Fiber P = 0.002) and had 76.6% greater fecal water binding capacity than those fed IF (5.18 vs. 9.15; Fiber P = 0.044). Irrespective of diet, sows in late gestation excreted 14.9% more water per g of DM in their feces (Period P &amp;lt; 0.001) and had increased fecal water binding capacity (5.02 vs 9.67%: Period P = 0.035). In late gestation, urine output increased by 30.5% (1182 vs 1543 mL/d; Period P=0.028) and estimated fecal moisture output increased by 12.3% (367 vs 412 mL/d; Period P = 0.015). Urine specific gravity increased by 0.6% in late gestation (1.00 vs 1.01 g/ml; Period P = 0.047). Sows fed SF had 22.3% less urine output (P = 0.045) but 21.8% more estimated fecal moisture output (P = 0.048). With decreased urine output and increased fecal moisture, these data suggest that there is a repartitioning of water, with greater water retention in the gastrointestinal tract of sows fed SF and during late gestation.

Performance and economic consideration of broiler chickens fed enzyme supplemented cassava fibre meal

The search for alternative energy source to substitute for the expensive conventional energy feed resources in broiler chicken diet is the driving force of this study. Thus, the study assessed the performance and economics of the production of broiler chickens fed enzyme supplemented cassava fibre meal (CFM) in a 56-day feeding trial. A batch of three hundred and sixty (360) day-old Arbor acre broiler-chicks was allotted to twelve (12) diets replicated five (5) times of six (6) birds in a complete randomization. Cassava fibre was sun dried for 5 days with constant turning to prevent fermentation, reduce the moisture content and possibly reduce the cyanide content. Proximate composition, phytochemical components and cyanide contents were determined using appropriate standard methods. Cassava fibre meal was substituted for maize at 0, 20, 40, and 60% levels and Roxazyme® G2 supplementation was at 0, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Data collected on feed intake and weight gain were analysed using the General Linear Model (GLM), and differences in means where observed were separated using Duncan option of the SPSS 2006 version 15.0. The Economics of broiler chicken production was determined using economic tools such as gross margin and economic efficiency analyses. Results showed that CFM contained appreciable levels of nutrients that could promote broiler growth when substituted at optimum level as an energy source in broiler chicken diet. Substitution of CFM at 40 and 60% levels for maize led to a decrease (p&lt;0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion of broiler chickens. Feed intake and weight gain were not influenced by dietary substitution of CFM for maize in the broiler starter and broiler finisher stages of growth. The effect of enzyme supplementation was not significant in the birds’ physiological growth at both starter and finisher stages. The effect of interaction was not significant (p&gt;0.05) indicating that birds’ performance were not dependent on the two factors under investigation. Economics of broiler chicken production revealed that total cost was lower in birds fed CFM with or without enzyme supplementation compared with those fed the maize-based diets. Net revenue, economic efficiency and profitability ratio analysis showed better economic viability and profitability in birds fed CFM with or without enzyme supplementation compared with those fed maize-based diets. Key words: Broiler chickens, Cassava fibre meal, Profitability ratio, Roxazyme® G2, Weight gain

Influence of multienzyme additives and humic substances on the structure of the glandular part of the stomach of broiler chickens

Purpose of research was to study the effect of enzyme supplements and humic substances on the histostructure of the glandular part of the stomach of broiler chickens.Materials and methods. The experiment lasted 49 days. In the first 4 weeks, the level of metabolic energy in the diet was 10 kcal per 100 g of feed below the recommended level, then until the end of the experiment it was 5 kcal lower. Group 1 received the main diet, balanced in all respects. Group 2 received the enzyme preparation «Kemzaym» 1 g/kg feed. It contained beta-gluconase, cellulase, pentosanase, protease, lipase and alpha-amylase. Group 3 received sodium humate 1 g/kg of feed. Group 4 received both «Kemzyme» (1 g/kg) and sodium humate (1 g/kg) at the same time. Slaughter of chickens was at 28 days and 49 days of age. Samples of the glandular part of the stomach were taken from 5 chickens from the group.Results. The study of the histological picture showed that up to 49 days of age, the development and formation of the structures of the wall of the glandular stomach occurs. This is expressed in an increase in the thickness of the organ wall, mainly due to the submucosal layer. The use of «Kemzaym» continuously during the entire cultivation leads to a decrease in the thickness of the entire wall of the organ and inhibition of the development of the submucosa. There is also an irritating effect of the drug on the mucous membrane. In the first period, this is expressed in a decrease in the height of the mucosa, foci of violation of the integrity of the epithelium, atrophy of the glands of the mucosa and lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria are observed. In the second period, this is expressed in an increase in the thickness of the mucosa in the absence of destructive changes in its histological picture. Such a reaction of the structures can be considered as an adaptation of the stomach wall. The use of sodium humate in the first period leads to an increase in the thickness of the submucosa. No negative effect on the structures of the mucosa was found during this period. In the second period, this additive causes a decrease in the thickness of the submucosa. During this period, an increase in the layer of the mucous membrane is observed without destructive changes in its structure. The combined use of sodium humate and the enzyme complex does not have a positive effect on the wall of the glandular stomach.Conclusion. Studies have shown that long-term continuous use of enzyme supplements leads to a decrease in the production of the stomach's own enzymes. The use of sodium humate has a positive effect only in the first period, which indicates that the body is getting used to this additive.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation in Diet on Growth of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) juveniles in RAS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing the diet with Thepax Aqua (Aqualase) on the development and survival of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Therefore, an eight-week nutrition experiment was carried out using the Thepax Aqura enzyme in the Department of Vertebrates, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah. This enzyme was supplemented at 1, 2, and 3% in the control diet. The maximum weight growth (3.9870 gm 0.1230) and Specific Growth Rate (0.4238 gm 0.0049) were seen in the fish fed with T1 diet, and these results were found to be statistically different (P<0.05) from those observed in the fish fed with T2 (2 %), T3 (3 %), and T0 (control) diets. This study also concluded that there was no significant effect (P≤0.05) for enzyme levels on the survival of juveniles carp fed with different dietary enzymes. Finally, the outcome of the current experiment showed that the 1% supplementation of Thepax Aqua to the food gave good growth and feed utilization of Juveniles of carp C.carpio.

Kinetic modelling of cellulase recycling in paper sludge to ethanol fermentation

This study investigated the extent of enzyme savings that could be achieved by recycling enzyme-containing supernatant or whole fermentation broth from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of paper waste sludge (PS). Kinetic models were developed to identify the preferred enzyme recycling method. Kinetic models accounted for the loss of enzyme activity with time and the effect of enzyme supplementation on ethanol concentrations and predicted the performance of PS fermentation with acceptable accuracy. Process performance of SSF cultures was maintained during successive recycling steps by recycling either the enzyme-containing supernatant or whole broth without resorting to enzyme separation methods. Recycling of enzymes in the clarified supernatant during 5 L bioreactor fermentations allowed up to 23% savings on the overall enzyme loading. Recycling enzymes in the supernatant further increased the ethanol concentration in the fermentation broth from 40 to 70 g/L. The combined advantages of high ethanol concentrations and savings on enzyme consumption, opens up the possibility of achieving significant improvements in the economic viability of ethanol production from lignocellulosic substrates.

Meta-analysis identifies the effect of dietary multi-enzyme supplementation on gut health of pigs

Gut health though is not well defined the role of gastrointestinal tract is vital if an animal must perform well. Apart from digestion, secretion, and absorption gut is harbored with consortium of microbiota which plays a key role in one’s health. Enzymes, one of the alternatives for antibiotics with beneficial effects on digestion and consistency of food and its effect on gut health. The effect of enzyme supplementation on gut health is not well established and the objective of this meta-analysis is to investigate if the enzyme supplement has influence on gut. This meta-analysis includes 1221 experiments which has single enzyme studies and or studies with multiple enzyme complexes but not challenged. The ratio of Lactobacillus and E. coli is related to ADFI which showed comparatively lower negative correlation coefficient, with − 0.052 and − 0.035, respectively, whose I2 values are below 25%, showing that these studies show a significantly lower level of heterogeneity. Correlation between villus height, crypt depth, their ratio and fatty acid is also assessed, and it showed that when the animal is supplemented with two enzyme complexes resulted in positive gut health rather than the single or more than two enzymes.

English

This study assessed the supplemental value of Roxazyme&reg; G2 in the utilization of cassava fibre meal (CFM) by broiler-chickens in a 56 day feeding trial. A batch of three hundred and sixty day-old Arbor acre broiler-chicks was allotted to twelve treatments replicated five times of six birds in a 4 &times; 3 factorial in complete randomization. Cassava fibre meal was substituted for maize at 0, 20, 40 and 60% levels and Roxazyme&reg; G2 supplementation was at 0, 100 and 200 mgkg-1. Results showed that CFM substitution at 40 and 60% levels for maize led to significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in weight gain of broiler chickens at both starter and finisher stages while feed conversion ratio was significant (p&lt;0.05) at 60% CFM substitution at the starter phase. The effect of enzyme supplementation was not significant in the physiological growth of the birds at both starter and finisher stages. Eviscerated weight, liver and kidney weights were significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by CFM substitution. The effect of interaction was not significant (p&gt;0.05) indicating that performance, carcass and organ description of broiler chickens were not dependent of the two factors under investigation. At starter phase, CFM substitution led to the saving of $0.07-0.08 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain and $0.08-0.13 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain on broiler finisher production. Roxazyme&reg; G2 supplementation only at 100 mgkg-1 led to the saving of $0.03 and 0.01 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain at the starter and finisher stages respectively. Key words: Broiler chickens, cassava fibre meal, Roxazyme&reg; G2, weight gain.

Effect of enzymes supplementation on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical responses of grower rabbits fed sorghum based diets

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of sorghum based diets supplemented with enzyme on haematological and serum biochemical responses of grower rabbits. A total of twenty four grower rabbits were used for the investigation which lasted eight weeks. Four experimental diets were formulated which included maize based diet (Control), sorghum based diet supplemented with; Protease (D2), Phytase (D3) and PhytasewithProtease(D4).The rabbits were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Rabbitsfed diet containing sorghum with phytase (D3)had high significant (p&lt; 0.05) value of 115.10g for final weight. Least statistically similar values of 1136.80g and 1033.60g were obtained for rabbit fed sorghum with protease plus phytase (D4) and control diet, respectively. The weight gain followed similar trend with the final weight. The dietary treatments had no significant influence (p &gt; 0.05) on all haematological parameters determined. A range of 2.90-3.15 ×10 /l was recorded for red blood cell, and 5.710.60×10/l for White blood cell While MCH and MCV random 27.1632.75pg and 88.5589.35fl, respectively. Sorghum based diet supplemented with enzymes showed significant (p&lt; 0.05) on serum biochemical indices. Parameters that were significantly influenced include; Total protein, globulin, urea, creatinine and cholesterol. Rabbits fed sorghum based diet supplemented with phytase (D3) revealed highest (p &lt; 0.05) values for total protein and globulin. Highest (p&lt;0.05) value of 7.05mmol/l,102.25mmol/l and 4.50mmol/l were recorded for urea, creatinine and cholesterol, respectively in the control diet. In conclusion, sorghum based diets supplemented with enzyme improved rabbit performance, had no allergic effect on health status of rabbit and enhanced serum protein bioavailability with efficient nutrient utilization.

Effect of enzyme supplementation and plant extracts on villus height and microbial counts in broilers

Due to issues concerning antimicrobial resistance, the use of antibiotics in poultry and pigs has been restricted in many countries. The research focus is now on suitable and readily available alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Alternatives such as probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, enzymes and acidifiers are being utilized while Phyto biotics (plant extracts) are also considered as viable alternatives. In this study, leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Vernonia amygdylina (bitter leaf) were administered through drinking water, while enzyme (Roxazyme G2 G ®) was supplemented in the feed of different groups of broiler birds which were randomly allocated to three treatments and a control in triplicates of ten birds per replicate. The control group did not receive either plant extract in water or enzyme in their diet. On day 42, the chickens were slaughtered; the digesta was gently collected from the ileum and caecum for microbial analysis, while histological analysis was carried on the empty ileum for the determination of villus height. Data collected for microbial analysis was log transformed before statistical analysis and was stated as Log colony forming unit/g of digesta sample (Log cfu/g). The highest villus height was recorded for enzyme treatment (0.955mm) followed by bitter leaf (0.717mm), and least for neem leaf (0.592 mm) with 0.656 mm for the control. Enzyme supplementation, bitter leaf and neem leaf extract administration had no significant effect (p&gt;0.05) on villus height. However,villus height recorded for enzyme supplementation and administration of bitter leaf extract was numerically higher than the control group. The population of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) in the ileum was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the control group (9.28 Log cfu/g) than enzyme supplementation (8.52 Log cfu/g) and administration of leaf extract. The least value was recorded was recorded with bitter leaf (7.94 Log cfu/g). A value of 8.14 Log cfu/g was recorded with neem extract in drinking water. Total coliform was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the control (7.33 Log cfu/g) than in enzyme (6.00 Log cfu/g), neem leaf (4.74 Log cfu/g) and bitter leaf (4.84 Log cfu/g) treatments. The population of enteropathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) was also significantly reduced (p&lt; 0.05) by enzyme supplementation and administration of neem leaf and bitter leaf extracts in the ileum. The THB and total coliform counts (Log cfu/g) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced by enzyme supplementation, neem leaf and bitter leaf extract in the caecum also. In conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the leaf extracts and enzyme supplementation significantly decreased the number of enteropathogenic bacteria in the ileum and caecum. Although there was no significant impact on villi height, but numerical difference in villi height were recorded.

PSVIII-10 Effects of enzyme supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets on growth performance in broilers: a meta-analysis

Abstract The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the growth responses of broilers fed cDDGS and the efficacy of various types of dietary enzyme supplementation. A total of 12 publications with 69 observations were included in the database. Individual observations were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed model. The mean differences (MD) of BWG, FI, and gain efficiency (G/F) were calculated by subtracting either the enzyme response in corn-soybean meal (CSB) or CSB+cDDGS based diets to the control, and was expressed as a percentage (MD = (enzyme – control)/control ×100%). A type of exogenous enzymes (xylanase; protease; carbohydrases; cocktail = proteases + carbohydrases), and feeding phase (starter = d 0 to d 21; finisher = d 21 to d 42 or 49; overall = d 0 to d 42 or more) were included as fixed effects. Dietary enzyme inclusion showed significant improvement on BWG (3.19%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (5.69%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) in broilers fed cDDGS diet. However, no significant enzyme responses were observed in broilers fed CSB diet on growth performance. Broilers fed cDDGS diet had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) BWG with the addition of protease (3.32 %) and cocktail (3.27 %), whereas addition of xylanased improved (P &amp;lt; 0.01) G/F by (3.56 %) and carbohydrases (1.90 %). Broilers fed cDDGS diet with enzyme supplementation showed greater improvement in BWG (3.71 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.78 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) at finisher phase compared with starter phase. Likewise, Broilers fed CSB diet with enzyme supplementation increased BWG (9.40 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.11 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) at finisher phase. In conclusion, supplementation of xylanase and carbohydrases in cDDGS diet improved G/F, and the enzyme response can be maximized when fed during the finisher phase diet compared with the starter phase diet.

Effect of enzyme supplementation and extruding process on the digestibility of nutrients and phenolic acids of defatted rice bran based diets in ileal-cannulated growing pigs

To improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization in defatted rice bran (DRB) used as animal feed ingredient, the effects of enzyme supplementation and extruding process on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of nutrients and nutraceutical phenolic acids were evaluated using growing pigs (initial body weight = 18 ± 1.2 Kg) permanently fitted with ileal T-cannula. The extruded DRB ingredient (EDRB) was prepared by extruding the DRB ingredient at 130–135 °C using a single-screw extruder. The enzyme preparation contained cellulase, xylanase, phytase, and ferulic acid esterase. Eight cannulated pigs were allocated according to a 4 × 4 double Latin square arrangement. In each period, 1 of 4 tested diets, i.e., DRB basal diet, EDRB basal diet, and their enzyme added counterparts were randomly distributed to 2 pigs (1 pig form each square). The feces were sampled on the 6th and 7th day, and the ileal digesta were collected on the 8th, 9th and 10th day in each period. The results shown that pigs fed EDRB containing diets exhibited higher CAID values of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and ether extract (EE) (P <0.001), and CATTD values of DM, OM, GE, crude protein (CP) and EE (P <0.002) comparing with that of DRB containing items. The CATTD values of most NSP fractions and their constituent residues in EDRB diets were positively affected by the extruding process; however, only the CAID values of insoluble arabinose and xylose were increased (P < 0.05). Enzyme inclusion improved the CAID of DM, OM, GE, ash, Ca, total phosphorus (TP) and phytate phosphorus (PP, P <0.05), and the CATTD of ash, Ca, TP, PP, and Mg (P <0.05). The added enzyme increased the digestion of NSP fractions in the foregut of pigs whereas the effect was not obvious in the large intestine of pigs except for insoluble arabinose. The enzyme addition did not show any effect on the CAID and CATTD of CP, and the CAID of amino acids in the rice bran containing diets. On the contrary, the CAID of amino acids were decreased and the CATTD of CP was increased by the extruding process. To sum up, the extruding temperature adopted in this study (130–135 °C) was too high for DRB processing with the aim of improving the efficiency of amino acids utilization, while it was helpful to improve the digestion of most of gross nutrients and NSP fractions over the whole digestive tract of pigs.

Effect of Different Dietary Inclusion Levels of Sunflower Meal and Multi-Enzyme Supplementation on Performance, Meat Yield, Ileum Histomorphology, and Pancreatic Enzyme Activities in Growing Quails.

Simple SummaryIn the poultry industry, where the cost of feed constitutes most of the expenses, sudden changes in feed prices make it a challenge for nutritionists to maintain the yield and health of animals while managing the diet costs. It is the first solution that comes to mind to use inexpensive raw materials while preparing diets in practical conditions. In addition, feeds used in diets should be digestible by poultry. In the poultry digestive system, feeds such as sunflower meals are difficult to digest due to containing high cellulose because there is no cellulase secretion in the digestive system. The use of multi-enzyme which enhanced the digestibility of nutrients and decreased antinutritional compounds such as cellulose and nonstarch polysaccharides in diets with sunflower meal can positively affect performance and the profitability of the growers.This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary sunflower meal (SFM) and multi-enzyme levels on performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology and pancreatic enzyme production in quails. Three hundred and twenty, 1-day-old quail chicks were divided into 8 groups with 4 replicates consisting of 10 birds each in the group. The experiment was randomized design consisting of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four levels of SFM (0%, 10%, 15%, or 20%) and two levels of multi-enzyme (0.0 or 1.0 g/kg) inclusion in the diet. The body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were negatively influenced by the 15% and 20% SFM (p < 0.01) but were not affected by the 10% SFM for 6 week age. The relative gizzard (p < 0.05) weights significantly increased with 20% SFM, but the relative breast weight decreased (p < 0.01). The relative liver weight increased by the addition of enzymes in the diet (p < 0.05). The villus width (p < 0.01) and villus surface area (p < 0.05) of ileum increased linearly with SFM, whereas the villus height (p < 0.01), villus height: crypt depth (p < 0.01) and tunica muscularis thickness (p < 0.01) decreased linearly with SFM. Consequently, it is possible to say that the birds with the least absorptive same weight are the most efficient. The addition of multi-enzyme increased villus height and crypt depth but decreased tunica muscularis thickness of ileum (p < 0.01). Chymotrypsin activity in the pancreas decreased linearly with SFM (p < 0.01). Amylase activity in the pancreas decreased significantly with the addition of the multi-enzyme (p < 0.05). As a result of the study, SFM can be used at a 10% level in growing quail diets with beneficial effects on the absorption surface area. The effects of enzyme supplementation on parameters measured were less pronounced than the SFM inclusion level that higher villus height and lower tunica muscularis thickness were determined in multi-enzyme-fed birds compared to those untreated counterparts.

Effect of feeding rice gluten meal with and without enzymes on hematobiochemical profile of broiler chickens.

Background and Aim:Blood and serological parameters are indicators of the health status of the birds and influenced by the type of feed and their nutrient composition. Scanty researches are available in rice gluten meal (RGM) regarding its effect of feeding with and without enzymes on hematology and serum biochemistry. This study was conducted for in vitro and in vivo investigation regarding feeding RGM without or with different enzymes on hematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens. The in vitro study was done to determine chemical composition of RGM used in the biological trial.Materials and Methods:A biological experiment with 384 broiler chicks was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding RGM as soybean replacement without or with different enzymes on carcass characteristics in broiler chicken for 42 days. Two levels of RGM were taken (15% and 17.5%). Protease, xylanase, and multienzymes supplementation under different treatments were done.Results:The RGM feeding and enzyme supplementation or their interaction revealed no significant (p>0.05) effects on the hematological parameters and serological parameters of broiler chickens except the significant (p<0.05) effect of enzyme supplementation on serum albumin and triglyceride values. The higher albumin values were observed in xylanase and protease supplemented birds and lower triglyceride values were observed in xylanase supplemented birds.Conclusion:Thus, it may be concluded that RGM feeding at 15% or 17.5% inclusion level with or without enzymes had no adverse effect on hematobiochemical profile of broiler chickens.

Effect of non‐starch polysaccharide composition and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )

The experiment investigated whether the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility is dependent on type of the ingredient(s) used, by incorporating wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM) and citrus pulp (CP) to a reference diet (REF). Those ingredients are known to be rich in different types of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Diets were supplemented with and without (control) an enzyme mix (phytase 1,000 FTU/kg and xylanase U/kg) according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In total, 24 tanks (3 replicates/treatment) were used with 30 fish each (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; mean initial body weight 41 g). Fish were restrictively fed the experimental diets for 43 days (80% of expected satiation). Enzyme supplementation affected the absolute growth (g/day) and FCR (p < 0.05), improving the growth of fish fed the WB and SFM diets, while fish fed the REF and CP diets did not benefit. NSP, energy, ash, phosphorous and calcium digestibility improved with enzyme supplementation (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect on all growth parameters, as well as the digestibility of energy and phosphorus (p < 0.05). This indicates that the effectiveness of the enzymes was dependent on the NSP‐rich ingredient used and thus the composition of the NSP fraction

Performance and physiological parameters in broilers fed different enzyme complexes

The effects of enzyme supplementation on the performance, yield, and blood profile of broilers fed corn and soybean diets from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. A total of 960 male broilers were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replications. Two diets were used: a positive control formulated to meet the birds’ nutritional requirements (Diet 1) and a negative control diet with reduction of 150 kcal.kg-1 of metabolizable energy (Diet 2) and 12% amino acid in the initial phase and 18% during the growing and finishing phases. Further diets were based on the negative control with enzymes: enzyme complex 1, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease; enzyme complex 2, composed of 100 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; enzyme complex 3, composed of 500 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; and enzyme complex 4, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease and 500 g ton-1 beta-mannanase. Enzymatic supplementation did not improve performance during the initial and growing phases due to nutritional imbalance, resulting in the worst weight gain and feed conversion during the finishing phase. Carcass yield, leg yield, abdominal fat, and pancreas were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Triglyceride levels influenced abdominal fat deposition, and the serum levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Enzymatic supplementation was not effective in restoring broiler performance, carcass yield, and cuts, with changes in the serum biochemical profile of the broiler chickens.

Performance and physiological parameters in broilers fed different enzyme complexes

The effects of enzyme supplementation on the performance, yield, and blood profile of broilers fed corn and soybean diets from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. A total of 960 male broilers were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replications. Two diets were used: a positive control formulated to meet the birds’ nutritional requirements (Diet 1) and a negative control diet with reduction of 150 kcal.kg-1 of metabolizable energy (Diet 2) and 12% amino acid in the initial phase and 18% during the growing and finishing phases. Further diets were based on the negative control with enzymes: enzyme complex 1, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease; enzyme complex 2, composed of 100 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; enzyme complex 3, composed of 500 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; and enzyme complex 4, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease and 500 g ton-1 beta-mannanase. Enzymatic supplementation did not improve performance during the initial and growing phases due to nutritional imbalance, resulting in the worst weight gain and feed conversion during the finishing phase. Carcass yield, leg yield, abdominal fat, and pancreas were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Triglyceride levels influenced abdominal fat deposition, and the serum levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Enzymatic supplementation was not effective in restoring broiler performance, carcass yield, and cuts, with changes in the serum biochemical profile of the broiler chickens.

Chemical composition and nutritive value of canola-quality Brassica juncea meal for poultry and the effect of enzyme supplementation

Canola breeding program undertaken to improve meal quality has led to the development of canola quality (i.e., low-glucosinolate, low-erucic acid) form of B. juncea, a mustard species known for its pure yellow seed coat. Under Western Canadian conditions, B. juncea suffers less from heat and drought stress and matures earlier than B. napus. Such characteristics are the basis for high yields of oil and low chlorophyll content in the seed. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the chemical and nutritive composition of meals derived from pre-press solvent extracted seeds of the conventional black-seeded B. napus canola and the canola-quality yellow-seeded B. juncea. In comparison with B. napus canola, meal derived from yellow-seeded B. juncea contained, on dry matter (DM) basis, similar amount of protein (417 vs. 415g/kg) and fat (28 vs. 29g/kg), more sucrose (69 vs. 56g/kg), more starch (34 vs. 10g/kg) and less dietary fibre (277 vs. 338g/kg). Lower fibre content of B. juncea canola was reflected in lower content of lignin with associated polyphenols (40 vs. 104g/kg). The nutritive value of canola meals was investigated with broiler chickens fed maize/soybean meal-based diets containing 300g/kg of meals from 4 to 18 d of age. A lower (P<0.05) body weight gain (BWG) was observed in birds fed the B. juncea diet when compared with those fed the conventional black-seeded B. napus canola (479 vs. 515g/bird). No difference in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed (1.44 vs. 1.42). Meal apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) values for B. juncea and B. napus were determined with broiler chickens (from 14 to 19 d of age) and were 7.9 and 7.8Mj/kg DM, respectively. Enzyme (multi-carbohydrase) addition resulted in the AMEn value of 8.3Mj/kg DM for B. napus meal, with a more pronounced effect (P<0.05) observed for B. juncea canola (from 7.9 to 9.3Mj/kg DM). In the third study, growth performance of broiler chickens fed 15% of canola meals without and with enzyme supplementation was determined in the starter (1–21 d of age) and grower (22–35 d of age) phases of the experiment. Compared to the soybean meal (SBM) Control, canola meals decreased BWG of broiler chickens in the starter phase and the entire trial. Enzyme supplementation improved FCR in the chicks fed B. juncea meal (P<0.05). The enzyme effect was more pronounced in the young birds.