Effects Of Dumping Research Articles

Antidumping: A Problem in International Trade

When in 1923 Jacob Viner wrote the book Dumping: A Problem in International Trade, he probably did not imagine that the system put in place to eliminate the effects of dumping (i.e. antidumping) would surge to be a problem. However, as we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first antidumping law, the situation is quite different from what Viner could observe at the beginning of last century. And if his economic analysis on the nature and causes of dumping is still valid, since the early 1990s the debate has centered on the widespread use and consequences of antidumping, which is just a modern protectionist tool used by many countries. This paper documents the evolution of antidumping from its early days by looking at the number of countries adopting antidumping laws and various statistics pertaining to the total caseload. One striking result is the important role of new users of antidumping, with negative consequences not only for traditional users.

Effects of long-term dumping of harbor-dredged material on macrozoobenthos at four disposal sites along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)

Sediment from harbors of the Emilia-Romagna (Northern Adriatic Sea) were dredged and dumped in four disposal areas characterized by muddy bottoms. The long-term effects of the dumping on macrozoobenthic communities were investigated before and after 6 month, 8 month, 2 years and 4 years. The disposal of dredged material did not influence the granulometry and %TOC in the sediment, and no alterations in the structure of the macrobenthic communities were observed in the four areas. The lack of impact could be ascribed to the environmental characteristics and precautionary measures taken to minimize the effects of the dumping. It appears that: (1) the communities of the dumping areas are well adapted to unstable environments; (2) the sediments were disposed gradually and homogeneously over relatively large areas; Other factors that help to reduce the impact of sediment disposal are the low concentrations of contaminants in dredged materials and the similarity of sediment in the dredged and disposal areas. Off-shore discharge appears a sustainable strategy for the management of uncontaminated dredged sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea harbors.

STUDY ON TSUNAMI REDUCTION EFFECTS DUE TO PRESENSE OF MANGROVE FORESTS

We are increasingly aware of various benefits that mangrove forests provide us for our environment. The great tsunami occurred off the west coast of Sumatra Is. in 2004 leads us to look at another aspect of mangrove forests; their damage reduction capacity. This study discusses hydrodynamic functions of mangrove forests to attenuate tsunami waves. In order to quantify the dumping effect, a mathematical model is proposed. The present analysis reveals that universal properties on mangrove-tree configurations and on physical strength against tsunami sweeping power should be clarified for further improvement of the model predictability.

The impact of harbour sludge disposal on benthic macrofauna communities in the Weser estuary

During an open-water disposal of about 710,000 m3 of harbour sludge in the polyhaline zone of the Weser estuary, Germany, a monitoring programme was carried out to investigate the impact on benthic invertebrates. The macrofaunal communities of four sites within the disposal area and five sites in a reference area were compared after discharge. The location and extent of the potentially affected area were inferred from a morphodynamic computer model (TIMOR 3; Zanke 1998). Disposal effects were analysed by comparing species numbers, densities, diversity and faunal similarity using multivariate methods. A loss of diversity and a decline in the abundance of several species in the disposal area were measured. The species number was reduced up to 50% and important habitat structures were absent from the disposal area. Several benthic species were affected by the disposal. The importance of species such as Mytilus edulis (Mollusca) and Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta) for the diversity of the community, and the sensitivity of these species to sediment discharge are analysed. The difficulties of separating dumping effects from natural variation in a dynamic estuarine channel system are discussed.

Seedling recruitment in a semi‐arid Patagonian steppe: Facilitative effects of refuse dumps of leaf‐cutting ants

AbstractQuestion: What is the influence of refuse dumps of leaf‐cutting ants on seedling recruitment under contrasting moisture conditions in a semi‐arid steppe?Location: Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.Methods: In a greenhouse experiment, we monitored seedling recruitment in soil samples from refuse dumps of nests of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis and non‐nest sites, under contrasting moisture conditions simulating wet and dry growing seasons.Results: The mean number of seedling species and individuals were higher in wet than in dry plots, and higher in refuse dump plots than in non‐nest soil plots. The positive effect of refuse dumps on seedling recruitment was greater under low moisture conditions. Both the accumulation of discarded seeds by leaf‐cutting ants and the passive trapping of blowing‐seeds seems not explain the increased number of seeds in refuse dumps. Conversely, refuse dumps have higher water retention capacity and nutrient content than adjacent non‐nest soils, allowing the recruitment of a greater number of species and individual seedlings.Conclusions: Nests of A. lobicornis may play an important role in plant recruitment in the study area, allowing a greater number of seedlings and species to be present, hence resulting in a more diverse community. Moreover, leaf‐cutting ant nests may function as nurse elements, generating safe sites that enhance the performance of neighbouring seedlings mainly during the driest, stressful periods.

Seedling recruitment in a semi-arid Patagonian steppe: Facilitative effects of refuse dumps of leaf-cutting ants

Question: What is the influence of refuse dumps of leafcutting ants on seedling recruitment under contrasting moisture conditions in a semi-arid steppe? Location: Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Methods: In a greenhouse experiment, we monitored seedling recruitment in soil samples from refuse dumps of nests of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis and non-nest sites, under contrasting moisture conditions simulating wet and dry growing seasons. Results: The mean number of seedling species and individuals were higher in wet than in dry plots, and higher in refuse dump plots than in non-nest soil plots. The positive effect of refuse dumps on seedling recruitment was greater under low moisture conditions. Both the accumulation of discarded seeds by leaf-cutting ants and the passive trapping of blowing-seeds seems not explain the increased number of seeds in refuse dumps. Conversely, refuse dumps have higher water retention capacity and nutrient content than adjacent non-nest soils, allowing the recruitment of a greater number of species and individual seedlings. Conclusions: Nests of A. lobicornis may play an important role in plant recruitment in the study area, allowing a greater number of seedlings and species to be present, hence resulting in a more diverse community. Moreover, leaf-cutting ant nests may function as nurse elements, generating safe sites that enhance the performance of neighbouring seedlings mainly during the driest, stressful periods.

Heavy metal pollution and acid drainage from the abandoned Balya Pb-Zn sulfide Mine, NW Anatolia,Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the waste-rock dump (WRD) of the underground polymetallic Balya Mine on the Kocacay River and eventually on Lake Manyas in Turkey. Data presented in this paper include geochemical characteristics of various kinds of water (mine, surface and groundwater) and of suspended-particle samples in the vicinity of Balya. The more polluted mine waters have low pH and high conductivity, while high concentrations of Zn, Cd, Mn tend to be found in the dry and wet seasons. High concentrations of Pb, As, Cr, Cu and S appear only in the wet season. The sources of the heavy metal concentration within the Kocacay River are leached waste, surface run off, and overflow from the spillway of the WRD. To minimize the formation of acids and dissolved metal, and for the remediation of the harmful effects of extreme contamination conditions, it is recommended that lime or alkali materials and organic carbon be added to simulate the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria.

二次元キャビティ上の壁面噴流により発生する流体音の受動的制御

Control of a cavity tone has been done using triangle projections attached at an exit of two-dimensional jet. Experimental results of sound pressure level show that the projections obviously reduce both total sound pressure level and sound level of the dominant frequency of the cavity tone. The sound dumping effect is increasing with increasing number and/or height of projections though this dumping effect saturates with the certain number of projections at the nearly same sound level as that in the wall jet case. The spanwise distribution of pressure fluctuation at the downstream cavity edge has the minima at the right downstream position of the projections and at the other spanwise positions pressure fluctuation is homogeneously reduced. This result suggests that the mechanism of sound dumping is not only breaking two-dimensionality of flows.

Suppression of Marangoni convection in the FZ melt by high-frequency magnetic field

The effect of high-frequency magnetic field on the Marangoni convection in the floating zone (FZ) silicon melt has been investigated numerically. The purpose of the study is to clarify the applicability of the high-frequency magnetic field on the suppression of the Marangoni convection. The numerically obtained results reveal that the high-frequency magnetic field has the dumping effect for the Marangoni convection, and is useful to control the melt convection in the space environment. Further, the higher magnetic field frequency is useful to suppress the Marangoni convection due to the skin effect.

The Effects of Dredge-Spoil Dumping on a Shallow Water Soft-Sediment Community in the Solitary Islands Marine Park, NSW, Australia

In December 1999, 28 000 m 3 of sediment was dredged from two sites within the harbour at Coffs Harbour, NSW. Dredging was carried out using a trailing suction hopper-dredge which transported the spoil to a shallow (6 m) site within the adjacent Solitary Islands Marine Park for disposal. Evaluation of the effects of the dredge-spoil dumping at the receiving site was conducted by taking replicated van Veen grab samples at the disposal site and at two control sites, before, immediately after, and three months after dumping. The results indicated that dredge-spoil dumping had no detectable effect on either the structure of the invertebrate community or the physical characteristics of sediment at the receiving site. Although there were some significant faunistic differences between samples from the disposal site and the control sites immediately following dumping, these were related to pre-existing differences between sites rather than to the effects of dredge-spoil disposal. Four principal factors are likely to have contributed to the lack of impact: (i) dredged material had similar sedimentary characteristics to those at the receiving site; (ii) dredged material was free from contaminants; (iii) the disposal method systematically distributed a number of shallow layers of sediment over the disposal site and thus motile macrofauna had the opportunity to migrate upwards between passes of the barge; and (iv) the disposal site was in a high energy environment where the resident biota are likely to be adapted to dynamic sedimentary conditions. The lack of detectable effects suggests that the disposal strategy was one which minimized impacts within an area which has high conservation value and should thus be adopted as a model for future works within the region.

A prospective evaluation of dietary status and symptoms after near-total esophagectomy without gastric emptying procedure

Background: After esophagectomy, the stomach is the most commonly utilized reconstructive conduit. There remains debate among surgeons regarding the requirements for pyloroplasty/pyloromyotomy following reconstruction. We present a series of patients having undergone near total esophagectomy and reconstruction with gastric tube without gastric emptying procedure to analyze critically these patients’ ability to reestablish a subjectively acceptable and nutritionally adequate eating pattern without significant side effects of early satiety, dumping, or diarrhea. Methods: Between 1991 and 1998, 48 patients underwent esophagectomy utilizing this technique and were available for long-term follow-up and nutritional assessment. Patient weights were recorded at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year and a telephone interview conducted at a mean of 36 months postoperatively for the evaluation of eating patterns and symptoms. A subgroup of these patients (32 of 48) completed a 3-day dietary record that was assessed by a certified nutritionist. This patient group included 10 patients (21%) who had received perioperative chemoradiotherapy. Results: Dietary intake was characterized as normal or minimally limited in 41 patients (85%). Those who had received perioperative chemoradiotherapy needed no significant increased time to return to a normal dietary baseline (6.1 versus 5.9 months). Mean weight loss prior to surgery was 3 kg. Weight loss continued for the first 6 months (mean 10 kg); however, 63% were able to gain weight from 6 months to 1 year following surgery (mean 3 kg). Most patients were overweight prior to operation (mean 115% of ideal body weight) and achieved a new postoperative baseline (mean 104% of ideal body weight) at 1 year. Patients demonstrated a mean daily caloric intake of 2,179 kilocalories per day, which was 98% of recommended according to their ideal body weight. Postoperative symptoms of short-term nausea (19%), occasional dysphagia with certain foods (38%), mild increased stool frequency (15%), and occasional regurgitation (25%) were noted. Conclusions: Near-total esophagectomy with verticalized gastric tube without a gastric emptying procedure is well tolerated and allows a return to subjectively acceptable and nutritionally appropriate dietary eating pattern without significant associated side effects.

Incidence and management of prolonged charge times in the Medtronic model 7219 implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

The Medtronic Jewel PCD model 7219, introduced in 1994, was the first downsized, pectoral implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), and many of these units are approaching or have reached the elective replacement indicator (ERI). Unlike later Medtronic ICDs and most other ICDs, in which ERI is defined by battery voltage, the ERI in the model 7219 series is defined when either the capacitor charge time to full output is repeatedly> or =14.5 s or when battery voltage is< or =4.91 V. In this study we examined which of the two ERI criteria was met first in patients with this device model. We also assessed the effects of manual dumping and recharging and of increasing the automatic capacitor reformation frequency on prolonged charge times. In 16 patients with follow-up <2 years, 15 reached the charge time ERI before battery voltage ERI. Manual dumping and recharging led to spuriously low charge times due to residual charge at the start of recharging, and increasing the automatic capacitor reformation frequency to once a month did not decrease prolonged charge times. Because of persistently prolonged charge times, 15 patients had generator changes. None of these patients had reached battery voltage ERI (battery voltage at time of explantation 5.06+/-0.06 V). Thus in this early pectoral device, prolonged charge times occur commonly before battery voltage ERI is reached. Whether prolonged charge times will have an impact on device longevity in later model ICDs is unknown.

Mathematical simulation of the influence of buoyancy forces on the moltensteel flow in a continuous casting tundish

Buoyancy effects on the fluid flow patterns of molten steel in a tundish of acontinuous slab caster were mathematically simulated. Thermal responses ofstep-input temperatures in steel for different flow rates were predicted. Themolten steel velocity profiles were determined for these temperature and flowrate variations. The importance of natural flow convection was establishedthrough a dimensionless number given by the ratio Gr/Re2. Buoyancy forcesproved to be as important as inertial forces, especially in the extremes of thetundish. The simulations indicated that these forces increase the residencetime of the molten steel in the tundish, flowing near the slag layer, allowingmore time for the non-metallic inclusions to be captured; also, that theturbulence inhibiting device helps to redirect the flow towards the top freesurface. It is shown that this device helps to decrease turbulence near theentry zone and has a dumping effect on the temperature step inputs allowingbetter control of the casting temperature. The traditional flow controldevices like weirs and dams were not as effective as the turbulence inhibitor.

Effect of dumping and cleaning activities on the aquatic ecosystems of the Guadiamar River following a toxic flood

The main aim of the study was to document the recovery of the aquatic ecosystem after the release of toxic mining waste in the Guadiamar River Basin (Sevilla, SW Spain) in April 1998. Samples of water, plankton, periphyton and macroinvertebrates were taken once a month at nine sampling stations (six affected by the toxic release and three for control). Water hardness and pH recovered in a few weeks and did not change significantly thereafter in the river or in the marsh stations. Only the Agrio River (the tributary that received the initial waste dump) had a low pH (3–5) throughout the study period. High ammonia contents (up to 300 μM) were measured at two sampling stations due to sewage and oil mill pollution. Eutrophication was also common at most of the stations, including one reference site. The planktonic community did not differ substantially between reference and affected stations. On all occasions the small phytoplankton and zooplankton (rotifers) were dominant. Compared with the reference station, chlorophyll a in the riverine area increased, especially in the sewage-affected stations, while in the marsh area, no significant differences were found between affected and reference stations. After 6 months of cleaning operations, in November 1998 the macroinvertebrate community of the river was composed mainly of species of short life cycles typical of ponds (Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Odonata), while typical riverine species found at the upstream control station had not recolonised the river due to the transformation of the river into a series of artificial ponds constructed as sediment traps. An analysis of variance showed significantly higher values ( P<0.05) for all heavy metals analysed (Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Tl) in plankton and macroinvertebrate communities from impacted sites. Values found in invertebrates were highly variable, with a mean concentration of the most abundant metals, Zn and Cu, between two and three times those found in unpolluted areas. Values for As were up to five times higher while Pb, Sb and Tl showed up to 10-fold increases. At the affected stations, the metal concentrations found in biofilms, plankton and particulate material were more than five times greater than those in invertebrates. The slow recovery of the aquatic ecosystem clearly reflected the impact of the metal discharge and the subsequent cleaning activities following the mine spill, as well as the sewage inputs at two of the stations studied.

Ecological effects of dumping of dredged sediments; options for management

Dredging and dumping of dredged sediments in estuarine and coastal waters may lead to increased turbidity and enhanced sediment deposition at dump sites. This mainly affects primary production by phytoplankton, performance of visual predators (e.g. fish, birds), and growth and survival of benthic organisms. This paper combines a compilation of literature information and results of additional experimental studies on the effect of enhanced concentrations of suspended matter (SPM) on growth of bivalve molluscs, and on survival of macro- and meiozoobenthos after dumping of dredged sediments. Furthermore, it focuses on non-toxic dredged sediments only. Release of nutrients from dredged sediments did, so far, hardly influence estuarine phytoplankton production. Increased turbidity may affect dab as well as prey location by sandwich terns. Enhanced SPM-concentrations are unfavourable for young herring and smelt. Growth of filter-feeding bivalves may be impaired, especially at SPM-concentrations >250 mg/l. Estuarine nematodes can survive burial by 10 cm of dumped dredged sediment provided that its physical characteristics are similar to those of the original sediment. Sessile benthos organisms such as mussels and oysters can cope with sediment deposition of only 1–2 cm. Other macrozoobenthos can survive sediment deposition of 20–30 cm. Recovery of benthos at a dump site will occur if the interval between successive dumpings is sufficiently long. Options for management of dumping of dredged sediments are described, relating to different locations of dump sites in estuarine and coastal waters, to different seasons, and to the actual use (area and frequency) of dump sites.

Sedimentary Pigments and Organic Matter in Relation to Benthic Fauna in the Tan-Shui Estuary, Taiwan

The benthic ecological structure of the Tan-Shui estuary, Taiwan is changed due to long term effects of dumping of urban wastewater and of engineering actions. to monitor these changes, we sampled and analyzed benthos and sediment from 12 stations on the estuary. The composition of the dominant species of benthos varied seasonally, with molluscan and crustacean species having greater numbers and higher frequencies of occurrence than other species. the dominant taxa during winter were Nassarius sp. and Maldanidae at two stations. Analysis using Simpson's index and Shannon's index showed the benthic community varied more in coastal areas than in offshore areas. Physicochemical analysis showed that most of the Tan-Shui estuary consisted of sandy sediment. the variations in concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen at each station were small. Although the concentrations of chlorophyll-a and carotenoid at all stations were generally low, the two stations had the highest concentrations, and we concluded that the concentration of pigments in these sediments was related to the abundance of benthos. the community structure of the benthos reflected the characteristics of the sediments, and benthic species exhibited selection of and adaptation to specific sedimentary environments.

High-performance unidirectional electrooptic modulator based on polymeric highly multi-mode waveguides

A unidirectional electrooptic modulator based on an asymmetrical highly multi-mode waveguide coupler is proposed. Firstly, the energy distributions of all the modes within two highly multi-mode waveguides are analyzed with eigenstate theory. Then, to achieve high switching performance in a guided-wave coupler, a dumping wall is placed on the larger waveguide of an asymmetric pair of waveguides, so that the larger waveguide has a dumping effect. This dumping effect makes the asymmetric highly multi-mode waveguide coupler possess a highly efficient unidirectional coupling process. Due to the large cross-section of the waveguide, a new modulation electrode structure is built. Based on this dumping effect, the unidirectional coupling process is theoretically modeled. Furthermore, in both scenarios, i.e., the unmodulated state and the electrooptically modulated state, the unidirectional coupling efficiencies are studied. As a result, not only can a high unidirectional coupling efficiency of 100% be achieved, but a high electrooptic modulation depth more than 90% can also be implemented in theory, and a high thermooptic modulation depth more than 90% under a low modulation voltage of 30 volts is also experimentally achieved. This device can be used for multi-mode optical interconnection systems such as data communication and fiber sensor networks.

The London Convention 1972: Preparing for the Future

This article examines the accomplishments and the future of the London Convention 1972 after the adoption of the 1996 Protocol. The 1996 Protocol contains an entirely new convention including the recent amendments to the London Convention, as well as going several steps further in adopting a reverse listing approach and in providing incentives for developing countries to join the regime. The importance of the London Convention has been enhanced through the coming into force of the LOS Convention, which requires parties to adopt legislation on ocean dumping at least as effective as the provisions of the London Convention. As shown by the proceedings of the first Consultative Meeting of the Parties since the adoption of the Protocol, there is still much to be done to protect the marine environment from the possible deleterious effects of ocean dumping. Not only do the parties still have to adopt guidelines to assess the impact and acceptability of substances on objects still permitted to be dumped, but also there remains a possibility of restricting further items. OSPAR Conventions are more restrictive, for example, in prohibiting the dumping of vessels of offshore installations.

Effective Discrimination of Meat Tenderness Using Dual Attribute Time Intensity

ABSTRACTWe examined the effectiveness of Dual Attribute Time Intensity (DATI) method for assessment of temporal changes in perceived toughness and juiciness, within commercially acceptable meat cuts. Usefulness of DATI in assessing temporal aspects of perception of juiciness and toughness was compared with Single‐Attribute Time‐Intensity (SATI) and Line Scale Profile. Results showed that DATI provided a good separation of attributes and was equal to or better than SATI in differentiating beef samples based on perceived juiciness and toughness. By reducing the dumping effect and the inherent sample to sample variability, this method enabled more precise assessment of the relationship between juiciness and toughness in meat than SATI.

Interface of the Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Laws, Administrative Tribunal and Economic Analysis: the Injury and Causality Tests in Canada

In the consequence analyzing methods which are frequently used by the Canadian administrative tribunal, there are dualistic approximation method which uses the trend analysis and unitary approximation method which uses economic analysis. The disadvantage of the dualistic approximation method is that it cannot separate the effect out of dumping and the effect of dumping. In the contrary, the unitary approximation method includes methods like the countable partial equipoise model and computation model which could overcome the similar question. This thesis made comments on the advantages and disadvantages of the above two economic analysis by way of analyzing the Canadian case used in the damage arbitration process. And found that both the two methods could enhance the objectivity, transparency and fairness in the damage arbitration, meanwhile, the countable partial equipoise model is more practical under the restriction of time and resources. Especially, this thesis definitely brought forward the conjunction between the trade regulation and the economic analysis in the process of the damage arbitration of the Canadian administrative tribunal.