Effect Of Electron Beam Irradiation Research Articles

Effect of electron beam irradiation on raw goat milk: microbiological, physicochemical and protein structural analysis.

Goat milk is considered a nutritionally superior resource, owing to its advantageous nutritional attributes. Nevertheless, it is susceptible to spoilage and the persistence of pathogens. Electron beam irradiation stands as a promising non-thermal processing technique capable of prolonging shelf life with minimal residue and a high degree of automation. The effects of electron beam irradiation (2, 3, 5, and 7 kGy) on microorganisms, physicochemical properties, and protein structure of goat milk compared with conventional pasteurized goat milk (PGM) was evaluated. It was found that a 2 kGy electron beam irradiation reduces the total microbial count of goat milk by 6-logs, and the irradiated goat milk protein secondary structure showed a significant decrease in ɑ-helix content. Low irradiation doses led to microaggregation and crosslinking. In contrast, high doses (≥ 5 kGy) slightly disrupted the aggregates and decreased the particle size, disrupting the microscopic surface structure of goat milk, verified by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The irradiation of goat milk with a 2 kGy electron beam may effectively inactivate harmful microorganisms in the milk and maintain/or improve the physicochemical quality and protein structure of goat milk compared to thermal pasteurization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Tailoring electrical properties of PVC/PEC/Co3O4 nanocomposites by electron beam irradiation for advanced medium voltage cable applications

This study aimed to investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of polyvinyl chloride/pectin (PVC/PEC) nanocomposites incorporating hexagonal nanoplate Co3O4. Hexagonal nanoplate Co3O4 was synthesized and incorporated into PVC/PEC blends at 5 wt%. The nanocomposites were subjected to electron beam irradiation at varying doses (0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy). Various characterization techniques, including XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, AC conductivity, and dielectric measurements, were employed to analyze the irradiated samples. Additionally, electric field distribution simulations were performed for a 33 kV cable model. XRD analysis revealed the retention of Co3O4 crystallinity up to 30 kGy, while the polymer matrix showed degradation above 10 kGy. The optical bandgap decreased from 2.25 eV to 1.90 eV with increasing irradiation dose, indicating changes in the electronic structure. The optimized AC conductivity (37.17 × 10−6 S m−1) and minimum relative permittivity (2.28) were achieved for the 30 kGy irradiated sample with 5 wt% Co3O4. The electric potential distribution gradually decreased from 33,000 V to zero V. The systematic variations in structural, optical, and electrical properties demonstrated controlled tuning of charge transport mechanisms, making these nanocomposites potentially suitable for advanced cable systems. The simulation results showed that the inclusion of Co3O4 at 30 kGy helped maintain a uniform electric field distribution in the 33 kV cable model compared to an unfilled cable.

Probing Effect of 6MeV Electron Beam Irradiation on Haemoglobin Protein Using Spectroscopic Techniques.

In this work, we study the effect of 6MeV electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical properties of lyophilized Human Haemoglobin A (HbA). Electron beams generated from Race Track Microtron accelerator with energy 6MeV were used to irradiate HbA at fluences of 5 × 1014 e-/cm2 and 10 × 1014 e-/cm2. Pristine and electron beam irradiated HbA were characterized using UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. The interfacial tension of the aqueous solutions of HbA are also analysed by pendant drop method. Absorbance intensity, % transmittance and interfacial tension decrease with fluence. The peak position of the Soret band (λsoret = 404nm) remains unaffected by the fluences. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the changes in the secondary structure of the haemoglobin. In the amide band I, the percentage of α-helix reduced from 8% to 1%, and an increase in β-sheet (19% to 29%) and β helix (6.3% to 15%) is observed. Interfacial tension decreases from 46.0mN/m and 44.0mN/m with increase in irradiation dose. These finding provides realistic guideline for biological cells exposure to electron beam radiation doses.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on hole structure of cellulose acetate membrane

Cellulose acetate (CA) is one of the most popular biomaterials used for filtration membranes in water treatment.In this study, the CA membranes immersing in water were irradiated by electron beam, and the hole structure of CA membranes at different irradiation doses was investigated. The SEM pictures show the combination of micro-meter sized pores in CA membrane during the irradiation process. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) results reveal the membrane resistance decreases with the irradiation dose, which implies easier ion permeation. The positron annihilation lifetime measurement (PAL) results indicate the mean free-volume hole size becomes smaller with increasing irradiation dose. The above results demonstrate that electron beam irradiation would lead to chain scission of CA, and then the formation of new pores and pores combination, which provides more channels for ion permeation. FTIR results suggest stronger hydrogen bonding in CA after the irradiation in water. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)results indicate that the crystallinity has been enhanced with the irradiation dose up to 10 kGy and reduces in the range from 10 kGy to 80 kGy. The results could provide the clues explaining the performance deterioration of CA membrane during treating radioactive waste water.

Revealing the effects of electron beam irradiation on the structural, optical, thermal, and dielectric properties of PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite films

Herein, rod-like shape of Ag2WO4 was synthesized using the co-precipitation approach. These rods were mixed with PVC using the solution casting process to create a PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite film. The effect of exposing the PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite film to varying doses of the electron beam (E-beam) irradiation (0, 25, 50, and 100) kGy on its structural, optical, thermal, electric modulus, complex impedance, and dielectric properties was investigated. XRD results showed that Ag2WO4 has mixed phases. The optical properties have been addressed. The thermal evaluations were performed at three distinct heating rates: 6, 8, and 10 °C/min. In the same context, the thermal activation energy (Ea) of the unirradiated PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite films increased from 12.89 to 31.17 kJ/mol with the increase in E-beam irradiation doses. As a result, E-beam irradiation reduces the values of the real (ɛ′) and imaginary (ε″) components of PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite films. The electric modulus analyses showed that the magnitude of the grain capacitance increased as the E-beam doses increased, while the magnitude of the grain boundary capacitance exhibited a decreasing trend. Meanwhile, a progressive reduction in the diameter of the two semicircular arcs for complex impedance analyses was observed as the doses of E-beam irradiation increase.

The promoting effect of electron beam irradiation on enzymatic saccharification and alcohol fermentation of sorghum meal: Related mechanisms

In this study, sorghum meal underwent 2–10 kGy electron beam irradiation (EBI) to investigate alterations in its elemental composition, relevant physicochemical characteristics, and enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation properties. The results indicated a decrease in amylose content and an increase in reducing sugar content in sorghum meal after EBI, along with severe damage to the internal structure of starch granules, leading to increased solubility in water. Furthermore, irradiation enhanced the shear resistance and gelatinization stability of sorghum meal paste. Most importantly, EBI-induced degradation of sorghum starch molecules enhanced their susceptibility to interact with α-amylase, significantly improving the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcohol fermentation efficiency of sorghum meal. At an irradiation dose of 8 kGy, raw and cooked sorghum meal exhibited a 43.40% and 33.33% increase in ethanol concentration and a 43.44% and 30.29% increase in ethanol yield, respectively. This finding indicated that irradiation is an effective pretreatment method for starch-based ethanol fermentation.

Assessing Ionizing Radiation and Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) as Potential Aseptization Treatments for Yeast Recycling on Mixed Wort of Corn and Sugarcane in Brazil

Yeast recycling, which is a common practice in sugarcane ethanol plants, could be expanded if it could be successfully implemented in corn-based ethanol production. However, the process of recycling the yeast remaining after fermentation is hampered by contaminating microorganisms that reduce the fermentation efficiency and compete with the yeast for the fermentable sugars. Currently, antibiotics are used to control microbial contamination. This study proposes chlorine dioxide and electron beam irradiation as alternative control methods for completely inactivating contaminants and minimizing their effect on recycled yeast. For that, wort sterilization using electron radiation (20 kGy) and treatment with a chemical biocide, namely chlorine dioxide (125 mg kg−1), were compared with non-treated wort. Five fermentation cycles were performed using fed-batch systems with 300 g L−1 of fermentable sugars. The results obtained in this study showed the inactivation of contaminants under the effect of electron beam irradiation, which led to an increase in the productivity, yield, and efficiency of fermentation by 0.21 g L−1h−1, 2.6%, and 4.7%, respectively. However, ClO2 did not show promising results in reducing contamination or improving fermentative parameters. Thus, electron beam irradiation of contaminated wort may be a suitable alternative to chemical biocides and would allow the use of recycled yeast in corn-based ethanol plants.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural characteristics and functional properties of goat's milk casein

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) at different doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy) were investigated on the structural and functional properties of casein, including their interrelationship. A gradual reduction in the α-helix content of the secondary structure (as a stable structure) indicates that casein under EBI treatment mainly undergoes fragmentation and aggregation from a structural perspective. Furthermore, the hydrophobic group and tryptophan in the tertiary structure were exposed, which opened up the internal structure of the protein. In addition, a continuously increasing irradiation dose led to casein aggregation, as confirmed by electron microscopy. The structural changes affected its functional properties, such as solubility, emulsification, foaming, and rheological properties, all of which increased first and subsequently decreased. Finally, at irradiation doses of 4–6 kGy, casein was modified to exhibit optimal functional properties, which enhanced its food processing value and performance.

Effects of electron beam irradiation on microbial load and physicochemical qualities of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Is a popular traditional medicinal herb used in China, Korea and native America for centuries. Microbial contamination of herbs may cause spoilage and pose health risk to human. In this study, the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on microbial load and physicochemical qualities of L. chuanxiong were investigated. Microbial load of L. chuanxiong was greatly reduced by EBI in a dose-dependent manner. Ferulic acid and levistolide A contents were not affected at 3–7 kGy. The content of 3-n-butylphathlide increased by approximately 4.1% after 5 and 7 kGy irradiation. No significant change of chlorogenic acid content (p > 0.05) was observed at 3 and 5 kGy. Senkyunolide A content was not affected and ligustilide content was slightly reduced at 7 kGy. No new volatile compound was detected after EBI. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that non-irradiated and irradiated samples located in different confined areas. Antioxidant activities of L. chuanxiong remained at high levels after irradiation. Hunter's color of the sample was slightly changed at 5 and 7 kGy. Sensory characteristics of the sample were not affected at 3 and 5 kGy irradiation. These findings indicate that a dose of 5 kGy could be suitable for irradiation of L. chuanxiong and EBI has great potential in L. chuanxiong preservation.

The effect of electron beam irradiation combined with slurry ice on physicochemical parameters and bacterial communities of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage

Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) has high moisture, protein, and strong enzyme activity, which makes the shrimp susceptible to spoilage and deterioration after death. The study investigated the effects of different refrigerated conditions on the sensory quality, physicochemical indicators, and bacterial communities of L. vannamei, including crushed ice (CI, −0.5 °C), freshwater slurry ice (FI, −1 °C), seawater slurry ice (SI, −1.7 °C), and electron beam irradiation combined with seawater slurry ice (ESI, −1.7 °C), of which CI was the control group. All samples were stored in a freezer at −2 °C to keep the experimental conditions consistent. The results of sensory and physicochemical indexes showed that, compared with the other groups, the ESI group effectively inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase, significantly slowed down the growth of pH, TVB-N, and TVC values, and maintained the good organoleptic quality of the shrimp. High-throughput sequencing analyzes showed that the relative abundance of Vibrio and Photobacterium decreased significantly after irradiation, while the uniformity of the microorganisms increased. After 16 days of refrigeration, the relative abundance of Pseudoalteromonas, Photobacterium, and Alistipes in the ESI group was lower compared to the CI group, and the colony structure appeared to be more uniform. Therefore, the combination of electron beam irradiation and seawater slurry ice technology is promising for extending the shelf life of shrimp.

Impact of the gamma and electron beam irradiations on yeast-spot disease fungal agent and physicochemical attributes of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)

In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation (GMI) and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the yeast spot fungus Eremothecium coryli isolated from hazelnuts and the physicochemical features of irradiated hazelnut samples were evaluated. Results demonstrated that GMI doses ≥2 and EBI doses ≥4 effectively removed E. coryli from artificially contaminated hazelnuts and reduced the contamination by 5 log CFU/g. GMI and EBI at higher doses resulted in an increment in malondialdehyde content (MDA) and a change in the profile of fatty acids. Both treatments caused an enhancement in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay but declined antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay at a dose of 6 kGy. L*, a*, and b* color indices were changed, and the surface color of the hazelnuts became darker. Total protein solubility (TSP) and protein profile of the samples were affected by GMI and EBI. Higher doses of GMI and EBI reduced the hardness of the hazelnuts and led to a more fragile texture. The overall acceptability of the samples was adversely affected by GMI, but it was not affected by EBI treatment. Hence, GMI (≥2 kGy) and EBI (≥4 kGy) have the potential to be applied as a fungal disinfection method; lower doses (≥2 kGy) of both treatments can sustain desirable physicochemical attributes and sensory characteristics of hazelnuts.

Combination treatment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water with electron beam irradiation to mono- and mixed biofilms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Effective antimicrobial measures are needed to control cross-contamination and rapid spoilage of food caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens). This study evaluated the combined effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) combined with slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW) treatment on suspended bacteria and single and dual-species biofilms of V. parahaemolyticus and P. fluorescens. Colony counting results showed that EBI combined with SAEW treatment effectively removed biofilm cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and ATP leakage analysis showed that EBI combined with SAEW treatment damaged the membrane integrity of biofilm cells and caused ATP leakage. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that EBI with or without SAEW significantly disrupted the three-dimensional reticular structure of mono/co-cultured biofilm (extracellular polymeric substances) EPS, producing reticular perforation damage. Combined treatment with 60 mg/L SAEW and 0.5 kGy (kGy) EBI caused serious damage to the three-dimensional structure of the biofilms. The detection results of biofilm protein and DNA showed that EBI combined with SAEW could effectively destroy the extracellular polymeric matrix of biofilm, but the primary structure of the protein had no significant effect. These results suggest that SAEW(60 mg/L) combined with EBI(0.5 kGy) is effective in reducing microbial and biofilm attachment during the large yellow croaker storage processing.

Effect of electron beam radiation on the mechanical, electrical, heat shrinkable and morphological properties of linear low-density polyethylene/polyolefin elastomer blends

The blending of polymers is an efficient means for developing new materials in a less hazardous and more economical way compared to the synthetic route. Polymers with different properties are blended to obtain a new material with combined properties. In this study, a thermoplastic elastomer blend is prepared by melt mixing a metallocene-based polyolefin elastomer (Engage 8003, abbreviated as EN) with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE, abbreviated as LL) using a twin-screw extruder in various compositions. To investigate the effect of the electron beam on the properties, LL, EN and their blends are irradiated in the 50–250 kGy dose range. The samples are subjected to gel fraction, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, hardness, heat shrinkability, volume resistivity and morphological studies. The % gel fraction, hardness and heat shrinkability of a sample increase with an increase in the irradiation dose. With increasing LL content, Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the blends are increased, maintaining the % elongation at break in an attractive region. LE64 (60 wt% LL and 40 wt% EN) and LE46 (40 wt% LL and 60 wt% EN) blends show optimized mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Irradiation further increases the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of LE64 up to 150 kGy and LE46 up to 200 kGy. The volume resistivity of the LE64 blend increases tenfold and quadruples for LE46 compared to non-irradiated blends when irradiated at 200 kGy. The morphological structures of the non-irradiated and crosslinked blends support the outcome of the obtained properties nicely.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant capacities and volatile compounds changes in fermented spicy Chinese cabbage sauces treated by thermal and non-thermal technologies

To extend shelf life of fermented spicy Chinese cabbage sauce at room temperature, the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI), high pressure processing (HPP), pasteurization (PT) and autoclave sterilization (AS) treatments on the colony counts of Lactobacillus plantarum, phytochemicals, antioxidant activities and volatile compounds were investigated. Results showed that thermal and non-thermal treatments could significantly decrease the colony counts of Lactobacillus plantarum, in which EBI and AS treatments inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum thoroughly. EBI and HPP treatments were superior to PT and AS treatments in terms of volatile compounds, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. The total contents of volatile compounds in sauces treated by EBI and HPP were significantly increased by 43.92%–61.87% and 71.53%–84.46%, respectively, and the new formed substance 2,3-butanedione endowed sauces with sweet and creamy aroma. In addition, HPP treatment improved the extractable contents of total phenolics and carotenoids, retained capsicum red pigment content, and significantly enhanced antioxidant capacities of sauces. Sauce treated by HPP at 200 MPa exhibited the highest total carotenoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP, increasing by 9.27%, 2.24% and 16.13%, respectively, compared with CK. EBI treatment exhibited higher total phenolic content and FRAP, which positively depended on the dose. Therefore, HPP and EBI treatments were suggested as potential technologies to improve shelf-life stability and volatile compounds of fermented spicy Chinese cabbage sauce.

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Opto-Electrical and Transparent Heater Property of ZnO/Cu/ZnO Thin Films for the Electric Vehicle Application

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Opto-Electrical and Transparent Heater Property of ZnO/Cu/ZnO Thin Films for the Electric Vehicle Application

Zinc‐Imidazolate Films as an All‐Dry Resist Technology

AbstractMotivated by the drawbacks of solution phase processing, an all‐dry resist formation process is presented that utilizes amorphous zinc‐imidazolate (aZnMIm) films deposited by atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD), patterned with electron beam lithography (EBL), and developed by novel low temperature (120 °C) gas phase etching using 1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfacH) to achieve well‐resolved 22 nm lines with a pitch of 30 nm. The effects of electron beam irradiation on the chemical structure and hfacH etch resistance of aZnMIm films are investigated, and it is found that electron irradiation degrades the 2‐methylimidazolate ligands and transforms aZnMIm into a more dense material that is resistant to etching by hfacH and has a C:N:Zn ratio effectively identical to that of unmodified aZnMIm. These findings showcase the potential for aZnMIm films to function in a dry resist technology. Sensitivity, contrast, and critical dimensions of the patterns are determined to be 37 mC cm−2, 0.87, and 29 nm, respectively, for aZnMIm deposited on silicon substrates and patterned at 30 keV. This work introduces a new direction for solvent‐free resist processing, offering the prospect of scalable, high‐resolution patterning techniques for advanced semiconductor fabrication processes.

Effect of high-dose electron beam irradiation on thermal decomposition behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

In this study, we investigated the effect of high-dose (>10.0 MGy) irradiation on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) decomposition in the presence of oxygen. To this end, we analyzed the chemical structures of PTFE residues after irradiation and thermal treatment as well as the outgas components during thermal treatment at 50 °C intervals. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that the residual PTFE powder exhibited an initial decomposition (5% weight loss) at 159 °C, which is 365 °C lower than that of the original unirradiated sample. The initial decomposition temperature decreased at up to 5 MGy and gradually leveled off at above 140 °C. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis of the residual PTFE powders indicated that the contents of thermal decomposition at lower temperature ranges were qualitatively related to the extent of the formation of oxidizable PTFE components, such as carbonyl groups. The formation of these components increased as the absorbed doses increased. The oxidized components gradually decreased with increasing thermal treatment temperature and tended to disappear at 470 °C. This demonstrated the effect of the oxidized compounds in the irradiated PTFE on lower temperature decomposition. The analysis of the gas components resulting from the thermal decomposition of the PTFE residuals revealed more detailed chemical information concerning the oxidative components of the irradiated PTFE. At temperatures below 420 °C, approximately 30% of the PTFE residue underwent pyrolysis to yield oxidized fluorocarbon products (CxFyOz) and further decomposed products (CO2). The remaining 70% of the residue thermally decomposed at temperatures above 420 °C, yielding monomer-related products such as C2F4, C3F6, and C4F8. These were identical to the gas products resulting from the thermal degradation of the original PTFE in the same temperature range. These results are indicative of the possibility of recycling and reusing fluorocarbons during irradiation.

The effect of low-energy high-current pulsed electron beam irradiation on the structure, phase composition and mechanical properties of Ni3Al and Ni3Al-TiC composites

Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, indentation and bending tests we studied the evolution of microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of TiC-free Ni3Al and Ni3Al-TiC composites (TiC content was 10 and 30 vol%) fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) under pressure induced by low-energy high-current pulsed electron beam (LEHCEB) irradiation with the surface energy density of 8, 12 and 18 J/cm2. It was found that the irradiation results in the improvement of phase composition of the near-surface layer by way of the increase of yield of SHS reaction. LEHCEB irradiation enables formation of nanocomposite structure in the near-surface layer of Ni3Al-TiC composites with decreased grain size of Ni3Al matrix, refined TiC particles and increased volume fraction of TiC. This structure leads to the increase of microhardness but decrease of strength under bending. Two mechanisms of TiC particles refining are suggested. The effect of surface energy density on the manifestation degree of the found phenomena is discussed. The contribution of different hardening mechanisms to the overall hardening is considered.

Effects of electron beam irradiation on protein oxidation and textural properties of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage

Protein oxidation leads to changes in shrimp texture, which affects sensory profile and consumer acceptability. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on protein oxidation and textural properties of Litopenaeus vannamei during refrigerated storage. Results revealed that EBI treatment and storage increased the protein oxidation level of shrimps. Shrimps irradiated with ≥ 7 kGy exhibited remarkably higher (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species, turbidity, and carbonyl contents, and remarkably lower (P < 0.05) Ca2+-ATPase activity, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, and total sulfhydryl contents compared to the control group (0 kGy) on the 7th day of storage. Shrimps irradiated with 3 and 5 kGy exhibited remarkably higher (P < 0.05) hardness, springiness, and chewiness compared to the control group (14.99 N, 1.26 mm, and 3.19 mJ). Collectively, suitable EBI doses of 3–5 kGy were recommended in shrimp preservation to inhibit texture softening by inducing moderate protein oxidation.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on surface molecule and flashover voltage of epoxy composites

AbstractThe unsatisfactory insulating properties of solid–gas interfaces seriously restrict the development of high‐voltage electrical equipment and threaten their power supply stability. Electron‐beam irradiation (EBI) can effectively improve the surface flashover voltage of dielectrics. However, the underlying mechanism of EBI in tailoring the surface trap and improving the flashover voltage remains unclear. In this study, the surface morphologies and chemical compositions of epoxy composites treated with EBI were investigated. In addition, the surface wetting properties, surface charge migration parameters, and surface flashover voltages were experimentally characterised. It was found that EBI aggravated the surface morphology, changed the surface chemical components, and repressed surface charge transportation. As a result, the contact angle was reduced from 103.7° to 78.43°, and the flashover voltage in SF6 was increased from 35.26 to 38.90 kV. DFT calculations showed that the newly generated C–O–H and C=O bonds on the surface molecules after EBI formed charge centres at the molecular electrostatic potential, which enhanced the trapping effect of the surface deep trap. As a result, surface charge migration was repressed, and the surface flashover voltage was improved. This study could promote the further development of EBI on materials modification.