Effects Of Electric Field Exposure Research Articles

Respiratory Gas Analysis in the Evaluation of Biological Effects of Electric Field Exposure in Mice

Respiratory Gas Analysis in the Evaluation of Biological Effects of Electric Field Exposure in Mice

A delivery system into the dermis layer of skin using small unilamellar liposomes and targeted collagen regeneration stimulated by electric field

Collagen is one of the prominent scaffolding components of the extracellular matrix that can turn into collagen fibers through self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding that various factors can influence collagen assembly, we studied the effect of electric field exposure and visualized collagen fibrils' fibrillogenesis process under the confocal microscope. Collagen monomers started to aggregate within 10 seconds after applying an AC of 10 Hz-1V, and collagen fibrils with a 28- to 70-nm diameter appeared within 9 minutes. Further, we designed an experiment to form collagen fibers at a targeted region by encapsulating collagen molecules in nano-sized liposomes (Lip-Col) and have confirmed that the fibrils were successfully formed. We infer that the electric field could trigger the electrical interaction between hydronium ion and the hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline in the collagen peptide chains, resulting in the change of the surface charge of the collagen and pH solution. In vitro, Lip-Cols can interact with the cellular membrane of human dermal fibroblast and form collagen networks in extracellular matrix space. Our findings can potentially be utilized as a drug delivery system for anti-aging or wound healing agents.

A few categories of electromagnetic field problems treated through Fuzzy Logic

The paper deals with the problems of fuzzy logic applied in the field of electromagnetism. In the first part, there are presented some theoretical aspects regarding the characteristics and the application of the fuzzy logic in the general case. Are presented then, some categories of electromagnetic field problems treated by fuzzy logic. The accent is on the effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field on the human body. For this approach is dedicated a paragraph at the end of the paper. There is an application on how to treat by fuzzy logic the effects of electric field exposure. For this purpose, the fuzzy toolbox existing in the Matlab software and the results of some electric field strength measurements into a power substation are used. The results of the study and its conclusions are analyzed and exposed at the end of the paper.

Time-dependent changes in the suppressive effect of electric field exposure on immobilization-induced plasma glucocorticoid increase in mice.

We recently reported that increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels in immobilized mice were suppressed by exposure to a 50-Hz electric field (EF) in kV/m-dependent and exposure duration-dependent manners. Here, we characterized time-dependent changes in the effect of EF exposure in immobilized mice. Using control, EF-alone, immobilization-alone, and co-treated groups, plasma GC levels, and blood properties were first measured (0-60 min) to observe changes induced by each treatment and measured again (60-120 min) to assess recovery from each treatment. The 50-Hz, 10-kV/m EF was formed in a parallel plate electrode. Co-treated mice were exposed to the EF for 60 min for the first measurement and were immobilized for the second half (30-60 min) of the EF exposure period. Plasma GC levels did not change significantly over time in the control and EF-alone groups. GC levels in the immobilization-alone and co-treated groups increased after immobilization, peaking 30 min after the start of immobilization and then decreasing gradually; however, the GC peak was lower in the co-treated group than in the immobilization-alone group (P < 0.05 at 50 and P < 0.001 at 60 min). Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values increased after immobilization but were not affected by the EF. Our findings indicate that the EF did not shift the peak of the time-dependent increase in plasma GC levels in immobilized mice but simply reduced it. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:272-279, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Discovery of a novel effect of electric field exposure on human plasma beta-endorphin and interleukin-12 levels: Insight into mechanisms of pain alleviation and defense against infection by electric field therapy

Discovery of a novel effect of electric field exposure on human plasma beta-endorphin and interleukin-12 levels: Insight into mechanisms of pain alleviation and defense against infection by electric field therapy

Effects of electric field exposure on blood pressure, cardioventilatory activity and the physiological stress response in Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus L.

Electric field exposure is used to stun or immobilize fish prior to slaughter in the aquaculture industry and for field sampling purposes (i.e. electrofishing), but the physiological response of fish to this exposure is incompletely understood. In this paper we report on changes in blood pressure, heart and ventilation rates, and hematological variables in chronically cannulated Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in response to exposure to an electric field of 4V/cm (125Hz) for 5 and 30s. Both durations of exposure resulted in a brief (total duration: 5.2 to 6.0s, respectively) four-fold blood pressure increase above resting levels. The 5s exposure was followed by a period of cardiac and ventilatory arrest (for 35 and 176s on average, respectively), but cardioventilatory activity recovered in ten out of eleven fish. Nevertheless, signs of systemic stress responses were evident after the exposure. These included moderate hypertension, increased ventilation amplitude, increased plasma cortisol levels and altered hydromineral balance. After the 30s exposure, cardiac activity initially appeared to recover, but subsequently declined. Ventilation did not recover. It is suggested that circulatory failure due to cardiac ischemia resulting from ventilatory failure; rather than instantaneous and irrecoverable cardiac arrest from the electric field exposure per se, is the ultimate cause of death in fish that fail to recover from exposure to an electric field in water. The brief dramatic hypertension observed in char may partly explain the haemorrhages that are frequently observed in electrically stunned fish of some species.

Initial exposure to 30 kV/m or 60 kV/m 60 Hz electric fields produces temporary cessation of operant behavior of nonhuman primates.

In two separate experiments, we examined the effects of a 60 Hz electric field (EF) on performance of an operant schedule consisting of two signaled components: fixed-ratio (FR30) and differential reinforcement of low-rate (DRL20). In each experiment, 12 naive baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were assigned randomly to either an EF-exposed experimental group or a sham-exposed control group. A homogeneous vertical EF of 30 kV/m was used in one experiment; 60 kV/m was used in the other. The experimental design for both experiments included 6 week preexposure, exposure, and postexposure periods. The planned analyses indicated no evidence of statistically significant (P < .05) effects of EF exposure. However, exploratory analyses comparing performance during the last week of preexposure and the first week of exposure revealed statistically significant acute effects (work stoppage): The mean response rates of the EF-exposed groups were greatly reduced on day 1 of exposure but were normal by the end of day 2 of EF exposure. We hypothesize that introduction of a highly unusual stimulus, the EF, temporarily interfered with normal operant behavior to produce a primary work stoppage. Supplementary cross-over experiments added at the end of each main experiment indicated that work stoppage occurred again when formerly EF-exposed subjects served as sham-exposed controls, while other subjects received their first EF exposure. Presumably, reoccurrence of other stimuli correlated with initial exposure to the EF became sufficient to subsequently cause secondary work stoppage in the absence of direct EF exposure. The primary and secondary work-stoppage effects were reproducible.

Electric Field Exposure Activates Immunocytes: Evidence for Calcium Dependency

The controversy concerning the health effects of electric field exposure, such as electromagnetic radiation (EMF), exists because of the apparent subtle effects it may cause on living tissues and organisms as noted by the inconclusive results of many investigations. Rather than follow the traditional approach of studying whole-body systems, we have examined the acute effect of electric field exposure on the immunocytes of Mytilus edulis. The results show that an in vitro electric field produced by direct current can enhance immunocyte activation and conformational change followed by locomotion, whereas repeated continuous exposure results in eventual death. EMF appears to enhance membrane permeability to calcium, which can be prevented in low electric fields by the calcium channel antagonist nimopidine. Since nimopidine protects the cells from EMF, it suggests that this form of radiation causes cell death by inducing the influx of calcium.

Frequency dependence of increased cell proliferation, in vitro, in exposures to a low-amplitude, low-frequency electric field: evidence for dependence on increased mitogen activity released into culture medium.

In order to investigate the mechanism(s) through which an electric field can increase bone cell proliferation, we have developed an in vitro model incorporating a low-amplitude (estimated 10(-7) V/cm in the serum-free culture medium), low-frequency, capacitively coupled electric field. In previous studies with this model, we have shown that electric field exposure can increase bone cell proliferation both in chick tibiae organ cultures and in calvaria-derived monolayer cell cultures. The current in vitro studies demonstrate that skeletal tissue responses to a 30 min electric field exposure are characterized by a) a frequency window for both increased cell proliferation and increased release of mitogen activity into the cell-conditioned medium, with a peak near 16 Hz; b) a dependence on conditioned medium from exposed cells for increased cell proliferation; and c) a correlation between the alkaline phosphatase content of the bone cell cultures and effects of electric field exposure on both cell proliferation and release of mitogen activity into the conditioned medium.

Reduction of the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin levels in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields in utero and for 23 days after birth

Rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields of either 10, 65, or 130 kV/m from conception to 23 days of age exhibited reduced peak nighttime pineal melatonin contents compared to unexposed controls. As a group, the exposed rats also exhibited a phase delay, estimated at approximately 1.4 hours, in the occurrence of the nocturnal melatonin peak. No clear dose-response relationship was noticed over the range of electric field strengths used as treatments in these experiments. These are the first studies concerned with the effects of electric field exposure on the pineal melatonin rhythm in immature rats. The findings are generally consistent with those obtained using adult rats, where electric field exposure has been shown to abolish the nighttime rhythm in pineal melatonin concentrations.

Effects of electric field exposure on some indices of CNS arousal in the mouse.

Mice given ELF electric field exposures of 50-400 Vm-1 at frequencies of 15, 30, and 50 Hz failed to display any significant changes in barbiturate sleeping time or exploratory activity.

Lack of effect of electric field exposure on rats: a data re-evaluation.

Three recent investigations of the possible effects of to Hz electric fields on rats have yielded apparently contradictory results. While one group of investigators reported that chronic exposure to a 15 kV/m field caused several biological effects, the other two groups did not find these effects at 25 kV/m and 100 kV/m, respectively. A re-examination of the data from the 15 kV/m experiments indicates that the reported effects were probably artifacts due to improper statistical analysis and to a cage design which resulted in transient electric shocks (spark discharges) to the exposed rats. Hence, the results of all three investigations are consistent with a lack of biological effects from chronic exposure to 15--100 kV/m electric fields.