Effect Of Emotional Expression Research Articles

Emotionality in Task-Oriented Chatbots – The Effect of Emotion Expression on Chatbot Perception

ABSTRACT Since interactive communication is generally better received than static one, chatbots are widely used in virtually all domains – ranging from business to education and healthcare. Nevertheless, there are still numerous questions concerning user experience that have not been adequately answered. Therefore, we study the effect of emotion expression on chatbot perception. In an experiment we manipulated a task-oriented chatbot by using short positively valenced emotional expressions and emotional pictorial representations (emojis) and investigated the effect of emotionality on trust, satisfaction, enjoyment, and authenticity as perceived by the user. The emotional chatbot was found to be perceived as more trustworthy than the neutral one. Moreover, users were more satisfied and had longer interactions with this chatbot. These results indicate that even slight variations in emotionality lead to significant difference in chatbot perception.

Additive effects of emotional expression and stimulus size on the perception of genuine and artificial facial expressions: an ERP study

Seeing an angry individual in close physical proximity can not only result in a larger retinal representation of that individual and an enhanced resolution of emotional cues, but may also increase motivation for rapid visual processing and action preparation. The present study investigated the effects of stimulus size and emotional expression on the perception of happy, angry, non-expressive, and scrambled faces. We analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral responses of N = 40 participants who performed a naturalness classification task on real and artificially created facial expressions. While the emotion-related effects on accuracy for recognizing authentic expressions were modulated by stimulus size, ERPs showed only additive effects of stimulus size and emotional expression, with no significant interaction with size. This contrasts with previous research on emotional scenes and words. Effects of size were present in all included ERPs, whereas emotional expressions affected the N170, EPN, and LPC, irrespective of size. These results imply that the decoding of emotional valence in faces can occur even for small stimuli. Supra-additive effects in faces may necessitate larger size ranges or dynamic stimuli that increase arousal.

Emotional Expression and Women's Career Development in the Workplace: Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences

This paper investigates the negative and positive effects of emotional expression in the workplace on women's career development, and finds that the antecedent variables are gender stereotypes and differences in gender expectations in the female workplace. Through the method of literature review, it is found that there is a lack of analysis of the mechanisms and pathways to intervene in gender stereotyping in the workplace, and it is suggested that in the future, we should explore how to realize career development from the perspective of women's self-development.

The interpersonal effects of emotional expressions with both and single valences on work-related satisfaction: an examination of emotions and perceived openness as mediators

ABSTRACT Work-related satisfaction has critical benefits. To predict work-related satisfaction, we investigated how a counterpart’s expressions of emotional complexity (both positive and negative emotions), positive emotions, and negative emotions influenced a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction during discussions over different work-relevant ideas. We conducted a three-wave coworker survey (N = 529) and an experiment with a confederate as a task partner (N = 378). The results consistently showed significant positive impacts of a counterpart’s emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions on a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction by enhancing the perceiver’s positive emotions and evaluation of the counterpart’s openness. Conversely, a counterpart’s negative emotion expression significantly decreased a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction by reducing perceived counterpart openness. We also did not find a perceiver’s negative emotion as a significant mediator of the associations between the three emotional expressions and work-related satisfaction. Therefore, our investigation highlights similar positive effects of emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions and suggests that an expression of both positive and negative emotions promotes satisfaction by enhancing positive emotions and openness perception.

영유아 교사의 가족건강성과 교사⋅영유아의 상호작용 간의 관계

Objectives This study aim to explore the mediating effect of infant teacher’s emotional expression on the relationship between family health and teacher-infant interaction.
 Methods The data were analyzed from 322 infant teachers in Daejeon, Sejong City, and South Chungcheong Province. Reliability analysis, technical statistics, frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and mediating effect analysis of each scale were conducted using the SPSS 21.0 and PROCESS Macro Model 4.
 Results Research results were as follows. First, the correlations between infant teacher's family health, teacher-infant interaction, and emotional expression were significant. Second, the mediating effect of emotional expression was significant in the relationship between family health and teacher-infant interaction.
 Conclusions The results of this study suggest that it is important to promote teacher's family health and emotional expression In order to improve the quality of interaction between teachers and young children. Also, It suggests the necessity of finding an intervention method that helps improve positive emotional expression.

20년 이상 결혼생활을 유지하고 있는 부부의 부부애착과 결혼안정성의 관계에서 정서표현의 매개효과

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the influence of marital attachment on marriage stability in the recog-nition of married for more than 20 years and investigating the mediating effect of emotional expressiveness on the relationship between marital attachment and marriage stability to find ways how to improve.
 Methods Marriage stability to be one of factor to continue their marriage relationship among married men and women the participants of this study were 149 married male and 205 married female and data were collected by self-report questionnaire.
 Results First, there were significant differences on marriage stabillity and emotional expressiveness depending on religion, Second, multiple regression analysis were performed to investigate the influences of marital attach-ment and emotional expressiveness on marriage stavility. And avoidance attachment were statistically significant variation on marriage stabillity. Finally, emotional expressiveness was significant as a independent variable in the relationship between marital attachment and marriage stability, however the mediating effect of it was not found to be significant. 
 Conclusions The results of this study can be used as basic and practical data in the field of counseling for program development and education etc to improve marriage stability.

Effects of emotional content on social inhibition of gaze in live social and non-social situations

In real-life interactions, it is crucial that humans adequately respond to others’ emotional expressions. Emotion perception so far has mainly been studied in highly controlled laboratory tasks. However, recent research suggests that attention and gaze behaviour significantly differ between watching a person on a controlled laboratory screen compared to in real world interactions. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate effects of emotional expression on participants’ gaze in social and non-social situations. We compared looking behaviour towards a confederate showing positive, neutral or negative facial expressions between live social and non-social waiting room situations. Participants looked more often and longer to the confederate on the screen, than when physically present in the room. Expressions displayed by the confederate and individual traits (social anxiety and autistic traits) of participants did not reliably relate to gaze behaviour. Indications of covert attention also occurred more often and longer during the non-social, than during the social condition. Findings indicate that social norm is a strong factor modulating gaze behaviour in social contexts.Protocol registrationThe stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on September 13, 2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16628290.

유아교사의 전문성인식과 정서표현성이 교사 자신의 인성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between early childhood teachers' recognition of professionalism, emotional expression, and personality. Also to verify the effect of early childhood teachers' professionalism and emotional expression on personality and the mediating effect of emotional expression.
 Methods 390 early childhood teachers working in D Metropolitan City were selected and 355 copies of questionnaires were used (excluding 15 out of 370 insincere ones collected) from November 21, 2022 to December 15, 2022. The Sobel test was conducted for frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediation effect verification using the SPSS 23.0 program.
 Results As a result of this study, first, it was found that early childhood teachers' professionalism and emotional expression had a significantly positive effect on personality. Second, early childhood teachers' emotional expressiveness was verified to have the effect of partially mediating the relationship between professionalism and personality.
 Conclusions As a result of the study, early childhood teachers should improve their personality, which prioritizes the warm attitude of humanity required by society. Thus, early childhood teachers must have professional recognition as a professional who receives social status and economic compensation by raising the level of planning, execution and evaluation of learning. In addition, communication must be made with positive emotional expression for the normal growth and development of young children. To this end, it is necessary to create a stable educational environment and to provide teacher education and skilled training through various educational support. In addition, the importance of the humane side of early childhood teachers who have cultivated good character must be recognized. Therefore, it provides many theoretical and practical implications that can help develop high quality education in the field of early childhood education.

The Mediating Effect of Dance Immersion on the Effect of Emotional Expression on Dance Expression

The Mediating Effect of Dance Immersion on the Effect of Emotional Expression on Dance Expression

부모의 공감과 아동의 또래관계 질에서 정서표현성의 매개효과

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate associations between parental empathy andthe quality of children’s peer relationships, and examine the mediating effect of emotional expressivenesson the association between the two variables. Methods: Participants consisted of fifth and sixth grade elementary school children including 164boys and 145 girls in Seoul, Yongin and Suwon city. Children completed a parental empathy inventory,Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ), and the quality of peer relationship Network ofRelationships Inventory (NRI). The collected data were analyzed with SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: There was a significant correlation among parental empathy, emotional expressiveness, andthe quality of peer relationships. There was a mediating effect of emotional expressiveness betweena mother's empathy and the quality of children's peer relationships. There was no mediating effectof emotional expressiveness between a father's empathy and the quality of children's peer relationships. The father's empathy had a direct effect on the quality of children's peer relationships. Conclusion: The results of this study can serve as a resource for improving parental empathy, children’semotional expressiveness, and the quality of peer relationships, which play a significant role inchildren’s healthy development and school adaptation.

It's who, not what that matters: Personal relevance and early face processing.

The faces of our friends and loved ones are among the most pervasive and important social stimuli we encounter in our everyday lives. We employed EEG to investigated the time line of personally relevant face processing and potential interactions with emotional facial expressions by presenting female participants with photographs of their romantic partner, a close friend, and a stranger, displaying fearful, happy and neutral facial expressions. Our results revealed elevated activity to the partner's face from 100 ms after stimulus onset as evident in increased amplitudes of P1, EPN, P3 and LPC components, while there were no effects of emotional expressions, and no interactions. Our findings indicate the prominent role of personal relevance in face processing; the time course of effects further suggests that it might not rely solely on the core face processing network, but might start even before the stage of structural face encoding. Our results suggest a new direction of research in which face processing models should be expanded to adequately capture the dynamics of the processing of real-life, personally relevant faces.

Interaction with Virtual Humans and Effect of Emotional Expressions: Anger Matters!

Today we are experiencing a hybrid real-virtual society in which the interaction with virtual humans is normal and "quasi-social". Understanding the way we react to the interaction with virtual agents and the impact of emotions on social dynamics in the virtual world is fundamental. Therefore, in this study we investigated the implicit effect of emotional information by adopting a perceptual discrimination task. Specifically, we devised a task that explicitly required perceptual discrimination of a target while involving distance regulation in the presence of happy, neutral, or angry virtual agents. In two Immersive Virtual Reality experiments, participants were instructed to discriminate a target on the virtual agents' t-shirts, and they had to provide the response by stopping the virtual agents (or themselves) at the distance where they could identify the target. Thus, facial expressions were completely irrelevant to the perceptual task. The results showed that the perceptual discrimination implied a longer response time when t-shirts were worn by angry rather than happy or neutral virtual agents. This suggests that angry faces interfered with the explicit perceptual task people had to perform. From a theoretical standpoint, this anger-superiority effect could reflect an ancestral fear/avoidance mechanism that prompts automatic defensive reactions and bypasses other cognitive processes.

In robot we trust? The effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on anthropomorphic trustworthiness

Following the evolution of technology and its application in various daily contexts, social robots work as an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) system to interact with humans. However, limited research has been done to discuss the role of emotional expressions and contextual cues in influencing anthropomorphic trustworthiness, especially from the design perspective. To address this research gap, the current study designed a specific robot prototype and conducted two lab experiments to explore the effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on trustworthiness via a combination of subjective ratings and physiological measures. Results showed that: 1) positive (vs. negative) emotional expressions enjoyed a higher level of anthropomorphic trustworthiness and visual attention; 2) regulatory fit was expanded in parasocial interaction and worked as a prime to activate anthropomorphic trustworthiness for social robots. Theoretical contributions and design implications were also discussed in this study.

Emotional Crisis Communication: The Effects of CEO’s Expression of Guilt and Anger on Organizational Reputation

ABSTRACT Organizational crises are emotionally-charged occurrences for both organizations and their stakeholders. There has been a growing body of research on the effects of emotions on organizational outcomes such as reputation, forgiveness, and negative word-of-mouth. The current study seeks to contribute to this growing body of research in emotional crisis communication by investigating the role of discrete emotions in a crisis, and the effects of such emotions on organizational reputation. Additionally, the current study seeks to investigate whether the effect of emotional expression depends on the crisis response strategy adopted. A between-subjects three (communicated emotion; anger vs. guilt vs. no emotion) × two (response strategy: rebuilding vs. denial) experiment was designed with 922 participants. The findings show that, in the context of a severe crisis, rebuilding strategies result in a more positive organizational reputation than denial strategies and that guilt was superior to anger regardless of response type. The implications of the study on organizational reputation and crisis management are discussed.

Taking gambles at face value: Effects of emotional expressions on risky decisions.

Emotional facial expressions are ubiquitous and potent social stimuli that can signal favorable and unfavorable conditions. Previous research demonstrates that emotional expressions influence preference judgments, basic approach-avoidance behaviors, and reward learning. We examined whether emotional expressions can influence decisions such as choices between gambles. Based on theories of affective cue processing, we predicted greater risk taking after positive than negative expressions. This hypothesis was tested in four experiments across tasks that varied in implementation of risks, payoffs, probabilities, and temporal decision requirements. Facial expressions were presented unobtrusively and were uninformative about the choice. In all experiments, the likelihood of a risky choice was greater after exposure to positive versus neutral or negative expressions. Similar effects on risky choice occurred after presentation of different negative expressions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust), suggesting involvement of general positive and negative affect systems. These results suggest that incidental emotional cues exert a valence-specific influence of on decisions, which could shape risk-taking behavior in social situations.

Effects of Emotional Expression on Face Recognition May Be Accounted for by Image Similarity

We examined the degree to which differences in face recognition rates across emotional expression conditions varied concomitantly with differences in mean objective image similarity. Effects of emotional expression on face recognition performance were measured via an old/new recognition paradigm in which stimuli at both learning and testing had happy, neutral, and angry expressions. Results showed an advantage for faces learned with neutral expressions, as well as for angry faces at testing. Performance data was compared to three quantitative image-similarity indices. Findings showed that mean human performance was strongly correlated with mean image similarity, suggesting that the former may be at least partly explained by the latter. Our findings sound a cautionary note regarding the necessity of considering low-level stimulus properties as explanations for findings that otherwise may be prematurely attributed to higher order phenomena such as attention or emotional arousal.

Crying does not alleviate acute pain perception: Evidence from an experimental study.

Whereas previous studies revealed positive effects of emotional expressions such as swearing and laughing on acute pain, systematic research on the effects of crying on pain is missing. The rationale for the current study is that either a mere emotional distraction or changes in oxytocin and opioid levels represent a mechanism through which crying modulates pain, with the timing of mood changes as crucial information for distinguishing between potential mechanisms. In two studies, we exposed participants (Study 1: n= 57; Study 2: n= 70) to a sad movie and measured their mood, and exposed them to pain induction procedures (electric shock and cold-pressor test, respectively) before and after the film. Dependent variables were pain threshold, tolerance, and intensity. In addition to baseline and one immediate post-crying mood and pain response measurement in both studies, in Study 2, we repeated these procedures 20 and 50 min later to discern between the potential role of neurobiological substances and distraction. Crying was elicited in 28 participants in Study 1 (49.1%) and 49 (70%) in Study 2. We found no systematic differences in pain and mood changes between criers and non-criers and no systematic dose-response relationship between crying and pain responses and mood. The only significant effects ran contrary to our hypotheses, showing detrimental effects of the occurrence (Study 1) and frequency of crying (both studies) on pain threshold. Results do not support the idea that crying has pain-alleviating effects, either via distraction or direct biological mechanisms. Despite previous findings on pain alleviating effects of emotional expression and the widespread idea about the generally beneficial consequences of emotional crying, research on the possible pain alleviating effects of crying is largely missing. Two quasi-experimental studies demonstrated that crying induced in laboratory conditions does not alleviate acute pain responses, suggesting that role of crying in pain interventions is doubtful. Less directly, results cast light on the role of emotional distraction from acute pain and possible crying-related neurochemical changes.

Visual competition attenuates emotion effects during overt attention shifts.

Numerous different objects are simultaneously visible in a person's visual field, competing for attention. This competition has been shown to affect eye-movements and early neural responses toward stimuli, while the role of a stimulus' emotional meaning for mechanisms of overt attention shifts under competition is unclear. The current study combined EEG and eye-tracking to investigate effects of competition and emotional content on overt shifts of attention to human face stimuli. Competition prolonged the latency of the P1 component and of saccades, while faces showing emotional expressions elicited an early posterior negativity (EPN). Remarkably, the emotion-related modulation of the EPN was attenuated when two stimuli were competing for attention compared to non-competition. In contrast, no interaction effects of emotional expression and competition were observed on other event-related potentials. This finding indicates that competition can decelerate attention shifts in general and also diminish the emotion-driven attention capture, measured through the smaller effects of emotional expression on EPN amplitude. Reduction of the brain's responsiveness to emotional content in the presence of distractors contradicts models that postulate fully automatic processing of emotions.

Social attention and autism in early childhood: Evidence on behavioral markers based on visual scanning of emotional faces with eye-tracking methodology

BackgroundChildren with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) demonstrate distinctive scanning of faces, which has been suggested as an obstacle to social expertise, hindering their lifelong social relationships. MethodThis study aimed at comparing social attention in young children with and without ASD (N = 34). We designed two eye-tracking paired preference tasks to assess the effects of emotional expression and the actor’s gender (Experiment 1) and actor’s age (Experiment 2) on the visual scanning pattern of faces in both groups. ResultsData analysis yielded three behavioral markers in the ASD group: (1) late orientation to angry faces, (2) late orientation to child faces, and (3) superficial facial processing (shorter visits). ConclusionsClinical and research implications are discussed regarding potential markers that could contribute to early diagnosis and intervention.

Do Emotions Sell? The Impact of Emotional Expressions on Sales in the Space‐Sharing Economy

The digital technology underlying the concept of Industry 4.0 has brought new disruptive changes to the economy. As an innovative service model, the unique characteristics of the space‐sharing economy require the understanding of emotional and psychological aspects in managing such a disruptive service model. We empirically examine the impact of unstructured emotional information that service providers offer (i.e., marketer‐generated content) on the popularity and sales of services in space‐sharing platforms (e.g., Airbnb) above and beyond objective qualities such as guest ratings or the size and amenities of the properties. For this, we leverage a unique dataset of a large‐scale sample of Airbnb listings from New York City (NYC). The results of a panel analysis and a series of robustness checks reveal a curvilinear association between the affective expression of service providers and the sales of their services, that is, the effect of emotional expressions is positive at low levels, but it diminishes at high levels. To address the potential endogeneity, we use a 2SLS‐IV approach, and the results validate our findings. Moreover, we conduct a randomized experiment to further establish causal inference. This study makes valuable contributions to the literature on service operation management and the sharing economy. Our findings shed light on how operations managers and service providers can use emotional information in space‐sharing platforms. We provide practical examples to guide their actions. These insights also have implications for other platform owners and users to leverage emotional information and improve outcomes.